托福閱讀強化課講義版本c

托福強化閱讀電子講義托福閱讀強化課程第??章考試概述一、考試規(guī)則機考界面(TheworddelicateinihepassageisclosestTheworddelicateinihepassageisclosestinmeaningtofragilepredictable<2>complexvaluablesourceofplantnutrientsisnolongerbeingreturnedtothelandThefinalma?<xhumancauseofdesertificationissoilsalinizationresultingfromovenrrigeoonExcesswaterfromimgaoonsinksdownintothewatertaWeItnodrainagesystemexists,thewatertablerises,bnngingdissotvedsaltstothesurfaceThewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoilTheextremesenousnessofdesertficabonresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,asweHasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingthepfocessOncethesoilhasbeenremovedbyerosion,onlythepassageofcentiMiesormiBeoniaMlenabtenewsoiltoformintothebniestsoilspaces,seatngthemandproducingasurfacethataMowsverylittlewaterpenetrationWaterabsorptionisgreat)/reduced,consequentlyrunoffisincreased,resutonginacceleratederosionr^esThegradualdryingofIhesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedatMbtytoabsorbwaterresultsinthefurtherlossofvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedetenorationisestablishedinsomeregions,theincreaseindesertareasisoccurringlargelyastheresu?ofatrendtowarddnerclimaocconditionsContinuedgradualglobalwarminghasproducedanincreaseinaridityforsomeareasoverthepastfewthousandyearsTheprocessmaybeacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarmingresuftngfromairpollutionseriouslyincreasesThereishtfledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresuRsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocessesThesemiandlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoa<4usttoincreasedenvironnientalpressuresExpandingpopiiabonsaresubjectingthelandtoincreasingpressurestoprovidethemwithfoodandfuelInwetperiods,thelandmaybeabletorespondtothesestressesDuringthedryperiodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,ttiough,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarmexcessotitsdtmintshedcapacity,anddesert)ficaoonresutsFourspeciftcacttvioeshavebeenidentifiedasnwxcorwrtbutofstothedesertiftcaoonprocessesovercultivation,overgrazing,firewoodgathering,andovenrrigationThecultivationofcrof>shasexpandedprogressivelydrierregionsaspopulationdensitieshavegro*vnTheseregionsareespeciallylikelytohaveperiodsofseveredryness,sothatcropfailuresarecommonSincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepnorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosionTherasingoflivestockisamojoreconomicactivityinsemiandlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedonunenttypeofnaturalvegetationTheconsequencesoranexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionormevegetationcoverandthetrampingandpulvenzationotthesolThisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosionFirewoodisthecheffuelusedforcooldngandheatinginmanycountnesTheincreasedpressuresofexpandingpopulationshaveledtotheremovalofwoodyplantssothatmanycitiesandtov<isaresurroundedbylargeareascomplete*/lackingintreesandshrubsTheincreasinguseofdriedanimalwasteasasubstitutefuelhasalsohurtthesoilbecausethisvaluablesolconditionerand一、考試規(guī)則兒個數(shù)字：20分鐘/篇750-800字/篇12-14道題/篇3篇或4篇一、考試規(guī)則文章內(nèi)容：生命科學類天文地理類歐美歷史類文藝發(fā)明類社會學心理學考古學一、考試規(guī)則注意問題：你能連續(xù)屏幕閱讀1小時以上嗎？你能達到110字/分鐘閱讀速度嗎？您能做到平均1分鐘完成1道題目嗎?速度優(yōu)先還是準確度優(yōu)先？二答題順序第一步：瀏覽標題第二步：閱讀第一段全部題干第三步：閱讀第一段文章

第四步：完成第一段全部問題第五步：簡要筆記第一段主旨第六步：逐段答題，重復上述步驟第七步：利用各段主旨筆記完成最后大題第二章題型精講IIAr緣見VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2十大題型考察能力l|A-VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1十大題型考察能力全文段落句子詞匯綜覽VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2十大題型考察能力全文段落句子全文段落句子詞匯綜覽VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2ProsesummaryQuestion0-1Fillinatable0-1十大題型考察能力全文段落句子詞匯綜覽VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2ProsesummaryQuestion0-1,Fillinatable0-11詞匯題。1.1題目識別ThewordXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto1詞匯題。1.2答題步驟。第一步：認識單詞直接選。第二步：如為生詞讀原文。第三步：根據(jù)上下文含義推測含義。第四步：少量單詞可由詞根驗證答案1詞匯題°1.3基本思路1.31論點對論據(jù)TS+D1Commensalassociationssometimesinvolveonespecies*obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.Forinstance,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.ThewordinadvertentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoolndefensiblyoSubstantiallyoUnintentionallyoPartially1.31論點對論據(jù)TS+D標志詞：ForexampleForinstanceTake forexampleEvidencescomefromLike /As 1.32前后搭配2Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathomeforscantremunerationinanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.ThewordmeagnrinthepassageisclosestinmeaningO verynecessaryO verylowO traditionalO primary1.32前后搭配3Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Theword“penchant“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOCompromiseOInclinationOTraditionORespect1.32前后搭配基本模式：Adj.+N.Vt.+O.Adv.+Vt./Adj.1.33并列邏輯4Offshoreplatformsmayalsoloseoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashoreandfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.Theword"foul"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOReachOFloodOPolluteOAlter1.33并列邏輯5Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.ThewordattaininthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOrequireOresistOachieveOendure1.33并列邏輯標志詞：andoraswell asnotonly ,butalso some ,other 1.34順承呼應6Severalothermassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecordhavebeententativelyidentifiedwithlargeimpacts,butnoneissodramaticastheCretaceousevent.Butevenwithoutsuchspecificdocumentation ThephrasetentativelyidentifiedinthepassageisclosestinthemeaningtoOIdentifiedaftercarefulstudyOIdentifiedwithoutcertaintyOOccasionallyidentifiedOEasilyidentified1.34旅承呼應7Transitionfromforesttotreelesstundraonamountainslopeisoftenadramaticone.Withinaverticaldistanceofjustafewtensofmeters,treesdisappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs,herbs,andgrasses.Theword“dramatic“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOGradualOComplexOVisibleOStriking■1.34順承呼應模式：1）前后重復：thatis/whichmeans2）條件和結果：if……,then……/if ,would 3）鋪墊和引出：A,andB;A,thenB1.35因果邏輯8Hydroponicshasapplicationsbeyondbasicresearch,sinceitfacilitatesthegrowingofgreenhousevegetablesduringwinter.Thewordfacilitatesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoslowsdownaffectsmakeseasierfocuseson1.35因果邏輯9In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap“AMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland”,mapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtoday.ThewordmeticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOcarefullyOquicklyOfrequentlyOobviously1.35因果邏輯標志詞:

Dueto/Givenby/Since/derivefrom/stemfromTherefore/So/Hence/ followsEnough to /too to /So that 1.36反向邏輯10TheJovianplanetshaveverythickatmospheresconsistingofvaryingamountsofhydrogen,helium,methane,andammonia.Bycomparison,theterrestrialplanetshavemeageratmospheresatbest.Thewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto□ rich□ thin□ unique□ complex1.36反向邏輯11Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Theword“integral“isclosetinmeaningtoOEssentialOVariableOPracticalOIndependent.?.?步折比

詞讓轉對Even/Although/DespiteBut/Yet/HoweverWhereas/While/Incontrast/Ontheotherhand詞根詞綴12Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpresenceinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahrs“AmericanIndiansinthePacific^^theories.Thewordundisputedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto□ mysterious□ unexpected□ acknowledged□ significant1.37詞根詞綴13Theword“incredible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOConfusingOComfortingOUnbelievableOInteresting1.37詞根詞綴14Theword"overlie“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOCoverOChangeOSeparateOSurroundL37詞根詞綴15.Thewordinterlockedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto□ intermediate□ linked□ frozen□ fullydeveloped1.37詞根詞綴詞根〉前綴》后綴1.4綜合練習16Watercoloristhemostlight-filledofallwaysofpainting,butitsluminositydependsonthewhiteofthepapershiningthroughthinwashesofpigment.AbeautyBvisibilityCcolorDbrightness14綜合練習16Watercoloristhemostliwht?filledofallwaysofpainting,butitsluminositydependsonthewhiteofthepaper§hininRthroughthinwashesofpigment.AbeautyBvisibilityCcolorDbriehtness1.4綜合練習17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.AtouchableBtreatableCbelievableDinvisible1.4綜合練習17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.AtouchableBtreatableCbelievableDinvisibleL4綜合練習18Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencompassesabout84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.AcontainsBsearchesCencirclesDdirects1.4綜合練習18Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencom—assesabout84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.AcontainsBsearchesCencirclesDdirects1.4綜合練習19Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringebecausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.AdefectsBadvantagesCsuggestionsDcontroversies1.4綜合練習19Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringebecausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.A defectsB advantagesC siiRiestionsD controversies2指代題口2.1題目識別口ThewordXinthepassagerefersto。X=[pron.]or[名詞概念]2指代題。2.2答題步驟°第一步：閱讀代詞所在句及前一-句。第二步：關注其中名詞概念。第三步：套用指代模式確定被指代對象。第四步：代入上下文驗證答案2指代題02.3基本思路2.31同位指代1Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.ThewordtheyinthepassagereferstoOvalleysOtreesOheightsOridges2.31同位指代2Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimafsdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso-becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.TheworditinthepassagereferstoOanexternalcuesuchassunriseOthedailyrhythmofananimalOthelocalsolardayOacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours2.31同位指代3Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryfeathersoneachside(toretainbalanceintheair)andwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.Theword“Others“intheparagraphreferto()duckssidesspeciesflightfeathers2.31同位指代變形模式：someX,otherXoneX,anotherXmany/most/muchX,otherX2.32最相鄰指代4Forexample,asthegreaticesheetsthatcoveredNorthAmericaduringthelasticeagesteadilymeltedaway,hugevolumesofwaterflowedfromthem.Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatwasdepositedastheflowsloweddown.Thephrase“glacialoutwash"inthepassagereferstoOFastriversOGlaciersOThehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingOTheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers.2.32最相鄰指代5Themythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup'soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephasbeentakentowardtheaterasanautonomousactivity.Theword"this”inthepassagereferstoOTheactingoutofritesOThedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietyOTheseparationofmythsfromritesOThecelebrationofsupernaturalforces2.32最相鄰指代何種情形代詞常指代最相鄰概念？1相鄰感強的代詞：this/these/its/theirs2指代前方整體的代詞：this/that/which3為前方概念的同位解釋或別稱：Y,(refersto/means/thatis)X2.33連環(huán)指代6AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheirattitudestowardthem.Theword"them”inthisparagraphrefersto()A.AmericanofEuropeandescentB.paintingsC.AfricanAmericanartistsD.attitudes2.33連環(huán)指代6AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheirattitudestowardthem.Theword"them”inthisparagraphrefersto()A.AmericanofEuropeandescentB.paintingsC.AfricanAmericanartistsD.attitudes2.34抽象指代具體7Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.Thephrase“Thelikelyexplanation"inthepassagereferstotheexplanationforwhyOthesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareasOmodemarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughtsOwaterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouthOlandsurfaceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable2.34抽象指代具體8Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.Thelikelyexplanationisthat Likelyexplanation=WhyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologiststounderstandOr=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth2.34抽象指代具體8ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.Likelyexplanation=Whyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologiststounderstand"Or=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth2.34抽象指代具體8Thephrase6Thelikelyexplanation"inthepassagereferstotheexplanationforwhyOthesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareasOmodemarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughtsOwaterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouthOlandsurfaceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable2.35語法指代9Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvetheminerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowlyturnedtosoil.Theword“which“inthepassagereferstoA.theprocessofweatheringB.growingonrocksurfacesC.dissolvingthemineralsD.beingturnedtosoil2.35語法指代Nthat/which/who/whose+定語從句that/which/who/whose=N.2.35語法指代10Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvetheminerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowlyturnedtosoil.Theword“which“inthepassagereferstoA.theprocessofweatheringB.growingonrocksurfacesC.dissolvingthemineralsD.beingturnedtosoil2指代題口2.4綜合練習2.4綜合練習11Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintainbodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthesameasthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.A marineanimalB coretemperaturesC landmammalsD metabolicrates2.4綜合練習11Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintainbodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthesameasthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.AmarineanimalBcoretemperaturesClandmammalsDmetabolicrates2.4綜合練習12VirginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimatedatasmuchasan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthecenturiesfollowingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.AavirginsoilepidemicBanunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitantsCthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsDthearrivalofEuropeans.2.4綜合練習12VirginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimatedatmuchanan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthecenturiesfollowingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.AavirginsoilepidemicBanunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitantsCthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsDthearrivalofEuropeans.,3句子簡化題很重要一間接控制很多分數(shù)。3.1題目識別：題干Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.3句子簡化題。3.1題目識別Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.3句子簡化題。3.2答題步驟：對原句的分析。第一步：讀給出句，找出句中邏輯：虛詞控制實詞：雖然。。但是；盡管，但是。。。邏輯詞很重要。第二步：找出邏輯下的要點主干：主謂賓核心詞。第三步：依次核對各選項邏輯和要點主干°第四步：排除錯選保留一致選項：confidence,3句子簡化題。解答本題需要兩大技能。取舍能力：取主邏輯、要點；舍次要信息:去掉之后不會影響原意。°判斷能力：準確判斷選項正誤3句子簡化題°3.3基本思路3.31邏輯判定法］、Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear?horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoulamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,（but后的東西必須保留，后面把前面PK掉，答案必須有but之后的內(nèi)容）3.31邏輯判定法Oneexplanationfo。greenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear?horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.3.31邏輯判定法OneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisiHuminatedbyaneaihorizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.3.31邏輯判定法Oneexplanationfo。greenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.■瓦麗筱一認為綠色冰山是在某特定條件下才綠，但是綠色冰山在多種條件下一直綠。3.31邏輯判定法AOneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.邏輯對要點錯，把因果顛倒了BOneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.???But邏輯缺失要點缺失3.31邏輯判定法COneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.邏輯對要點錯因果顛倒3.31邏輯判定法DOneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.雖然解釋之一認為綠色冰山是在某特定條件下才綠，但是綠色冰山在多種條件下一直綠。邏輯對要點對前后一致■2、Contrarytotheargumentsofsome[hatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.先抓邏輯3.31邏輯判定法Contrarytoth>argumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.（對比）和偶然論相反，重點是后半節(jié),反襯。3.31邏輯判定法和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。ASomepeoplehavearguedthatthePacificwassettledbytraderswhobecamelostwhiletransportingdomesticatedplantsandanimals.邏輯丟失（比較邏輯），要點丟失（完全沒有出現(xiàn)）3.31邏輯判定法和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。,BTheoriginalPolynesiansettlerswereprobablymaroonedontheislands,buttheymayhavebeenjoinedlaterbycarefullypreparedcolonizationexpeditions.邏輯對（前后有比較），要點錯（方向偏差）3.31邏輯判定法和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。,CAlthoughitseemsreasonabletobelievethatcolonizationexpeditionswouldsetoutfullystocked,thisiscontradictedbymuchoftheevidence.邏輯對（讓步），要點錯（偏差，強調(diào)這個事件不可信）■3.31邏輯判定法'和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。,DThesettlementofthePacificislandswasprobablyintentionalandwellplannedratherthanaccidentalassomepeoplehaveproposed.邏輯對，（順序調(diào)整）要點對3.32主干判定法（沒有明顯的邏輯，提取主謂賓核心詞）3、Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.3.32主干判定法3、Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatinnspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.3.32主干判定法當給出句中無明顯邏輯時，以句子主干為判斷標準句子主干中優(yōu)先核對謂語動詞，其次為主語，再次為賓語,Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.3.32主干判定法Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.ABeforeconsideringphytoremediation,hyperaccumulatingspeciesofplantslocaltothetargetareamustbeidentified.謂語不匹配3.32主干判定法ThisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinChetargetarea.BTheinvestigationbeginswithanevaluationoftoxicsitesinthetargetareatodeterminetheextentofcontamination.謂語一致，主語、賓語不一致3.32主干判定法ThisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinChetargetarea.CThefirststepinphytoremediationistheplantingofhyperaccumulatingplantsintheareatobecleanedup.謂語匹配、主語賓語匹配3.32主干判定法ThisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinChetargetarea.DMinesandirrigationpondscanbekeptfrombecomingcontaminatedbyplantinghyperaccumulatingspeciesintargetedareas.謂語不匹配，偏差不會被污染長難句：看邏輯，主謂賓，謂語動詞更重要3.32主干判定法一-一系列的動詞，謂語一定要保留最關鍵的動作。順承引出的動作（最后的結果）■4、Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom-buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsit（讓）tohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconvert（轉化）theorganicmattertooilandgas.■'3.32主干判定法當句子主干中有多個并列謂語時，優(yōu)先核對最重要的謂語動詞最重要的=順承引出的最終動作4>Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconcerttheorganicmattertooilandgas.3.32主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).AHighertemperaturesandpressurespromotesedimentation,whichisresponsibleforpetroleumformation.主語要點不匹配(因果顛倒)Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).BDepositsofsedimentsontopoforganicmatterincreasethetemperatureofandpressureonthematter.???convert謂語要點丟失最終動作(丟失了最終的結果，謂語要點丟失)-3.32主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).CIncreasingpressureandheatfromtheweightofthesedimentturntheorganicremainsintopetroleum.謂語要點匹配、主語賓語要點匹配3.32主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).DTheremainsofmicroscopicorganismstransformintopetroleumoncetheyareburiedundermud.■???convert■謂語要點丟失最終動作，出現(xiàn)未出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容也被拿掉了。-3.33特殊重點判定法(除去邏輯、主干要點外)■決定句子基本含義是否一致的是：句中強調(diào)的重點內(nèi)容，如極端強調(diào)、語氣強調(diào)、語法強調(diào)---一定要保留這些信息點■first,most,last(最高級)Must,haveto,very,important,necessary(語氣強調(diào))Itis that,Only,neverhadIdone…(倒裝)5.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.3.33特殊重點判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.3.33特殊重點判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.ARunningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeepmachinesoperatingcontinuouslybutsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashireandScotland,mostmillsandfactoriesthatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbewaterdriven.3.33特殊重點判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.ARunningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldk