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TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.[參考譯文]美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系基本上是以私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)構(gòu)建的,在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中,消費(fèi)者支付他們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)上最想要的貨品和服務(wù)的費(fèi)用,從而在很大程度上決定了該生產(chǎn)什么樣的產(chǎn)品。Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.[參考譯文]因此,在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中,個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤(rùn)的欲望和個(gè)人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合,一起決定了生產(chǎn)什么樣的產(chǎn)品,以及如何利用資源來(lái)制造這種產(chǎn)品。If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.[參考譯文]另一方面,如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降,那么這就有可能增加賣(mài)方和制造商能提供的供給,而這也就會(huì)反過(guò)來(lái)降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)產(chǎn)品。IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.[參考譯文]在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對(duì)生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán),也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利,如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.[參考譯文]同時(shí)這些計(jì)算機(jī)記錄下哪些時(shí)間是最忙的,哪些員工工作效率最高,這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計(jì)算機(jī))也能為促銷(xiāo)活動(dòng)找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.[參考譯文]不計(jì)其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè),從劇院到雜志出版商,從公用燃?xì)怆娏υO(shè)施到牛奶處理廠,都通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)的使用給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。ExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameageForthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.[參考譯文]殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能,他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.[參考譯文]在過(guò)去的30年中,公共教育中顯示的對(duì)殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會(huì)中的一種中強(qiáng)烈的情緒,那就是所有的公民,不管其情況有多特殊,都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會(huì)。Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.[參考譯文]它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價(jià)格被迅速分銷(xiāo)出去,因此可以(使公司)建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng),同時(shí)也使以具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格提供出口變得可能。Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.[參考譯文]除去議會(huì)有27件法案來(lái)規(guī)范廣告的條件,沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)正式的廣告商敢于推銷(xiāo)一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformationandthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwoundbesoboringthatnoonewoundpayanyattention.[參考譯文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就廣告而言,如果這不是完全不可能達(dá)到的,也是非常難做的,因?yàn)榧幢闶且粋€(gè)諸如襯衫的顏色的選擇這樣的細(xì)節(jié)都會(huì)具有微妙的說(shuō)服意味,那么廣告就會(huì)如此地乏味以至于沒(méi)有人會(huì)關(guān)注它。Theworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.[參考譯文]得到了升遷的工人們,成績(jī)進(jìn)步的學(xué)生,學(xué)會(huì)了一門(mén)新語(yǔ)言的外國(guó)人——這些都是那些有可衡量的結(jié)果宋顯示其努力的人們的例證。Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.[參考譯文]隨著家庭離開(kāi)他們?cè)瓉?lái)穩(wěn)定的社區(qū),離開(kāi)他們多年的朋友和擴(kuò)展的家庭關(guān)系,非正式的信息流動(dòng)被切斷了,隨之而去的是對(duì)在需要時(shí)能獲得可靠和值得信賴(lài)的信息的信心。Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consuming,andsometimesevenoverwhelming.[參考譯文]現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人能夠得到的信息比任何時(shí)代的人都多,而找到與他/她的特定問(wèn)題相關(guān)的那一點(diǎn)信息的任務(wù)不僅復(fù)雜、耗時(shí),有時(shí)甚至令人難以招。Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.[參考譯文]通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)程會(huì)議,專(zhuān)家知識(shí)可以在全世界范圍內(nèi)被分享,而爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題能夠得到解決,同時(shí)相關(guān)人員也不必離開(kāi)他們的家庭或工作跑到一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的開(kāi)會(huì)地點(diǎn)。Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.[參考譯文]現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)雙層結(jié)構(gòu),在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的A類(lèi)好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們B類(lèi)的同輩更勝一籌。Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.[參考譯文]在跟你談話的時(shí)候,可能成為你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和其他資格是不是值得他雇用你,而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一種有條不紊而且合情合理的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式被展示出來(lái)。TheCorporationwillsurviveasapubliclyfundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanationwidedebateinBritain.[參考譯文]英國(guó)廣播公司將作為一個(gè)公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下來(lái),至少目前會(huì)這樣,但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國(guó)成了全國(guó)上下的討論話題。ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC-includingordinarylistenersandviewertosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.[參考譯文]這場(chǎng)辯論是由政府發(fā)動(dòng)的,政府請(qǐng)任何一個(gè)對(duì)英國(guó)廣播公司有意見(jiàn)的人一包括普通的聽(tīng)眾和觀眾一來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)這個(gè)公司好在哪里或壞在哪里,甚至要說(shuō)說(shuō)他們是否認(rèn)為這個(gè)公司值得被保留下來(lái)。Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofesssignalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.[參考譯文]這種變化通過(guò)引入許多的專(zhuān)業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個(gè)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求,并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司)的時(shí)候,經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些家族公司的財(cái)富。Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.[參考譯文]這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對(duì)資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性,這是國(guó)家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè)因素,這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任,而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無(wú)關(guān)系。TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.[參考譯文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的“舒適”階級(jí)提供居住場(chǎng)所。這些人依賴(lài)于其豐厚收入而不工作,他們除了分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會(huì),向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外,跟社會(huì)的其他階層毫無(wú)瓜葛。The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.[參考譯文]這樣的"股東"對(duì)他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無(wú)所知,而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.[參考譯文]代表公司的花錢(qián)雇來(lái)的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接,但是就連他對(duì)工人們也沒(méi)有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長(zhǎng)式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對(duì)他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools:alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.[參考譯文]在許多形成因素當(dāng)中,我將挑選出這些:這個(gè)國(guó)家優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育:歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)者們:獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)發(fā)明者的做法;而且最重要的是美國(guó)人在對(duì)那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語(yǔ)的、"空間性的"思考方面的天賦。AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor..,areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist".[參考譯文]正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那樣:"一個(gè)技術(shù)專(zhuān)家思考那些不能被簡(jiǎn)化成能被清楚的語(yǔ)言描述的東西。這些東西在他的思維中是通過(guò)一種視覺(jué)的、非語(yǔ)言表述的過(guò)程宋處理的……設(shè)計(jì)者和發(fā)明者……能夠在他們的腦中裝配并操作那些還不存在的裝置。"RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheel,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea".[參考譯文]羅伯特?法歐特曾經(jīng)這樣寫(xiě)到:"一個(gè)技師會(huì)坐在杠桿、螺絲釘、楔子、輪子等等當(dāng)中,就像一個(gè)詩(shī)人沉浸在字母表的字母中,把這些字母看成自己思想的展示,在這樣的展示中,每種新的次序安排都傳達(dá)了一種新的思想。"Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogramsand,tactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.[參考譯文]在最后三章中,他脫下手套,將神造論者好好地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的活動(dòng)和戰(zhàn)術(shù),而且,對(duì)于那些對(duì)神造論者的做事方式刁;熟悉的人來(lái)說(shuō),神造論者的欺騙和扭曲事實(shí)的程度可能會(huì)令這些人有一種不快的詫異。Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwoundbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.[參考譯文]在這本杰出的書(shū)的外紙封面上,史蒂芬?杰伊?古爾德寫(xiě)道:"這本書(shū)本身就代表理性。"而它確實(shí)是這樣的-而且如果理性成為神造論/地化論之間的辯論中的惟一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話,一切就都好辦了。Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.[參考譯文]經(jīng)過(guò)了六個(gè)月的爭(zhēng)論以及最后16個(gè)小時(shí)激烈的議會(huì)辯論澳大利亞北部地區(qū)成了世界上第一個(gè)允許醫(yī)生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的立法當(dāng)局。Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.[參考譯文]一些機(jī)構(gòu)終于松了一口氣,但是其他一些機(jī)構(gòu),包括教堂,倡導(dǎo)生命之權(quán)的團(tuán)體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì),尖銳地抨擊這個(gè)法案,指責(zé)法案的通過(guò)過(guò)于匆忙。但是大勢(shì)已定,不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。InAustralia-whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpartotherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞-人口老齡化,延長(zhǎng)壽命的技術(shù)和變化看的社會(huì)態(tài)度,這些因素都在發(fā)揮作用一一其他的州也會(huì)考慮制定相似的關(guān)于安樂(lè)死的法律。Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,and川manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.[參考譯文]當(dāng)然,例外是存在的。在美國(guó),心胸狹窄的官員,粗魯?shù)膫髡?,和沒(méi)有禮貌的出租車(chē)司機(jī)也并不少見(jiàn)。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見(jiàn),這使得它值得被討論一下。Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.[參考譯文]我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫(yī)學(xué)用途和社會(huì)用途都很廣泛的社會(huì)里:一片用來(lái)止頭痛的阿斯匹林,一些用來(lái)社交的葡萄酒,早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡,一支用來(lái)定神的香煙。Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.[參考譯文]對(duì)藥品的依賴(lài)性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長(zhǎng)的耐藥量,要產(chǎn)生想得到的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來(lái)越大,然后表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)停止用藥后,令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現(xiàn)。"Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek."Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?"[參考譯文]上星期參議員羅博特多爾質(zhì)問(wèn)時(shí)代華納公司的高級(jí)管理人員們:"難道這就是你們希望能夠成就的事業(yè)?你們已經(jīng)出賣(mài)了自己的靈魂,但是難道你們還非要腐化我們的國(guó)家,威脅我們的孩子們嗎?""Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn',"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe..."[參考譯文]"對(duì)任何一個(gè)民主社會(huì)的考驗(yàn),"他在《華爾街雜志》的一個(gè)專(zhuān)欄文章中寫(xiě)到,"不在于它能夠多有效地控制各種意見(jiàn)的表達(dá),而在于這個(gè)社會(huì)是否能給予思考和表達(dá)的盡可能廣泛的自由,不管有時(shí)候這種結(jié)果是多么的富有爭(zhēng)議或令人不快…"Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders'meeting,Levinassertedthat"musicisnotthecauseofsociety'sills"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.[參考譯文]在-上個(gè)月的股東大會(huì)上關(guān)于搖滾歌詞的討論中,萊文宣稱(chēng)說(shuō):"音樂(lè)不是社會(huì)問(wèn)題的原因",他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州布朗克斯的一個(gè)教師,并用說(shuō)唱音樂(lè)與學(xué)生們進(jìn)行溝通。Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"of"atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.[參考譯文]有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯,例如"輕踩剎車(chē)"以"操縱經(jīng)濟(jì)軟著陸",使貨幣政策聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是一門(mén)精確的科學(xué)。沒(méi)有什么比這更遠(yuǎn)離實(shí)際情況的了。EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,since,conventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.[參考譯文]經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們對(duì)英國(guó)和美國(guó)的有利的通貨膨脹數(shù)據(jù)尤其感到驚訝,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的計(jì)量方法顯示兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì),特別是美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì),幾乎沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)蕭條的時(shí)候。Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.[參考譯文]很不幸,這最令人震驚的解釋有一點(diǎn)缺陷。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)有力的變化已經(jīng)結(jié)束了那個(gè)以經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和通貨膨脹的歷史關(guān)聯(lián)為基礎(chǔ)的舊的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.[參考譯文]例如,阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫,但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--這些換到的就是這么個(gè)疾病滋生的水庫(kù),現(xiàn)在這個(gè)水庫(kù)積滿(mǎn)了淤泥,幾乎不能發(fā)電了。Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace-allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing-areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining,[參考譯文]企業(yè)重組的新方法-所有那些重新設(shè)計(jì)、縮小規(guī)模的做法-只是對(duì)一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體生產(chǎn)力做出了一方面的貢獻(xiàn)。這種經(jīng)濟(jì)還受許多其他因素的驅(qū)動(dòng),比如結(jié)合設(shè)備和機(jī)械上的投資、新技術(shù),以及在教育和培訓(xùn)上的投資。Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.[參考譯文]他的同事邁克爾?比爾說(shuō),有太多的公司已經(jīng)用一種機(jī)械的方式實(shí)行公司內(nèi)部的重新設(shè)計(jì),在沒(méi)有充分考慮長(zhǎng)期贏利的能力下削減了成本。Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromS.cienceandReason",heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.[參考譯文]科學(xué)衛(wèi)士們?cè)跁?huì)議上也表述了他們的關(guān)注,比如1995年在紐約市舉行的"逃離科學(xué)與理性”會(huì)議,以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開(kāi)的"(錯(cuò)誤)信息時(shí)代的科學(xué)"會(huì)議。Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.[參考譯文]一項(xiàng)關(guān)于1996年新聞報(bào)道的調(diào)查顯示,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽還可以貼在許多其他團(tuán)體身上,從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu),到鼓吹削減基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽)。The'trueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.[參考譯文]環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)、斯坦福大學(xué)的保羅?厄爾里西認(rèn)為,科學(xué)真正的敵人是那些對(duì)支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業(yè)發(fā)展的其他后果的證據(jù)提出置疑的人。Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation'sheadcounting.[參考譯文]這種發(fā)展-以及其對(duì)美國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)在未來(lái)幾年的潛在的強(qiáng)有力的影響一一使得南部在全國(guó)人口普查中有史以來(lái)首次成為美國(guó)人口最密集的地區(qū)。Oftentheychoose-andstillarechoosing-somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog.crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.[參考譯文]他們常常選擇-現(xiàn)在依然這樣選擇--居住在那些氣候較為寒冷的地區(qū),比如俄勒岡、愛(ài)達(dá)荷,還有阿拉斯加,為的是逃避煙霧、犯罪,以及“金州”(加利福尼亞)城市化進(jìn)程中的其他問(wèn)題。Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970's,to18.5percent-littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960'sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.[參考譯文]結(jié)果,加利福尼亞的人口增長(zhǎng)率在20世紀(jì)70年代時(shí)下降到了18.5%——稍高于60年代增長(zhǎng)率的三分之二,大大低于西部其他各州。Unlikemostoftheworld'svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth'ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.[參考譯文]跟世界上的大多數(shù)火山不同的是,它們(熱點(diǎn))并不總是在由構(gòu)成地球表面巨大漂流板塊之間的邊界上出現(xiàn);相反,它們中有許多位于一個(gè)板塊較縱深的內(nèi)部。Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionoftheplateswithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.[參考譯文]攜帶這些大陸板塊的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)能夠被詳細(xì)地表述出來(lái),但是這些板塊相對(duì)于另一些板塊的運(yùn)動(dòng)還不能輕易地解釋為它們相對(duì)于地球內(nèi)部的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsseedfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.[參考譯文]熱點(diǎn)不斷增長(zhǎng),逐漸成為裂縫;至少在某些情況下,整塊大陸有可能沿著這些裂縫徹底斷開(kāi)。因而,熱點(diǎn)啟動(dòng)了大洋的形成。Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary-thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample-andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.[參考譯文]盡管警告常常是適當(dāng)而且必須的-比如對(duì)于藥物相互作用的危險(xiǎn)提出警告-許多警告還是按州或聯(lián)邦政府規(guī)定要求給出的,然而(我們)并不清楚,如果顧客受到傷害時(shí),這些警告是不是確實(shí)可以使得生產(chǎn)者和銷(xiāo)售者豁免責(zé)任。Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute-agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight-issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.[參考譯文]與此同時(shí),美國(guó)法律研究所-由一群法官、律師和理論專(zhuān)家組成,他們的建議分量極重-發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導(dǎo)方針,宣稱(chēng)公司不必提醒顧客注意顯而易見(jiàn)的危險(xiǎn),也不必連篇累牘地一再提請(qǐng)他們注意一些可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的危險(xiǎn)。Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.[參考譯文]但是,在過(guò)去的一年間,軟件公司已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出工具,使得公司可以直接將信息"推出”給顧客,直接把營(yíng)銷(xiāo)訊息傳遞給目標(biāo)顧客。TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.[參考譯文]像VirtualVineyards,A這樣的先驅(qū)網(wǎng)站表明,一個(gè)將交互性、熱情服務(wù)和安全性合理結(jié)合以銷(xiāo)售同類(lèi)商品的網(wǎng)址是可以吸引網(wǎng)上客戶(hù)注意的。Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents'careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationreform.[參考譯文]有些人為了學(xué)生的就業(yè)前景為教室里放置電腦而辯,有些人為教育的徹底改革中更為廣泛的理由為教室里放置電腦而辯,這兩群人之間有一條無(wú)形的界線。Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyaccesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.[參考譯文]我們更應(yīng)該具有的是作為美國(guó)公民的某種觀念,這個(gè)公民人物如果不能很恰當(dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)識(shí)到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影響,那么其公民特征就是不完整的。Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.[參考譯文]另外,在我們這么一個(gè)大國(guó)里,經(jīng)濟(jì)延展到這么多的州、涉及到這么多的國(guó)際公司,因而要按照數(shù)量培養(yǎng)出所需的各類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)人員是不大可能的But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.[參考譯文]但是,對(duì)一個(gè)小部分學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),職業(yè)教育也是條可取的路徑。因?yàn)樵谄渌蛩叵嗤那闆r下,技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關(guān)鍵。Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso-andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.[參考譯文]他宣布自己反對(duì)使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術(shù)來(lái)克隆人類(lèi),并下令不準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類(lèi)試驗(yàn)-盡管還沒(méi)有人建議這么做-他還請(qǐng)一個(gè)以普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)哈羅得?夏皮羅為首的獨(dú)立的專(zhuān)家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國(guó)家政策的建議。Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning".[參考譯文]在5月17日的會(huì)議上所討論的這份建議書(shū)的序言草案中夏皮羅提出,專(zhuān)家組已經(jīng)達(dá)成廣泛共識(shí),那就是"試圖通過(guò)成人細(xì)胞核克隆來(lái)制造人類(lèi)幼兒的做法在道德上是不可接受的"。Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo'slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.[參考譯文]因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)今的聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金克隆胚胎(人類(lèi)后裔在出生前的最早階段)用于研究或者有意地威脅胚胎的生命,NBAC在胚胎研究上將保持沉默。Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.[參考譯文]如果試驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)雜志上的報(bào)告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計(jì)劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施的話,那么對(duì)管理層來(lái)說(shuō),期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢(qián)衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.[參考譯文]審查者完全有理由相信,知道自己準(zhǔn)備做什么、怎么做的科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該因?yàn)楸仨氁恢谎鄱⒅浙y機(jī),一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam."[參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫(xiě)作所反映的一樣,那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的“思維與眾不同的人",喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的“善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作"的思想者而受到指責(zé)了。Thegrandmediocrityoftoday-everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoff-spring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribe.[參考譯文]當(dāng)今人與人之間的這種普遍現(xiàn)象--即面對(duì)自然淘汰法則人人機(jī)會(huì)均等,并且連子嗣的數(shù)目都一樣--意味著和在印度土著部落中的情況相比,印度中上層階級(jí)中已喪失了80%的自然選擇中的優(yōu)勢(shì)。Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.[參考譯文]當(dāng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展成某種流行時(shí)尚時(shí),最好應(yīng)該弄清這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)倡導(dǎo)者的真正意圖,因?yàn)?,不管他們的原則在今天看來(lái)多么牽強(qiáng)無(wú)理,很可能多年以后他們的理論會(huì)被視為正常。WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybeevenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.[參考譯文]然而就未來(lái)主義詩(shī)歌來(lái)說(shuō),情況則不這么簡(jiǎn)單了,因?yàn)椴还芪磥?lái)主義詩(shī)歌是什么-就算承認(rèn)它賴(lài)以存在的理論基礎(chǔ)都是正確的--這種形式也很難被歸入文學(xué)。ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver-andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers,"Pluff!Pluff!"Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms."[參考譯文]但當(dāng)我們先是從注釋中得知某詩(shī)行講述了一個(gè)土耳其軍官和一個(gè)保加利亞軍官在橋上動(dòng)手打架并雙雙掉進(jìn)河里,而后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)該行詩(shī)中不過(guò)只充斥著"撲通,撲通,185公斤重"這類(lèi)對(duì)他們落水時(shí)的動(dòng)靜以及對(duì)軍官們體重的描寫(xiě)時(shí),我們不免感到困惑不安。Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-domiatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJanpan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導(dǎo)的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)使得青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)變得極為有限,他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國(guó)內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學(xué)校和體面工作的嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)階梯而做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲。LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarllhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents".[參考譯文]去年,當(dāng)擔(dān)任教育部長(zhǎng)職務(wù)的;賴(lài)戶(hù)光夫爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)二戰(zhàn)后由美國(guó)占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局引入的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品質(zhì)"的時(shí)候,輿論嘩然。Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan's119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,tow-generationhouseholds.[參考譯文]隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng),出現(xiàn)了集中化:全國(guó)1.19億公民,其中整整76%的人口定居城市:在這里,原來(lái)的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄,取而代之的是與外界疏于往來(lái)的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleasta-mongthem.[參考譯文]如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力,那么這傳統(tǒng)必會(huì)為許多人分享;尤其會(huì)受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睞,在這些人中受過(guò)良好教育的可不占少數(shù)。Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs-thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.[參考譯文]當(dāng)然,人們現(xiàn)在對(duì)成功及其各種標(biāo)志的興趣似乎并不亞于先前。消夏別墅、歐陸旅行、寶馬車(chē)-地點(diǎn)、地名以及品牌或許會(huì)有變化,但這類(lèi)事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不會(huì)亞于一二十年前。Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.[參考譯文]相反,我們被款待看到這樣一些虛偽的壯觀景象,他們似乎比以前的任何時(shí)候都更供應(yīng)充足:美國(guó)式物質(zhì)主義的批判者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊:激進(jìn)書(shū)籍的出版商卻在三星級(jí)餐廳享用一日三餐;倡導(dǎo)在人生各個(gè)階段的參與民主制的記者,他的子女卻就讀于私立學(xué)校。Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotationthatpersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotshareitsvalues.[參考譯文]科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛(ài)好者之間劃不出涇渭分明的界線:因?yàn)槿魏我?guī)則都有例外。然而業(yè)余"一詞的確意味著相關(guān)人員不能充分融入職業(yè)科學(xué)界,尤其未能分享科學(xué)圈子的價(jià)值。Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedkingdom.[參考譯文]很自然,這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)在尤以數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的自然學(xué)科領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)最為明顯,并且可以英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展作例證來(lái)說(shuō)明。AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.[參考譯文]將過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的出版物做一下比較,(我們)就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅對(duì)科研的主導(dǎo)地位的強(qiáng)調(diào)不斷攀升,而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內(nèi)容的定義也有所變化。Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthe19thcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthe20thcentury.[參考譯文]這樣一來(lái)總的結(jié)果就是使業(yè)余愛(ài)好者進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)期刊領(lǐng)域就更難了,而稿件評(píng)審方式的廣泛采用又進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這一結(jié)果,該種制度先是出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)的國(guó)家級(jí)刊物上,后又在20世紀(jì)被幾家地方級(jí)地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物所使用。Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.[參考譯文]一個(gè)頗為相似的分化過(guò)程已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家走到一起組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的專(zhuān)科學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán),而業(yè)余地質(zhì)愛(ài)好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團(tuán),要么也以另一種方式組成全國(guó)性機(jī)構(gòu)。Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.[參考譯文]遺憾地講,這次新聞機(jī)構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計(jì)劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些十分低
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