閱讀初階2016考研英語基礎講義

2016考研英語基礎注：該講義并非老師授課的逐字稿，還請認真聽課，并適當做筆記。任何疑問，請同學登陸知識堂進行提問。另,講義為老師手打,并且經(jīng)過仔細校對,拼寫等小瑕疵還請同學多多體諒哦!祝大家學習愉快！金榜題名！ 1、長難句閱讀——如何抓主干Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinteralroutineofeverydayliving.Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe—evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight—itcanhardlybeclassedasItisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderunderoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers2（非主干Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit'suseless.Huntingforajoblaastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Butwithcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirandseeverylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Physicians—frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatienttoooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyBut,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacy.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholdpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apasversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.1996PassageInthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and"labour"wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganisationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,imalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand"shareholding"meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliaralknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchalrelationsimpossible.Fortunay,however,theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.3However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthatatomsandmoleculesalwaysweremuorelikelytoemitlightspontaneouslyandthatstimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances,canbedividedintofourdistincteras:thebeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcenturywhenitwasrecognizedforthetimethatfoodcontainedconstituentsthatwereessentialforhumanfunctionandthatdifferentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois pleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect",acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavinoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.2000PassageAhistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,it eadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodafteroftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericanevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweeintothedomesticmarket.America'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofngbusinesswasfailing,andthattheir eswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,"accordingtoRichardCavanaugh,executive