考研英語十考研英語真題附答案詳解

近十年考研英語一真題及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.^^But?--someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalillnessLaughterdoesshort-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto,agoodlaughisunlikelytohavebenefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedocs,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter,muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelptheeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesoffeedback,thatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate.oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrootedphysicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrytheyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalsotears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflowmuscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe[A]measurable[B]manageablc[C]aflfordable[D]renewablc[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expccted[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes[A]aggravate[B]gcncrate[C]moderate[D]cnhance[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]intemal[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because[A]exhausts[B]fbllows[C]precedes[D]suppresses[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold[A]disappointed[B]excitcd[C]joyful[D]indifferent[A]adapted[B]catered[C]tumed[D]reacted[A]suggcsting[B]requiring[C]mcntioning[D]supposing[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilhannonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast."Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.^^AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday'sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed“atatimeandplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisfbrclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert'sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rcjectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels[A]doubtfuL[B]cnthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzlcd.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving”topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.^^Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundfbraspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookfbrabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKom/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:MIcan'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfbrtopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,“saysoneheadhunter.fctThepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.”WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives,quittingmaybespurredby[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans[A]approvedof.[B]attcndcdto.[C]huntedfor.[D]guardcdagainst.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.[D]it'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfbr.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorfbrusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-fbrinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,fbrexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficfbrallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,fbrinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,fbrexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg..Consumersmaycreate“earned“mediawhentheyareobsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.inspiredbyproduct-promotingc-mailssenttothem.eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureasafebusinessenvironment.randomcompetition.strongusertraffic.flexibilityinorganization.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediainviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.mayberesponsiblefbrfiercercompetition.deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleofrespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.persuadingcustomersintoboycottingeratingwithsupportiveconsumers.takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.Dominanceofhijackedmedia.Popularityofownedmedia.Text4It'snosurprisethatJenniferSenior'sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,441loveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,^^isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard.Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual"JenniferAnistonispregnant^^news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn'tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneyteliit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren'tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel“mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JcnniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight[B]enjoymentinprogress[C]happinessinretrospect[D]lastingrewardWelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourcefbrgossip.[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife..AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading..Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata"generalcducation^^shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,"thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread^-theyformasortofsocialglue.Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsfbrwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor'sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingfbrwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-spccialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyfbracademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededfbraparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable/'Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.99Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.MYetquitehowthathappens,MrMenanddosenotsay.ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.G-41.f42,fE-43.—44.f45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat"Mindisthemasterweaver/'creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:"Whycannot1makemyselfdothisorachievethat?”Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare."Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon't"get"successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.PartofthefameofAllen'sbookisitscontentionthat''Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyreveal(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeakneejerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityfbrgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged“thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson'searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen'sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblamefbrourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.SectionHIWritingPartADirections:WritealettertoafriendofyourstorecommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesandgivereasonsfbryourrecommendationYourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheleter.User“LIMING5'instead.Donotwritertheaddress.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeanessayof160■一200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethedrawingbriefly,explainit'sintendedmeaning,andgiveyourcomments.YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)綸莊★啟用前2011年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試

英語（一）試題答案和評(píng)分參考一、，考答案SectionIUseofEnglish(Wpoints)J.C6.B2.07.AC3.B8.D13.D4.B9.C14.CS.A10.A15.B11.B1X?v>17.A18.D19.A20.CSectionIIReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)22.B23.D24.B25.A41.L27.D28.C29.A30.Cq.d31.D36.CPanB(10points)32.C37.D33.B38.A34.A39.D35.A40.B41.B42.D43.A44.C45.FPartC（10points）.艾愴的貢賦在于，他拿出.我們并非機(jī)H人，因此能掌控自己的思想“Qi出曲o.并揭示了其手媒所在?.盡管我們或許可以僅憑意識(shí)來維系“控制.這種錯(cuò)覺,現(xiàn)實(shí)中我們還是不斷要面對(duì)一個(gè)問題：“我為什么不能讓自己做這個(gè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)那個(gè)？”.這似乎是在為忽視其困■的行為作辯護(hù)，為*削、為社會(huì)上層人群的優(yōu)越及社會(huì)底層人H的單嫩找理由..環(huán)境仿，。是為了,發(fā)我，】的最大漕能而設(shè)，如果我們覺簿自己遭受了"不公"，友不太可能有意識(shí)地去努力擺脫自己的處境.30.其正面■義在于,了解了一切都取決于我們自己，即有了語多可能；此前我們是語都各料局限的■次,現(xiàn)在我們成了“馭各腫可能性的權(quán)威?，，一，■北—.??.■第I?,■…1附閱讀PartA翻譯：譯文12009年紐約交響樂團(tuán)突然宣布聘用艾倫?吉爾伯特為下一位樂曲指揮，從那時(shí)起一直到現(xiàn)在，這次任命都成為古典音樂界的話題。退一步說，從總體上看，反應(yīng)還是不錯(cuò)的。如冷靜的古典音樂評(píng)論家安東尼?托姆西尼就這樣寫：從長時(shí)間來看，這次委命是英明的。然而，這次任命還是令人意外。原因之一在于吉樂伯特名聲相對(duì)較小。就連那時(shí)主張雇用吉爾伯特的托姆西尼，也稱吉爾伯特其貌不揚(yáng)，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指揮大師的氣質(zhì)。作為對(duì)這個(gè)很牛的管弦樂隊(duì)（牛的表現(xiàn)：到口前為止一直被牛人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著）下一任指揮家的描述，這種描述跟虛浮的贊揚(yáng)一樣，確實(shí)會(huì)令至少一部分泰晤士報(bào)2010年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題的讀者覺得愕然不解（讓他們覺得不可思議）。就我的觀點(diǎn)而言，我不知道吉爾伯特是不是一位偉大的指揮家，甚至連他是不是算好的指揮家也不敢確定?？梢源_信的是，雖然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的樂曲。然而，我不需要訪問AveryFisherHall（可能是紐約交響樂團(tuán)所在地，即吉爾伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能聽到有趣的管弦樂。（作者意思是，不需要聽吉爾伯特，到處可以聽到有趣的管弦樂。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，隨便打開我的電腦，從ITUNES上就可下載比那（當(dāng)指吉爾伯特表演的）多得多的類似的音樂。對(duì)于唱片，那些專門參加音樂會(huì)的人會(huì)說，現(xiàn)場表演是不可替代的。他們顯然忽視了一個(gè)要點(diǎn)。為了替音樂愛好者節(jié)省時(shí)間、精力、金錢考慮，古典樂曲表演表不僅要在各種表演場所進(jìn)行競爭，還要在記錄這些行為的媒介上競爭。記在唱片上的表演比現(xiàn)場表演更便宜，更易得，甚至質(zhì)量更好。而且它們的消費(fèi)時(shí)間地點(diǎn)可以任由聽者選擇。因此，這種唱片的廣泛應(yīng)用，給傳統(tǒng)音樂會(huì)帶來了生存危機(jī)。一個(gè)可能的應(yīng)對(duì)方式（解決辦法）是古典音樂表演者發(fā)明有吸引力的從唱片上聽不到的曲子。吉爾伯特在新音樂方面投入了自己的興趣，這己廣被人知：如古典音樂評(píng)論家羅斯就把吉爾伯特描述成一個(gè)可以扭轉(zhuǎn)交響樂方向的人，認(rèn)為他把交響樂帶進(jìn)了?個(gè)明顯不同的更有活力的天地。但是，這種“不同”的實(shí)質(zhì)是什么呢？僅僅擴(kuò)展交響樂的節(jié)目是不夠的。吉爾伯特和交響樂要想取得成功，必須首先改變美國舊的管弦樂和它們想吸引的新的聽眾之間的關(guān)系。譯文2當(dāng)列姆?麥克杰八月份從美國銀行任上離職時(shí)，他的解釋確實(shí)令人意外。與通常會(huì)用的模糊理由不同的是，他直率地說，他離開是為了找一家公司當(dāng)管理者，而那是他一向就有的追求。他說，作出這一選擇純屬個(gè)人原因。兩周之內(nèi)，他與哈佛財(cái)務(wù)服務(wù)集團(tuán)的董事會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了首次會(huì)談，這一集團(tuán)在9月29日聘他擔(dān)任CEO。麥克杰說，他離開時(shí)并沒有確定的目標(biāo)，這使他得以思考自己究竟想管理什么樣的公司。這同時(shí)也可以讓他向外界展示自己的魄力。無獨(dú)有偶（并不只有他才有這種雄心）。最近幾周，雅芳公司和美國聯(lián)邦快遞公司的第二執(zhí)行官都離開自己的公司，他們的解釋都是想當(dāng)CEO,山于股東施壓，董事會(huì)需要審查繼承人方案，還沒有被準(zhǔn)許離開的這幾位執(zhí)行官肯定希望事情早點(diǎn)出來結(jié)果。商'業(yè)環(huán)境復(fù)雜異常，這使得高級(jí)經(jīng)理人員不愿用模糊的聲明來損害自己的名聲。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)開始出現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇的跡象，這些希望離任者可能在還沒有找到下家時(shí)就跳槽。根據(jù)“登記冊”研究機(jī)構(gòu)的報(bào)告，在第三季度，CEO營業(yè)額從一年前開始下降了23%,把那些緊跟在這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人身后的董事會(huì)也弄得神經(jīng)兮兮。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，那些有抱負(fù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人將大有機(jī)會(huì)。放棄高級(jí)職位去尋找更好的職位，這種決定是非同尋常的，過去可不常見。多年來，執(zhí)行官和獵頭們都堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，最好的CEO候選人需要去挖別人的墻角才能得到（而不是那些主動(dòng)離開原崗位的人）。某某獵頭說，當(dāng)董事會(huì)還沒有委托我先去找一個(gè)還在任上的CEO時(shí)，我不能去考慮那些我在網(wǎng)上一搜就有的人。那些沒有工作去向就跳槽的人不會(huì)總是很快找到理想崗位。卜年前愛倫?馬拉姆從T公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的位子上退下，也是為了當(dāng)一個(gè)CEO。一年前她才成為一家小型電子交易所的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。羅伯特在2005年為了當(dāng)CEO而離開，他最終在一家重要的財(cái)務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)找到這種工作是在三年之后。許多招聘人表示，對(duì)于那些最好的演員來說，舊的恥辱正在淡忘。財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)使得在兩個(gè)工作機(jī)會(huì)之間進(jìn)行選擇或者離開更壞的工作這樣的行為變得可以接受?！皞鹘y(tǒng)規(guī)則是，最好呆在你原來的地方，但現(xiàn)在這種規(guī)則被從根本上顛覆了。”一個(gè)獵頭說，“在一個(gè)地方呆得越久，就越容易受損。”譯文3在過去，銷售成功的基本法則是：種瓜得瓜，一分耕耘一分收獲?，F(xiàn)在不同了。傳統(tǒng)的付出方式（媒介，指企業(yè)付錢給電視臺(tái)做廣告或者報(bào)社做報(bào)刊廣告）?~~?電視購物和印刷廣告——雖然仍占主要地位，但是現(xiàn)在的企業(yè)可以開發(fā)出更多的替代這些媒介的形式。對(duì)產(chǎn)品有熱情的用戶可能通過給在自己網(wǎng)站上注冊的顧客發(fā)關(guān)于產(chǎn)品和商品的電郵的提醒，來建立自己的媒介。這樣用戶現(xiàn)在接近了廣闊的媒介因素，這些因素超越了傳統(tǒng)的付費(fèi)媒介。付費(fèi)并占有的媒介，是被想促銷自己產(chǎn)品的商人控制的。而對(duì)于白撿的媒介（免費(fèi)的媒介報(bào)道）而言，這種商人的角色僅是作為響應(yīng)用戶需求的第一環(huán)（直接面對(duì)用戶的不是他們）。但是在一些案例中，一個(gè)商人擁有的媒介成為另一個(gè)商人的付費(fèi)媒介（但有時(shí)候，促銷產(chǎn)品的商人也直接面對(duì)用戶，即把別人占有的媒介暫時(shí)變成自己占有的媒介）。例如，當(dāng)一個(gè)電子商務(wù)零售商在自己的網(wǎng)站上出售廣告空間時(shí)，就是如此。我們把這種出售的媒介定義為擁有的媒介。這種（出售空間式的）擁有的媒介是如此強(qiáng)大普遍，以致于其他團(tuán)體把他們的希望（滿意；內(nèi)容；電子商務(wù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)）寄托在這種環(huán)境中。這種（寄托）趨勢雖然依然在嬰兒期，但我們相信這種從零售商和旅行提供商（如航空公司、旅館）有效起步的趨勢會(huì)越來越強(qiáng)勁。例如強(qiáng)生建立了一個(gè)嬰兒中心