Unit1 Section B Grammar and usage 課件-高中英語牛津譯林版(2020)選擇性必修第二冊(cè)

SectionB

GrammarandusageVocabulary

11.foundbefoundedon...建立在……基礎(chǔ)上foundationn.地基；基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)laya(firm/solid)foundationfor...為……打下（堅(jiān)實(shí)的）基礎(chǔ)foundern.創(chuàng)辦者，發(fā)起人練習(xí)：Agoodrelationshipshould___________ontrust.Besides,moneyshouldn'tbethe__________offriendship.(found)befoundedfoundation2.accuseaccusesb.of(doing)sth.=chargesb.with(doing)sth.指責(zé)/控告某人（做了）某事表示“指責(zé)”的其他短語：blamesb.for(doing)sth.責(zé)怪/指責(zé)某人（做了）某事練習(xí)：Thedepartmentmanagerwasfiredafterbeingaccused______takingthecompanypropertyforhimself.of3.mountmountup（尺寸和數(shù)量上）增加，上升練習(xí)：Ifthesecostskeepmounting_______,Idon'tknowhowwe'llbeabletokeepthebusinessrunning.upLeadingin2Finishthetable....bythenhehadlearnedverylittleEnglish....bytheageof25,hehadbecomeapublisher.Heusedthesamebusinessstrategyhehademployed...Thinking1.WhenandwherewasJosephPulitzerborn?2.WhendidJosephPulitzerfoundthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch?3.In1892,whatdid

heofferColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart?4.WhenwerethefirstPulitzerPrizesawarded?JosephPulitzerwasbornonApril10,1847,inHungary.In1878.HeofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostartaschoolofjournalism.SixyearsafterJosephPulitzer'sdeath.Grammar3過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成：had+過去分詞2.用法：（1）表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。表示的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”，這個(gè)過去的時(shí)刻常用由until，before，by，when等引導(dǎo)的短語或時(shí)間狀語從句來表示，也可以通過一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作或上下文來表示。ThestudentcompletedthisexperimenttomakecometruewhatProfessorJosephhadsaid.為了使約瑟夫教授所說的成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，這個(gè)學(xué)生完成了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。Bytheendofthedaywehadsoldover2,000tickets.一天下來我們賣出了2000多張票。Shehadlearntabout500Englishwordsbeforeshewenttojuniormiddleschool.在上初中之前，她已經(jīng)學(xué)了大約500個(gè)英語單詞。（2）表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)刻，并可能繼續(xù)下去，常同由for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的短語或從句連用。Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor30minuteswhenabusfinallycame.我在公交車站等了30分鐘，公交車終于來了。Shesaidshehadmadegreatprogresssinceshecamehere.她說自從來到這兒，她已經(jīng)取得了很大的進(jìn)步。（3）want，hope，mean，plan，intend等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以用來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖，意為“本來……”。Ihadhopedtobebacklastnight,butIdidn'tcatchthetrain.我本希望昨晚回來的，但我沒趕上火車。Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn'tgetthereintime.他們本來想要去幫忙，但未能及時(shí)趕到那里。（4）常用過去完成時(shí)的固定句型：①在"hardly...when.."或"nosooner...than...”句型中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。Ihadnosoonerarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.(=NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.)我剛到家就開始下雨了。注意：hardly或nosooner位于句首時(shí)，句子要用部分倒裝語序。Hardlyhadwesatdownwhenthephonerang.=Wehadhardlysatdownwhenthephonerang.我們剛坐下電話就響了。②在"Itwasthefirst/second/...time(that)..."句型中，從句用過去完成時(shí)。Itwasthefirsttime(that)IhadchattedonlineinEnglish.那是我第一次用英語在網(wǎng)上聊天。過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的用法比較雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.時(shí)間狀語不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，而一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較：Theyhadarrivedatthestationbyteno'clockyesterday.他們昨天十點(diǎn)之前就已經(jīng)到達(dá)車站了。Theyarrivedatthestationatteno'clockyesterday.他們昨天十點(diǎn)到達(dá)了車站。2.在沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作則用一般過去時(shí)。InsteadofgettingdowntoanewtaskasIhadexpected,heexaminedthepreviousworkagain.他沒有像我所期望的那樣著手做新工作，而是又檢查了一遍以前的工作。注意：如果before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般過去時(shí)，主句可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。John(had)leftbeforeIcamehome.我回家之前約翰就離開了。Janewentouttotheparkaftershe(had)readthepaper.簡(jiǎn)讀完報(bào)紙就外出去公園了。練習(xí)1.Onemorningshetoldherchildrenaboutafamilyshe_________(visit)thedaybefore.2.Bytheendof2020,Pruitt___________(repair)morethan140fordonationortobereturnedtotheirowners.3.Whenwalkingdownthestreet,IcameacrossDavid,whomI_______foryears.A.didn'tseeB.haven'tseenC.hadn'tseenD.wouldn'tsee4.I__________(hope)tosendPeteragifttocongratulatehimonhismarriage,butIcouldn'tmanageit.5.Thetwins,who____________(finish)theirhomework,wereallowedtoplaybadmintonontheplayground.hadvisitedhadrepairedChadhopedhadfinishedAfter-classtask4FinishB11.PulitzerknewthathehadlearnedverylittleEnglish,sohehadstartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.2.Pulitzerwasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hewasworkingforover10hours.3.Forthetimehewas25,Pulitzerhadbecomeajournalistandpublisher.4.Manyofthebestreportershaveworkedforhispaperbeforeitsfailurein1931.刪除he后的hadwasworking→hadworkedFor→Byhaveworked→hadworkedFinishB2wonwerebuilthadbeenawardedhasbeenallowedintended1.HowmanyawardsdidPulitzerwantwhenheleftmoneyinhis1904will?2.HowmanytimeshadO'NeillwonthePulitzerPrizeinDramabefore1957?3.WhatnewcategorieshavebeenincludedinthePulitzerPrizes?Pulitzerwanted9awards,including4injournalism,4inlettersanddramaand1foreducation.Before1957,O'NeillhadwonthePulitzerPrizeinDramathreetimes.ThePulitzerPrizeshaveallowedonlinecontentfromnewspaperwebsitesinallofthejournalismcategoriesandhavealsoexpandedtoincludecategoriessuchasphotographyandmusic.FinishB3ZouTaofenwasafamousChinesejournalistandpublisher.Hewasbornin1895,inFujian.Hegraduatedfromuniversityattheageoftwenty-six,in1921.Thenextyear,hebecameaneditor.Bythetimehewas31,ZouTaofenhadbecomethechi