考研考博-英語-天津財經(jīng)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津財經(jīng)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Manyofthemostflexibleexamplesoftooluseinanimalscomefromprimates(theorderthatincludeshumans,apes,andmonkeys).Forexample,manywildprimatesuseobjectstothreatenoutsiders.Buttherearemanyexamplesoftoolusebyothermammals,aswellasbybirdsandothertypesofanimals.

Toolsareusedbymanyspeciesinthecaptureorpreparationoffood.Chimpanzeesusesticksandpolestobringoutantsandtermitesfromtheirhidingplaces.AmongthemostcomplextooluseobservedinthewildistheuseofstonesbyIvoryCoastchimpanzeestocracknutsopen.Theyselectalargeflatstoneasananvil(aheavyblockonwhichtoplacethenuts)andasmallerstoneasahammer,sometimescarryahaulofnutsmorethan40meterstofindasuitableanvil.Theuseoftoolsinchimpanzeesisespeciallyinterestingbecausetheseanimalssometimesmodifytoolstomakethembettersuitedfortheirintendedpurpose.Tomakeatwigmoreeffectivefordiggingouttermites,forexample,achimpmayfirststripitofitsleaves.

Surprisingly,thereisalsoaspeciesofbirdthatusesstickstoprobeholesinthesearchforinsects.OneofthespeciesofGalapagosfinch,thewoodpeckerfinch,picksuporbreaksoffatwig,cactusspine,orleafstein.Thisprimitivetoolisthenheldinthebeakandusedtoprobeforinsectsinholesintreesthatthebirdcannotprobedirectlywithitsbeak.Birdshavebeenseentocarrytwigsfromtreetotreesearchingforprey.

Toolsmayalsobeusedfordefense.Hermitcrabsgrabseaanemoneswiththeirclawsandusethemasweaponstorepeltheirenemies.Studieshavedemonstratedthatthesecrabssignificantlyimprovetheirchancesagainstpredatorssuchasoctopusbymeansofthistactic.Also,manyspeciesofforest-dwellingprimatesdefendthemselvesbythrowingobjects,includingstones,atintruders.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Accordingtothepassage,IvoryCoastchimpanzeesareamongthemostremarkableofanimaltoolusersbecausethey（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthebehaviorofthewoodpeckerfinch?

4.Accordingtothepassage,studieshaveshownthathermitcrabsmanagetoturnoctopusawayby

（

）.

5.ForestprimatesandcertainseaanimalsarementionedinthepassageasexamplesofanimalsthatusetoolsEXCEPTfor（

）.

問題1選項

A.Primatesaresuperiortootheranimalsinusingtools.

B.Theuseofstonesastoolsissimilaracrossdifferentanimalspecies.

C.Birdsandprimatesusetoolsthataredifferentfromthoseofseaanimals.

D.Manyanimalshavedevelopedeffectivewaysofusingtools.

問題2選項

A.usetoolstogatherfood

B.usemorethanonetooltoaccomplishatask

C.transporttoolsfromoneplacetoanother

D.hidetheirtoolsfromotheranimals

問題3選項

A.Itusesitsbeakasaweaponagainstitsenemies.

B.Itusesthesametwigtolookforfoodindifferenttrees.

C.Itusestwigsandleavestobuilditsnest.

D.Itavoidsareaswherecactusgrows.

問題4選項

A.attackingtheoctopuswiththeirclaws

B.usingstonesasweapons

C.defendingthemselveswithseaanemones

D.hidingunderseaplants

問題5選項

A.self-protection

B.foodpreparation

C.huntingprey

D.buildingnestsorhome

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目問的是“文章討論的主要問題是……”。文章第一段提到動物使用工具，主要是靈長類，但也有其他一些哺乳動物、鳥類等；第二段提到很多種類的動物使用工具來捕捉食物；第三段提到有些動物使用工具來挖洞或者找昆蟲；最后一段提到動物使用工具來攻擊。由此可知選項D“許多動物開發(fā)了工具的有效使用方式”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章，象牙海岸的黑猩猩是最引人注目的動物工具使用者，因為……”。文章第二段提到“它們選擇一塊大而平的石頭做砧板，另一塊小一點的石頭當(dāng)錘子，有時候會推著堅果走到超過40米外的地方找合適的砧板”（Theyselectalargeflatstoneasananvil(aheavyblockonwhichtoplacethenuts)andasmallerstoneasahammer,sometimescarryahaulofnutsmorethan40meterstofindasuitableanvil），由此可知選項B“使用不止一種工具來完成任務(wù)”符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。題目問的是“下面哪個選項可以從文章中推斷出啄木鳥的行為”。文章第三段最后一句話提到“啄木鳥會帶著它的細(xì)枝在樹木之間飛來飛去”（Birdshavebeenseentocarrytwigsfromtreetotreesearchingforprey），可以推斷出啄木鳥這么做是為了找蟲子，選項B符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)寄居蟹能夠把章魚趕走是通過……”。文章第四段提到“寄居蟹用鉗子抓住?？魑淦髭s跑敵人”（Hermitcrabsgrabseaanemoneswiththeirclawsandusethemasweaponstorepeltheirenemies），選項C符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。題目問的是“森林靈長類動物和海洋中的某些動物被用來作為動物使用工具的例子，下列哪項不包含在內(nèi)”。文章第二段提到動物使用工具捕食，比如黑猩猩，還有動物用工具來準(zhǔn)備食物，比如象牙海岸的黑猩猩用石頭來砸堅果；最后一段提到寄居蟹使用工具來趕跑敵人。由此可知只有選項D沒有提及，符合題意。

2.單選題

TheBostonMarathonisanannualmarathonsportingeventhostedbythecityofBoston,Massachusetts,onPatriots’Day,thethirdMondayofApril.Begunin1897andinspiredbythesuccessofthefirstmodern-daymarathoncompetitioninthe1896SummerOlympics,theBostonMarathonistheworld’soldestannualmarathonandranksasoneoftheworld’smostwell-knownroadracingevents.ThemarathonisoneoffivemembersoftheWorldMarathonMajors.

Theeventattractsanaverageofabout20,000registeredparticipantseachyear.Inthe100thrunningoftheBostonMarathonin1996,thenumberofparticipantsreached38,000.Whiletherearecashprizesawardedtothewinnersofthemarathon,mostoftherunnersparticipatefortheaccomplishmentofhavingruntheraceatall.

TheBostonMarathonwasoriginallyalocalevent,butitsfameandstatushaveattractedrunnersfromallovertheworld.Formostofitshistory,theBostonMarathonwasafreeevent,andtheonlyprizeawardedforwinningtheracewasawreathwovenfromolivebranches.However,corporate-sponsoredcashprizesbegantobeawardedinthe1980s,whenprofessionalathletesbegantorefusetoruntheracewithoutcashawards.Thefirstcashprizeforwinningthemarathonwasawardedin1986.

WomenwerenotallowedtoentertheBostonMarathonofficiallyuntil1972.Roberta(Bobbi)GibbisrecognizedasthefirstwomantoruntheentireBostonMarathon(in1966).In1967,KathrineSwitzer,whohadregisteredas“K.V.Switzer”,wasthefirstwomantorunwitharacenumber.Shefinished,despiteacelebratedincidentinwhichraceofficialJockSempletriedtoripoffhernumbersandejectherfromtherace.In1996theB.A.Aretroactivelyrecognizedaschampionstheunofficialwomen’sleadersof1966through1971.

Inrecentyears,criticshavepointedtothedominanceofforeign-bornathletesintheevent(especiallyrunnersfromKenya)tobacktheirargumentsthatAmericanprofessionalrunningislaggingbehindtherestoftheworldintermsofproducingqualityathletes.However,foreigndominanceoftheraceisnothingnew.Between1946and1967onlyoneAmerican(JohnJ.Kelleyin1957)wonthemarathoninanerawhenFinlandandJapanwerethedistancepowerhouses.

TheBostonMarathonisopentoallrunners,maleandfemale,fromanynation,buttheymustmeetcertainqualifyingstandards.Toqualify,arunnermustfirstcompleteastandardmarathoncoursecertifiedbyanationalgoverningbodyaffiliatedwiththeInternationalAssociationofAthleticsFederationswithinacertainperiodoftimebeforethedateofthedesiredBostonMarathon(usuallywithinapproximately18monthsprior).Prospectiverunnersintheagerangeof18-34mustrunatimeofnomorethan3:10:59(3hoursand10minutes)ifmale,or3:40:59(3hoursand40minutes)iffemale;thequalifyingtimeisadjustedupwardasageincreases.Forexample,a40-44yearoldmalecanstillqualifywithatimeof3:20:59.Anexceptiontothequalificationrequirementisawardedto1,250runnerswhoraiseapre-determinedlevelofsponsorshipforofficiallydesignatedlocalcharities.

BesidestheOlympictrialsandtheOlympicmarathons,BostonistheonlymajorAmericanmarathonthatrequiresaqualifyingtime.ThusformanymarathonerstoqualifyforBoston(to“BQ”)isagoalandachievementinitself,makingita“people’sOlympicevent”.

1.Thefirstmarathoncompetitionbegan（）.

2.Mostofmarathonerstakepartintheraceto（）.

3.Theoriginalprizeawardedforwinningthemarathonin1800swas（）.

4.WhydopeoplecriticizethatAmericacan’ttrainbetterprofessionalrunnersthansomeothercountries?

5.WhocanparticipateintheBostonMarathonwithoutaqualifyingtime?

問題1選項

A.inBoston,Massachusetts

B.onPatriots’Day,1897

C.in1896SummerOlympics

D.ahundredyearsago

問題2選項

A.achievesuccess

B.wincashprizes

C.attractaudience

D.winanolive-branch-wovenwreath

問題3選項

A.moneysponsoredbycompanies

B.aprofessionalstatus

C.afloralcirclemadefromolivetrees

D.bravefame

問題4選項

A.Becausemostwinnersoftheracecomefromforeigncountries.

B.BecauseFinlandandJapanwerethestrongteamswithqualityathletes.

C.BecauseAmericanprofessionalrunningisfarbehind.

D.BecauseonlyoneAmericanwontheracebetween1946and1967.

問題5選項

A.Malerunners.

B.Femalerunners.

C.Charityraisers.

D.Amateurrunners.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“firstmarathoncompetition”可以定位到第一段第二句inspiredbythesuccessofthefirstmodern-daymarathoncompetitioninthe1896SummerOlympics（受到1896年夏季奧運會第一個現(xiàn)代馬拉松比賽成功的啟發(fā)），說明第一次馬拉松比賽在1896年的夏季奧運會上。因此C選項“在1896年夏季奧運會上”正確。A選項“在馬薩諸塞州的波士頓”，B選項“1897年愛國者日”，D選項“一百年前”說的是波士頓馬拉松比賽的情況，所以A，B，D錯誤。

2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Mostofmarathoners”可以定位到文章第二段最后一句mostoftherunnersparticipatefortheaccomplishmentofhavingruntheraceatall（大多數(shù)選手都是為了參加比賽的成就感而參加的），說明大多數(shù)選手參賽的理由是為了獲得成就感。因此A選項“獲得成功”正確。B選項“贏得現(xiàn)金獎勵”，C選項“吸引觀眾”，D選項“贏得一個橄欖枝編織的花環(huán)”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯誤。

3.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“originalprize”可以定位到文章第三段第二句Formostofitshistory,theBostonMarathonwasafreeevent,andtheonlyprizeawardedforwinningtheracewasawreathwovenfromolivebranches.（在歷史上的大部分時間里，波士頓馬拉松都是免費的活動，而贏得比賽的唯一獎品是一個用橄欖枝編織的花環(huán)。），說明最初比賽的獎品是橄欖枝花環(huán)。因此C選項“用橄欖枝編織的花環(huán)”正確。A選項“公司贊助的錢”，B選項“職業(yè)地位”，D選項“勇敢的名聲”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯誤。

4.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第五段第一句Inrecentyears,criticshavepointedtothedominanceofforeign-bornathletesintheevent(especiallyrunnersfromKenya)tobacktheirargumentsthatAmericanprofessionalrunningislaggingbehindtherestoftheworldintermsofproducingqualityathletes.（近年來，批評人士指出在這項賽事中外國出生的運動員，尤其是來自肯尼亞的運動員占主導(dǎo)地位，以支持他們的觀點，即美國職業(yè)長跑在培養(yǎng)高質(zhì)量運動員方面落后于世界其他地區(qū)。），說明批評美國沒有好的職業(yè)長跑運動員的原因是外國的運動員經(jīng)常在這項比賽上獲勝。因此A選項“因為這項比賽的大多數(shù)冠軍都來自外國”正確。B選項“因為芬蘭和日本是擁有優(yōu)質(zhì)運動員的強隊”，D選項“因為在1946年至1967年期間，只有一個美國人贏得了比賽”都是美國長跑運動員落后于其他地區(qū)的表現(xiàn)之一，不能完整概括批評美國的原因，所以B，D錯誤。C選項“因為美國的職業(yè)長跑遠遠落后于其他國家”，原文說的是在培養(yǎng)高質(zhì)量運動員方面落后于其他國家，而不是整體遠遠落后于其他國家，所以C錯誤。

5.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“qualifyingtime”可以定位到第六段，第六段最后一句說到Anexceptiontothequalificationrequirementisawardedto1,250runnerswhoraiseapre-determinedlevelofsponsorshipforofficiallydesignatedlocalcharities.（1,250名為官方指定的本地慈善機構(gòu)籌得預(yù)先設(shè)定贊助金額的運動員可免除資格要求。），說明為慈善機構(gòu)籌款的運動員可以免除參賽資格要求。因此C選項“慈善募捐者”正確。A選項“男運動員”，B選項“女運動員”，D選項“業(yè)余運動員”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯誤。

3.單選題

To（

）istosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.

問題1選項

A.conserve

B.conceive

C.convert

D.contrive

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。conserve意為“保護，保藏，保存”；conceive意為“想象，設(shè)想”；convert意為“（使）轉(zhuǎn)變”；contrive意為“設(shè)計，發(fā)明”。句意：保存就是節(jié)約與保護，把我們現(xiàn)在享有的好的條件留給其他人來共享。

4.單選題

Withitsstockpricerisingby20percent,thecompanybecomesthesecondmost()technologyfirminthecounty.

問題1選項

A.valuable

B.worthwhile

C.priceless

D.precious

【答案】A

【解析】valuable有價值的；worthwhile值得的；priceless無價的；precious珍貴的。句意：隨著股價上漲20%，該公司成為全縣第二大最有價值的科技公司。選項A符合句意。

5.單選題

Doyouforgettoturnofffilelightsandheaterswhenyougooutofaroom?In2040itwillnotmater.Theywillturnthemselvesoff—andonagainwhenyoureturn.Youwillchoosethetemperatureforeachroom,thelightingandthehumidity.Asensorwilldetectthepresenceofahuman(and,withluck,ignorethedog!)andturnthesystemson,andwhenthehumansleaveitwillturnthemoffagain.

Thesensorswillworkthroughthecentralhomecomputer,andtheywilldomuchmorethanjustturnthefiresandlightsonandoffforyou.Theywilldetectfaultyelectricalappliances,plugsorswitches,isolatethemsothattheycannotharmanyone,andthenwarnyouthattheyneedrepair.Theywilldetectfireandifyouareoutofthehouse,thecomputerwillcallthefirebrigade.Itwillalsocallthepoliceshouldthesensorsdetectanintruder.Thiswillnotbedifficultbecausethelocksontheoutsidedoorswillbeelectronic.Youwillopenthemusingyourpersonalcard—theoneyouuseforshopping—maybeusinganumberknownonlytoyou.

Itwillbeimpossibletolosethekey,andahousebreakerwillhavetotamperwiththelockorwithawindow.Itisnotverydifficulttomakesuchtamperingsendasignaltothecomputer.

Thecomputerwillbemorethanafireman—policeman-servant.Itwillbeanentertainer,andmostofyourentertainmentwillcomerightintoyourhome.Itdoesnow,ofcourse,butby2040“entertainment”willmeanmuchmore.Foronething,youwillbeabletotakepartactively,ratherthanjustwatching.

51.Theauthorintendstotellusthat______.

52.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?

53.Accordingtotheauthor,in2040,newtechnology______.

54.Thankstocomputers,in2040people______.

55.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe______.

問題1選項

A.in2040wewilllivewithoutthelightsandheaters

B.in2040wewillusemuchmorelightsandheaters

C.in2040therewillbenoswitchesoflightsandheaters

D.in2040lightsandheaterswillbeonandoffautomatically

問題2選項

A.Thesensorismulti-functional.

B.Withoutacomputer,thesensorcannotdomuch.

C.Thesensorwilldetectfireandmakeanemergencycall.

D.Youcanbetakenforanintruderifyoutamperwiththelockorwithawindow.

問題3選項

A.willfreeusfromthekeysweusetoday

B.willturneverythingintosensors

C.willmakethelocksoutofdate

D.willeliminateallcrimes

問題4選項

A.willhavenoentertainmentoutside

B.willreplaceTVwithcomputers

C.willbecontrolledbycomputers

D.willhavemorefunathome

問題5選項

A.SensorsandComputers

B.LifeatHomeintheYear2040

C.TheDevelopmentofScienceandTechnology

D.LightsandHeatersintheYear2040

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】51.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“作者想要告訴我們……”。根據(jù)文章開篇第二、三句In2040itwillnotmater.Theywillturnthemselvesoff—andonagainwhenyoureturn.（到了2040年，這就不重要了。它們會自動關(guān)閉，當(dāng)你回來的時候再打開）可知，作者想要告訴我們到了2040年，電燈和熱水器會自動打開和關(guān)閉，因此D項“2040年，電燈和加熱器將會自動開關(guān)”正確。A項“2040年，我們將生活在沒有燈和暖氣的情況下”，B項“到2040年，我們將使用更多的燈和加熱器”和C項“2040年將不再有電燈和暖氣的開關(guān)”，都不對，故該題選D。

52.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“下列哪一項是錯誤的？”。根據(jù)第二段第一句Thesensorswillworkthroughthecentralhomecomputer,andtheywilldomuchmorethanjustturnthefiresandlightsonandoffforyou.（傳感器將通過中央家庭計算機工作，它們將做更多的事情，而不僅僅是為你打開和關(guān)閉火和燈）可知，傳感器是多功能的，而且如果沒有計算機，傳感器做不了多少事情；由此可知A項“傳感器是多功能的”和B項“沒有計算機，傳感器不能做很多事情”正確；C項“傳感器將探測到火災(zāi)并發(fā)出緊急呼叫”，根據(jù)第二段第三句Theywilldetectfireandifyouareoutofthehouse,thecomputerwillcallthefirebrigade.（它們會探測到火災(zāi)，如果你不在家，電腦就會呼叫消防隊）可知，C項也正確；D項“如果你亂動門鎖或窗戶，你會被認(rèn)為是入侵者”，第四段提到Itwillbeimpossibletolosethekey,andahousebreakerwillhavetotamperwiththelockorwithawindow.Itisnotverydifficulttomakesuchtamperingsendasignaltothecomputer.（鑰匙是不可能丟的，而破門而入的人就得在鎖上或窗戶上亂動。要使這種篡改行為向計算機發(fā)送信號并不困難），這里只是說如果有闖入者，那么他需要破解門窗鎖的密碼，這種破解會很輕易地被電腦感知到；而不是說如果你要改變門窗鎖你就會被當(dāng)作闖入者。所以D項不對。故該題選D。

53.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者，到2040年新科技會……”。A項“將把我們從現(xiàn)在的使用鑰匙中解放出來”，第二段最后一句Youwillopenthemusingyourpersonalcard—theoneyouuseforshopping—maybeusinganumberknownonlytoyou.（您將使用您的個人卡——購物時使用的那張——打開它們，可能使用的號碼只有您自己知道）可知，到2040年人們將不再使用鑰匙來開鎖，所以A項正確；B項“將一切都變成傳感器”，文中沒有提到，且該項太絕對；C項“會使門鎖過時”，文中只是說不需要鎖了，沒有說門鎖過時，所以項也不選；D項“將消除所有犯罪”，新科技可以更好的增強防御系統(tǒng)，但是不能消除所有犯罪，太絕對，該項錯誤。故該題選A。

54.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“由于有計算機，到2040年人們將……”。最后一段講到Thecomputerwillbemorethanafireman—policeman-servant.Itwillbeanentertainer,andmostofyourentertainmentwillcomerightintoyourhome.Itdoesnow,ofcourse,butby2040“entertainment”willmeanmuchmore.（計算機將不僅僅是一個消防員和警察的仆人。它將是一個娛樂，你的大部分娛樂將直接進入你的家。當(dāng)然，現(xiàn)在是這樣，但到2040年，“娛樂”的意義將大得多），由此可知電腦可以在家里提供給人們更多的娛樂；而沒說人們不能出門娛樂，或不需要電視，或者被電腦控制，因此A項“在外面沒有娛樂”，B項“將用電腦取代電視”和C項“將被計算機控制”均錯誤；只有D項“在家里會有更多的樂趣”符合題意。故該題選D。

55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章最好的題目是……”。全文講的是2040年科技發(fā)展給人們家居生活帶來的便利。A項“傳感器和計算機”，題目太大，過于總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容；B項“2040年的家庭生活”很好的概括了文章的內(nèi)容，符合題意；C項“科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展”偏離了文章主旨；D項“2040年的燈和加熱器”過于狹窄，不能表達技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新對生活品質(zhì)的提升。故該題選B。

6.單選題

Thetownplanningcommissionsaidthattheirfinancialoutlookforthenextyearwasoptimistic.Theyexpectincreasedtax（）.

問題1選項

A.efficiency

B.revenues

C.privileges

D.validity

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃委員會對他們下一年的經(jīng)濟前景持樂觀態(tài)度。他們期盼稅收增加。

efficiency效率；revenue稅收，收益；privilege特權(quán)；validity有效性。taxrevenue表示“稅收”，是常用詞組。故本題選B。

7.單選題

Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost（

）areasinJapaneselife.

問題1選項

A.sophisticated

B.competitive

C.considerate

D.superficial

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。sophisticated“久經(jīng)世故的；復(fù)雜的”；competitive“有競爭力的”；considerate“體貼的”；superficial“膚淺的”。句意：因為有一個好的大學(xué)文憑就能找到一個更好的工作，所以教育是日本生活中最具有競爭力的領(lǐng)域之一。選項B符合題意。

8.單選題

Women’smindsworkdifferentlyfrommen's.Atleast,thatiswhatmostmenareconvincedof.Psychologistsviewthesubjecteitherasamatterorfrustrationorajoke.Nowthebiologistshavemovedintothisminefield,andsomeofthemhavefoundthattherearerealdifferencesbetweenthebrainsofmenandwomen.Butbeingdifferent,theypointouthurriedly,isnotthesameasbeingbetterorworse.

Thereis,however,adefinitestructuralvariationbetweenthemaleandfemalebrain.Thedifferenceisinapartofthebrainthatisusedinthemostcomplexintellectualprocesses-thelinkbetweenthetwohalvesofthebrain.

Thetwohalvesarelinkedbyatrunklineofbetween200and300millionnerves,thecorpuscallosum.Scientistshavefoundquiterecentlythatthecorpuscallosuminwomenisalwayslargerandprobablyricherinnervefibresthanitisinmen.Thisisthefirsttimethatastructuraldifferencehasbeenfoundbetweenthebrainsofwomenandmenanditmusthavesomesignificance.Thequestionis"What?'*,and,ifthisdifferenceexists,arethereothers?Researchshowsthatpresent-daywomenthinkdifferentlyandbehavedifferentlyfrommen.Aresomeofthesedifferencesbiologicalandinborn,aresultofevolution?Wetendtothinkthatistheinfluenceofsocietythatproducesthesedifferences.Butcouldwebewrong?

Researchshowedthatthesetwohalvesofthebrainhaddifferentfunctions,andthatthecorpuscallosumenabledthemtoworktogether.Formostpeople,thelefthalfisusedforwordhanding,analyticalandlogicalactivities;therighthalfworksonpictures,patternsandforms.Weneedbothhalvesworkingtogether.Andthebettertheconnections,themoreharmoniouslythetwohalveswork.And,accordingtoresearchfindings,womenhavethebetter

connections.

Butitisn'tallthateasytoexplaintheactualdifferencesbetweenskillsofmenandwomenonthisbasis.Inschoolsthroughouttheworldgirlstendtobebetterthanboysat"languagesubjects"andboysbetteratmathsandphysics.Ifthesedifferencescorrespondwiththedifferencesinthehemispherictrunkline,thereisanunalterabledistinctionbetweenthesexes.

Weshan'tknowforawhile,partlybecausewedon’tknowofanypreciserelationshipbetweenabilitiesinschoolsubjectandthefunctioningofthetwohalvesofthebrain,andwecannotunderstandhowthetwohalvesinteractviathecorpuscallosum.Butthisstrikingdifferencemusthavesomeeffectand,becausethedifferenceisinthepartsofthebraininvolvedinintellect,weshouldbelookingfordifferencesinintellectualprocessing.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?

2.Accordingtothepassageitiscommonlybelievedthatbraindifferencesarecausedbyfactors（

）.

3."Thesedifferences"inparagraph5refertothosein（

）.

4.Attheendofthepassagetheauthorproposesmoreworkon（

）.

5.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Biologistsareconductingresearchwherepsychologistshavegivenup.

B.Braindifferencespointtosuperiorityofonesexovertheother.

C.Resultsofscientificresearchfailtosupportpopularbelief.

D.Thestructuraldifferenceinthebrainbetweenthesexeshaslongbeenknown.

問題2選項

A.biological

B.psychological

C.physical

D.social

問題3選項

A.skillsofmenandwomen

B.schoolsubjects□

C.thebrainstructureofmenandwomen

D.activitiescarriedoutbythebrain

問題4選項

A.thebrainstructureasawhole

B.thefunctioningofpartofthebrain

C.thedistinctionbetweenthesexes

D.theeffectsofthecorpuscallosum

問題5選項

A.Tooutlinetheresearchfindingsonthebrainstructure.

B.Toexplainthelinkbetweensexandbrainstructure.

C.Todiscussthevariousfactorsthatcausebraindifferences.

D.Tosuggestnewareasinbrainresearch.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。A:心理學(xué)家已經(jīng)放棄，而生物學(xué)家正在展開研究工作。第一段指出:Psychologistsviewthesubjecteitherasamatteroffrustrationorajoke(心理學(xué)家把這個問題看成是挫折或笑話),原文表達的意思跟A項不一樣。B:大腦區(qū)別顯示出一個性別優(yōu)于另外一個性別。第一段說:'Butbeingdifferent,theypointouthurriedly,isnotthesameasbeingbetterorworse(他們指出盡管有區(qū)別，但并不能說明誰優(yōu)誰劣),與B項不一致。D:兩性大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別早已為人所知。第三段:Thisisthefirsttimethatastructuraldifferencehasbeenfoundbetweenthebrainsofwomenandmen...(這是第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)差異…),因此D項排除。所以本題選C。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段指出:Wetendtothinkthatistheinfluenceofsocietythatproducesthesedifferences(我們傾向于認(rèn)為正是社會的影響造成了這些差異),故選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。第五段說:Butitisn’tallthateasytoexplaintheactualdifferencesbetweenskillsofmenandwomenonthisbasis(但在此基礎(chǔ)上，要解釋男女技能的實際差異并不是那么容易)。由此可見,“這些區(qū)別”指的是兩性技能。

4.推斷題。最后一段：Weshan'tknowforawhile,partlybecausewedon'tknowofanypreciserelationshipbetweenabilitiesinschoolsubjectandthefunctioningofthetwohalvesofthebrain,andwecannotunderstandhowthetwohalvesinteractviathecorpuscallosum(我們暫時還不知道，部分原因是我們不知道學(xué)校受試者的能力和大腦兩半的功能之間有什么精確的關(guān)系，我們也不知道兩半是如何通過胼胝體相互作用的。)。后面:weshouldbelookingfordifferencesinintellectualprocessing.間接地提出對于corpuscallos的影響應(yīng)多作研究工作。

5.主旨大意題。A項(概述關(guān)于大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的研究結(jié)果)比較能概括文章目的。

9.單選題

Myfathernevergaveme（）.

問題1選項

A.manyadvice

B.manyadvices

C.muchadvice

D.alotofadvices

【答案】C

【解析】advice為不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,many用來修飾可數(shù)名詞,所以選項C正確。

10.單選題

Itwouldbeenormouslyconvenienttohaveasingle,generallyacceptedindexoftheeconomicandsocialwelfareofthepeopleoftheUnitedStates.Aglanceatitwouldtellushowmuchbetterorworseoffwehadbecomeeachyear,andwewouldjudgethedesirabilityofanyproposedactionbyaskingwhetheritwouldraiseorlowerthisindex.Somerecentdiscussionimpliesthatsuchanindexcouldbeconstructed.ArticlesinthepopularpressevencriticizetheGrossNationalProductionbecauseitisnotsuchacompleteindexofwelfare,ignoring,ontheonehand,thatitwasneverintendedtobe,andsuggesting,ontheotherhand,thatwithappropriatechangesitcouldbeconvertedintoone.

Theoutputavailabletosatisfyourwantsandneedsisoneimportantdeterminantofwelfare.Whateverwant,need,orsocialproblemengagesourattention,weordinarilycanmoreeasilyfindresourcestodealwithitwhenoutputislargeandgrowingthanwhenitisnot.GNPmeasuresoutputfairlywell,buttoevaluatewelfarewewouldneedadditionalmeasureswhichwouldbefarmoredifficulttoconstruct.Wewouldneedanindexofrealcostsincurredinproduction,becausewearebetteroffifwegetthesameoutputatlesscost.Useofjustman-hoursforwelfareevaluationwouldunreasonablyimplythattoincreasetotalhoursbyraisingthehoursofeightwomenfrom60to65aweekimposesnomoreburdenthanraisingthehoursofeightmenfrom40to45aweek,oreventhanhiringoneinvoluntarilyunemployedpersonfor40hoursaweek.Ameasureofrealcostsoflaborwouldalsohavetoconsiderworkingconditions.Mostofusspendalmosthalfourwakinghoursonthejobandourwelfareisvitallyaffectedbythecircumstancesinwhichwespendthosehours.

Tomeasurewelfarewewouldneedameasureofchangesintheneedouroutputmustsatisfy.Oneaspect,populationchange,isnowhandledbyconvertingoutputtoapercapitabasisontheassumptionthat,otherthingsequal,twiceasmanypeopleneedtwiceasmanygoodsandservicestobeequallywelloff.Butanindexofneedswouldalsoaccountfordifferencesintherequirementsforlivingasthepopulationbecomesmoreurbanizedandsuburbanized;forthechangesinnationaldefenserequirements;andforchangesintheeffectofweatheronourneeds.Theindexwouldhavetotellusthecostofmeetingourneedsinabaseyearcomparedwiththecostofmeetingthemequallywellunderthecircumstancesprevailingineveryotheryear.

Measuresofneedsshadeintomeasureofthehumanandphysicalenvironmentinwhichwelive.Weallareenormouslyaffectedbythepeoplearoundus.Canwegowherewelikewithoutfearofattack?Wearealsoaffectedbythephysicalenvironment—purityofwaterandair,accessibilityofparklandandotherconditions.Tomeasurethisrequiresaccuratedata,butsuchdataaregenerallydeficient.Moreover,weightingisrequired:tocombinerobberiesandmurdersinacrimeindex;tocombinepollutionofthePotomacandpollutionofLakeErieintoawaterpollutionindex;andthentocombinecrimeandwaterpollutionintosomegeneralindex.Butthereisnobasisforweightingthesebeyondindividualpreference.

Therearefurtherproblems.Tomeasurewelfarewewouldneedanindexofthegoodnessofthedistributionofincome.Thereissurelyconsensusthatgiventhesametotalincomeandoutput,adistributionwithfewerfamiliesinpovertywouldbethebetter,butwhatistheidealdistribution?Evenifwecouldconstructindexesofoutput,realcosts,needs,stateoftheenvironment,wecouldnotcomputeawelfareindexbecausewehavenosystemofweightstocombinethem.

1.Theauthor’sprimaryconcernisto______.

2.Theauthorimpliesthatman-hoursisnotanappropriatemeasureofrealcostbecauseit______.

3.Themostimportantreasonwhyasingleindexofwelfarecannotbedesignedisthat______.

4.AnadequatemeasureofneedmusttakeintoaccountallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

5.Theauthorregardstheideaofageneralindexofwelfareas______.

問題1選項

A.refuteargumentsforaposition

B.makeaproposalanddefendit

C.showdefectsinaproposal

D.reviewliteraturerelevanttoaproblem

問題2選項

A.ignorestheconditionsunderwhichtheoutputisgenerated

B.failstotakeintoconsiderationtheenvironmentalcostsofproduction

C.isnotaneffectivemethodforreducingunemployment

D.wasneverintendedtobeageneralmeasureofwelfare

問題3選項

A.thecostassociatedwithproducingtheindexwouldbeprohibitive

B.considerableempiricalresearchwouldhavetobedonereg