2021-2022學(xué)年吉林省通化市成考專升本英語自考測試卷(含答案)

2021-2022學(xué)年吉林省通化市成考專升本英語自考測試卷(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、單選題(20題)1.Thesenationalparksareveryimportantforpreservingmanyanimals,whichwouldruntheriskofbecomingextinct.

A.insteadB.thereforeC.neverthelessD.otherwise

2.Hewasamanofstrongfeelings,______normallylayhiddendeepinsidehim.

A.itB.thatC.thoseD.which

3.Myfather______mebysayingthatIcouldwininthespeechcontest,soItookpartinit.

A.discouragedB.encouragedC.preventedD.asked

4.12．Itwasthetraining_______hehadatschool_______madehimagoodjumper．

A.what;whatB.that;thatC.what;thatD.that;had

5.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper,_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.

A.beingrobbed

B.havingbeenrobbed

C.tohavebeenrobbed

D.robbed

6.Whenwe______themuseumisnotdecided.

A.visitedB.visitC.willvisitD.visiting

7._____cryingsadly,heraisedhisheadandlettearsstreamdownhisfaceonpurposeA.TobeseenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.Havingseen

8.Iwonderhowmuch______.

A.thatcarwasB.wasthatcarC.isthatcarD.thatcaris

9.Wemust__earlyinthemorningsoastocatchthefirsttrain.

A．setup

B．setout

C．setabout

D．setaside

10.Mr.Black,ournewEnglishteacher,isstrict______kind.

A.orB.butC.withD.aswell

11.______youmayberight,Ican'taltogetheragree.

A.WhileB.AsC.ifD.Since

12.WewereoverjoyedatthenewsofChina__________anotherman-madesatel1ite．A.startingB.1aunchingC.fightingD.shouting

13.Finallyhegottimeforaglance______thisreport.

A.offB.roundC.onD.at

14.Wecanassigntheworkto__________isreliable.

A.whoseB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever

15.—Theeducationsystemratherthantheteachers______toanswerfortheoverburdenonthestudents—IagreeIhopethereform.beingcarriedoutinourcountrywillhangaboutthe_____results.

A.are;desiredB.is;desiredC.are;desiringD.is;desiring

16.Little_________thattheirplanhasbeenDiscovered．

A.didtheysuspect

B.dothesuspect

C.dotheysuspect

D.theysuspect

17.—ThisismynewdogHisnameisWisdom—That'sinterestingWhy______didyougivehimsuchaname?

A.intheearthB.inworldC.onearthD.ontheworld

18.--Ifyouareofferedatriptothemoon,______it?--Ofcourse.Whynot?

A.didyouaccept

B.areyougoingtoaccept

C.willyouaccept

D.wouldyouaccept

19.Janehasbrownhair,infact,it'squitesimilarinshade______yours.

A.asB.withC.likeD.to

20.Noconclusionhasbeen______yet.

A.achievedB.reachedC.attainedD.arrived

二、翻譯(10題)21.Thebetterweunderstandourselves,theeasieritbecomestoliveuptoourfullpotential.

22.Thedemandforforeignexchangearisesbecauseacountry'sresidentswanttobuyforeigngoods.

23.必須采取有效措施來解決空氣污染。____________________________________________________________________________

24.除了看電視，這孩子整晚什么也沒做。

25.Thiscorporationisspecializedinhandingtheimportandexportbusinessoftextiles.

26.ThetraditionalAmericanThanksgivingDaycelebrationgoesbackto1621.

27.們必須提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，因為那些國家買家的質(zhì)量意識都非常強。

A.Youhavetoraisethequalityofyourproductsbecausebuyersinallcountriesareverymuchquality-minded.

B.Youshouldrisethequalityofyourproductsbecausebuyersinthosecountriesareverymuchquality-minded.

C.Youhavetoraisethequalityofyourproductsbecausebuyersinthosecountriesareverymuchquality-minded.

D.Youshouldrisethequalityofyourproductsbecausebuyersinthosecountriesareverymuchquality-minded.

28.Agreatdealofresearchhasbeenperformedonthisquestion,andresultspointstothefollowinganswer:weperformthistaskthroughaspecialtypeofaveraging.

29.Weappreciatethegoodqualityofyourproducts,butunfortunatelyyourpriceappearstobeonthehighside.

30.解決這個問題有種種方法。

三、書面表達(10題)31.你(LiYuan)和幾個朋友約定明天在人民公園野餐。你們的朋友Peter也應(yīng)邀參加。你給他寫封信，內(nèi)容包括：

(1)說明野餐目的。

(2)說明路線。

(3)說明日期、時間。

32.Ⅵ.Writing(25points)Directions:Forthispart,youaresupposedtowriteacompositionin100—120wordsbasedonthetopicWhataForeignStudentShouldDoin

China.Remembertowriteitclearly.61．外籍學(xué)生(foreignstudents)如何適應(yīng)中國生活1)外籍學(xué)生必須要有接納不同文化、不同觀念的開闊胸襟。2)勤練語言，與當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)生交流，尊重對方意見。3)俗話說要“人鄉(xiāng)隨俗”。

33.Ⅵ.Writing(25points)Directions:Forthispart,youaresupposedtowriteacompositionHealthin100-120wordsbasedonthefollowingtopicsentences.Remembertowriteitclearly.(1)Healthisthefoundationofone'sfuturesuccess.(2)Howcanyouhavegoodhealth?(3)Inaword,nothingismorevaluablethanhealth.

34.你的朋友(Tom)請你(LiYuan)周末和他一起去承德的家里玩兒，但你有事不能去。請你用英文給他寫一封信，內(nèi)容包括：

(1)感謝他的邀請。

(2)說明不能去的原因。

(3)為不能去表示遺憾。

35.Ⅵ.Writing(25points)Directions:Forthispart,youaresupposedtowriteacompositionin100--120wordsbasedonthefollowingsituation.Remembertowriteitclearly.61．一組外國人原打算在我市參觀期間去你?？匆豢?，但因臨時有事不能去，請對你校布局予以介紹。注意：(1)敘述要有條理，方位清楚，要用一些方位詞。(2)題目：OurSchoolYard(3)在文中要提到教學(xué)樓，辦公樓，試驗室，電教中心，圖書館，宿舍，食堂，操場等等。

36.假如你叫李昕，你在昨天的中國日報上看到一則招聘秘書的廣告。寫一封信應(yīng)聘，介紹你的情況。字數(shù)：100左右；1.22歲；高中畢業(yè)。2.在職業(yè)學(xué)校(businessschool)學(xué)習(xí)兩年。3.學(xué)習(xí)酒店管理(hotelkeeping)、打字和公關(guān)(publicrelations)。4.擅長電腦和英語聽說。

37.標題：TheInternet____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

38.你(LiYuan)從報紙上得知某公司在招聘英文秘書，你愿意應(yīng)聘。給曾經(jīng)在這個公司工作過的一個朋友(Tom)寫封信，詢問有關(guān)信息。內(nèi)容包括：

(1)說明在哪兒獲得招聘信息。

(2)說明為什么愿意應(yīng)聘。

(3)詢問有關(guān)該公司的信息。

39.假設(shè)你在上班的路上(或公交車上)發(fā)現(xiàn)小偷正在偷別人的錢。描寫這個過程。內(nèi)容包括：

(1)何時、何地。

(2)過程。

(3)你的感受(或作法、建議等)。

40.Ⅵ.Writing(25points)Directions:Forthispart,youaresupposedtowriteacompositionin100—120Fordsbasedonthefollowingsituation.Remembertowriteitclearly.61．你以倫敦國際語言中心的名義向大家介紹：1)該中心的教學(xué)目的既實用又圍繞商務(wù)。教師經(jīng)驗豐富，有現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)方法和設(shè)備。想?yún)⒓诱Z言課程請到105室登記。2)除了教學(xué)之外，該中心還提供許多其他活動，如電影、英語角、討論和野餐，其目的是提高學(xué)生的語言技能。3)英語俱樂部每天上午九點至晚上九點開放，只需申請，會員即可免費使用。

四、翻譯(20題)41.我代表本公司請您參加今晚七點的晚宴，希望您能光臨。

42.我已盡了我最大的努力，因此如果我失敗，我并不覺得有什么羞恥的。

43.Chesstakestimeandthought,butitisagameforallkindsofpeople.

44.Thisreportsummedupthenewachievementsmadeinoureconomy,cultureandeducation.

45.Hewassoweakthathewasoutofbreathafterwalkingforonlyafewminutes.

46.Astheyarepartlyisolatedintheirownworld,twinscommunicatelesswithadultsthandootherchildren.

47.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.

48.Agoodcitizenshouldbeagoodparent,child,wifeandhusband.

49.眾所周知，貿(mào)易和專門化相輔相成，使我們每個人能使用更多的產(chǎn)品。

A.Asweallknow,tradeandspecializationgohandinhand,thatenableseachofustohavemoreproductstouse.

B.Asisknowntoall,tradeandspecializationgohandinhandandenableeachofustohavemoreproductstouse.

C.Likeweallknow,tradeandspecializationgohandinhandandenableeachofustohavemoreproductstouse.

D.Likeweallknow,tradeandspecializationgohandinhand,andwhichenableeachofustohavemoreproductstouse.

50.Itwasnearlyimpossibletolivefreefromfinancialstressinmodernsociety.

51.他們正在尋找那逃掉的瘋子。

52.健康取決于良好的食物。清新的空氣和充足的睡眠。

53.Atthesametime,however,ourfingerswillgrowmoresensitivebecausetheyareusedagreatdealinmodernlife.

54.Inordertodoyourjobwell,it'simportanttosometimesseeclientsandbusinesscontactsawayfromtheoffice.

55.Unlikehumanbeings,fishesdonotstopgrowingwhentheyreachmaturity.Theycontinuetogrowaslongastheylive,althoughtherateofgrowthslowsdowninmaturefishes.

56.因為我們的產(chǎn)品在國內(nèi)外聲譽頗佳，所以產(chǎn)品需求量逐年增加。

57.Asafinancialadvisor,I'veseenhundredsofpeoplelearntocontroltheirmoneyinsteadoflettingitcontrolthemandwatchedastheyincreasedastheyincreasedtheirfreedom,powerandsecuritybyhandlingmoneyconsciously.

58.Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.

59.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofalloutpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.

60.Italianindustrialandagriculturalproductionwasstillnotabletomeettheimmediateneedsofthepeople.

五、閱讀理解(5題)61.

AccordingtothefirstparagraphanAmericanstudentisallowed______.

A.toliveinadifferentuniversity

B.totakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversity

C.toliveathomeanddrivetoclasses

D.togettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversities

62.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill______.

A.helptokeepyourenergyfortheday'swork

B.helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday

C.enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework

D.keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday

63.Whydidthegirl'sfatheraskhertomakethelist?

A.Hewantedtokeepthelistathome.

B.Hedidn'tknowwhatthegirl'senemyhadsaid.

C.Hewantedthegirltotalkback.

D.Hewantedhertocheckifshereallyhadtheseweakpoints.

64.

Thewriterasksusnottotrytospeakbothatthesametimebecause______.

A.itisn'tnecessarytoknowtheirdifferences

B.thereareonlyafewdifferencesinspokenEnglish

C.itwillbedifficultforotherstounderstandyou

D.it'shardtorememberthedifferencesatthesametime

65.Amarriedcouplemostneedsahouse______.

A.aftertheyhavespentyearssavingenoughmoneytobuyitincash

B.whentheirchildrenhavegrownup

C.whentheirchildrenarestillyoungandlivingathome

D.whentheycanrentitoutofcurrentincome

六、作文(1題)66.Youaretowritein100-120wordsonthetopicGlobalShortageof

FreshWater.YoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow

：1.人們認為淡水是取之不盡的

;2.實際上淡水是短缺的;3.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)怎么辦。

參考答案

1.D

2.D解析：which修飾非限定性定語從句，指代前邊一句話。本題涉及句法知識——簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。例如：Hehastwodaughters.Theyaredoctors.(簡單句)Hehastwodaughtersandtheyaredoctors.(并列句)Hehastwodaughters,whoaredoctors．(復(fù)合句)

3.B解析：encourage：鼓勵、鼓舞；discourage：使泄氣；prevent：阻止；ask：要求。根據(jù)句意只有選B。

4.B

5.C

6.C解析：句子的前半部分是主語從句，主語從句中的謂語動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)根據(jù)句意而定。

7.A

8.D解析：從句中的問句主謂不倒裝。從句的時態(tài)隨主句。我想知道那輛車的價格。

9.Bsetout意為“出發(fā)，動身”。

10.B

11.A解析：while意為“雖然”；as意為“因為”；if意為“如果”；since意為“因為”。根據(jù)題意選A。

12.Blaunch為“發(fā)射”講；其余為干擾項。

13.D

14.C

15.B解析：theeducationsystem是主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)；thedesiredresults意為“期望的結(jié)果”。

16.C

17.C

18.D

19.D

20.B解析：本題考查固定搭配的用法。當(dāng)否定詞位于句前時，得出結(jié)論應(yīng)用reach/achievein/arriveatconclusion，故選B。

21.我們對自己了解得越多就越容易充分發(fā)揮自己的潛力。我們對自己了解得越多，就越容易充分發(fā)揮自己的潛力。

22.外匯需求的產(chǎn)生是由于一個國家的居民想購買外國商品。外匯需求的產(chǎn)生是由于一個國家的居民想購買外國商品。

23.Wemusttakeeffectivemeasurestosolvetheproblemsofairpollution.

24.除了看電視，這孩子整晚什么也沒做。ThechilddidnothingexceptforwatchingTVallnight.

25.本公司專門從事紡織品進出口業(yè)務(wù)。

26.傳統(tǒng)的美國感恩節(jié)慶?；顒涌勺匪莸?621年。傳統(tǒng)的美國感恩節(jié)慶?；顒涌勺匪莸?621年。

27.C

28.就這一問題曾做過大量的研究，其結(jié)果揭示出這樣一個答案:我們是通過一種特殊的平均化方式來形成第一印象的。

29.我們很欣賞貴方產(chǎn)品的良好質(zhì)量不過遺憾的是價格似乎偏高。我們很欣賞貴方產(chǎn)品的良好質(zhì)量，不過遺憾的是價格似乎偏高。

30.Therearevariouswaysofsolvingtheproblem.

31.DearPeter,

We'resogladyou'recomingtojoinustomorrow.Hereishowyoucanfindus.We'llhaveourpicnicinthePeople'sPark.Youknowwhereitis,don'tyou?Afteryouentertheparkbythemaingate,walkstraightontillyoucometoastream.Crossthestreamandturnright.Afterwalkingforawhileyou'llcometoalake.We'llhaveourpicnicthereinthesmallwoodsbythelake.I'msureyou'llhavenotroublefindingus.Docome!

Yours,

Lihua

32.61．短文寫作一般給出題目，或規(guī)定情景，或要求看圖表作文，或給出關(guān)鍵詞，或給出每一段的段首句，要求考生能夠正確表達思想，語義連貫，無重大語法錯誤，書寫工整。寫作內(nèi)容包括日常生活和一般常識。段首句作文要把主題句用簡潔的語言表達出來，再通過二、三句事例對主題句進行擴展，句子結(jié)構(gòu)要多樣化，句子間正確使用一些承接詞，使句子銜接自然。結(jié)尾句通常對段落進行總結(jié)。本文要點：適應(yīng)getusedto，調(diào)整adjustoneselfto，思想開放open-minded，表達expressoneself。WhataForeignStudentShouldDoin

ChinaStudyingin

China,anyforeignstudentisverylikelytocomeuponsomethinghefindsithardtoadjusthimselfto,particularlyasfarascultureisconcerned.

HeshouldtrytogetusedtotheChinesewayoflivingwithaviewtoyieldingmorefruitfulresults.Heshould,firstofall,haveagodcommandofbothspokenandwrittenChinese,whichwillenablehimtofullyexpresshimself.Next,hemustexposehimselfasoftenaspossibletonativestudentssoastolearnofthevaluesChinesehold.Eastbutnottheleast,hemuststayopen-minded,housingdifferentviewpoints,dealingwithpeoplemodestly.Asthesayinggoes,

"Whenin

Rome,doastheRomansdo.”Thisiswhataforeignstudentshoulddotostudyin

China.

33.61．寫作格式與第三套一樣，不同的是此處段首句以英文給出。本文要點：論述健康對我們的影響，有了好身體我們可以做什么。如何保持健康：1)要進行鍛煉，2)要養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣，3)要自己注意身體變化。HealthHealthisthefoundationofone'sfuturesuccess.Ifyoubecomesick,itisimpossibleforyoutogoonwithyourstudyoryourwork.Onthecontrary,ifyouarestrong,youcanovercomethedifficultiesthatlieaheadofyou.Howcanyouhavegoodhealth?Firstly,youshoulddoexerciseeverydaytostrengthenyoubodies.Secondly,youshouldform.somegoodhabits,suchasearlyrising.Ifyougetupearly,youcanbreathefreshair.Thirdly,youshouldpayattentiontoyourhealth.Ifyouaregettingsick,you'dbetter,gotoseeadoctor.Inaword,nothingismorevaluablethanhealth.Ingoodhealth,astudentmayabsorbmoreknowledgeandsolvemorecomplexproblems.Ingoodhealth,scientistscanachievemoresuccessandmakemorecontributions.

34.DearTom,

ThankyousomuchforinvitingmetogowithyouandseeyourfamilyatChengdethisweekend.I'veheardalotaboutyourkindandwarm-heartedparentsfromyouandhopetoseethemforalongtime.AndchengdeisabeautifulcityIdreamtovisit.

ButIhavetosaysorrythatIcannotgo.Unfortunately,myuncleiscomingtoseemethisweekendonSaturdayandonSundayIhaveanEnglishexam.So,Ihavetostayhere.

Idohopethatwecandoitanothertime.Pleasesendmybestwishestoyourparents.

Thankyouagainandtakecare.

Yours,

LiYuan

35.61．在描寫文中，要把方位按一定的順序描寫清楚，可用一些方位詞如：infrontof，behind，

beside，onbothsides，nextto等等。另外，校園的設(shè)施也要會講，如：教學(xué)樓theteachingbuilding，辦公樓teacher'sofficebuilding，試驗室thelab，電教中心theAudiovisualCentre，圖書館thelibrary，宿舍dormitory，食堂canteen，操場theplayground等等。OurSchoolYardThisisamapofourschoolOurschoolislikeabeautifulgarden.Whenyouentertheschoolgate,awidetree-linedroadleadsyourighttothenine-storyclassroombuilding,wherewestudy.NexttotheclassroombuildingistheAudiovisualCentre,wherewecanwatchTVeveryevening.Oneithersideoftheschoolroad,thereisaflowerbedinwhichvariouskindsofflowersareinbloom.

Inthesoutheastofourschoolyardstandsourbeautifullibrarywithallkindsofbooksinit.Teachersandstudentsgothereenjoyingreadingintheirsparetime.Andinthenortheast,youcanfindthereachersofficebuilding.

Behindtheteachersofficebuildingisaplayground.

Besidetheplaygroundisanothernewly-builtbuilding—ourlab.Ifyougoalongtheroadbehindthelab,you'11arriveinthestudentlivingareawherethereareourdormitoriesandcanteens.Thelifeatourschoolisactive,joyfulandcolorful.Welcometoourschool.

36.Deargentleman,Iwishtoapplyforthepositionadvertisedinyesterday’sChinaDaily.IfeelthatIcanmeettheneedsofyourcompany.I’m22yearsofage.Aftergraduatingfromaseniormiddleschool,Itookatwo-yearcourseinabusinessschool,studyinghotelkeeping,typewritingandpublicrelations.I’mgoodatbothoperatingPCandtheEnglishlanguageinlisteningandspeaking.I’minterestedinsecretarialwork.IthinkIhavetheabilitytodotheworkwellandI’mfitforthejob.Iwantverymuchtobeacceptedbyyourcompany.I’llworkhardifIcanworkinyourcompany.Yourssincerely,LiXin

37.TheInternetWiththedevelopmentofcomputers，theInternethasbecomewidelyused.Moreandmoreinformationwillbeprovidedforpeople.Wecangetallkindsofusefulinformationinanyscientificresearchfieldwheneverweneed.ItcanhelpUStoenrichourknowledgeandhelpourcountrytokeepupwiththedevelopedcountries.However，theInternetalsobringsUStoomuchinformation.ItalwaysmakeUSverydifficulttofindsomethingavailablebybrowsingmanynecessarywebsites.Inaword，weneedtheInternet.butweshouldmakegooduseofit.

38.DearTom,

Howareyouthesedays?Andhowisyournewjob?

Iambusyonjob-huntingthesedays.IjustreadanadvertisementinthenewspaperthatthecompanyyouworkedbeforeneedsanEnglishsecretary.

Youoncetoldmethatitisagoodcompany.Theworkingenvironmentsuitsyoungpeople.Anditlocatesatdowntown.SoIamthinkingofapplyingforit.

Couldyoutellmesomethingaboutthedevelopmentofthecompanyintheseyearsandthesalarycomparingwithothercompanies?DoIhavetoworklonghours?

Iamlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.

Yours,

LiYuan

39.OneMondaymorningaroundeighto'clockinthebusonmywaytothecompany,Iwasenjoyingmybreakfastwhilereadinganewspaper.

Afterawhile,IraisedmyeyesandtriedtoseewherethebuswasandthenIhappenedtoseeayoungmanstrangelystickingtogetherwithalady.Ifeltcuriousandcouldn'thelplookingathimagain.SuddenlyIrealizedthathewasstealing!Attheverymoment,twomenrushedtohimandgraspedhishandwithapurseinit.Itwastoofastformostofustoseewhatwashappening.Thebusdrivertoldustheywerepolicemenaftertheygotoffthebus.

Whenwilltherebenoneedforpolicemeninthebusforsuchathing?

40.61．本文要點：倫敦國際語言中心LondonInternationalLanguageCenter，設(shè)備facilities，登記register，申請applyfor。LadiesandGentlemen,Welcometo

London

International

Language

Center.

WeteachEnglishforbothpracticalandbusinesspurposes.Ourteachersarewellexperienced.TheyusemodernteachingmethodsandfacilitiestohelpstudentsimprovetheirEnglish.YoumaygotoRoom105toregisterforourlanguagecourses.Inadditiontoformalclassroomteaching,weof{erourstudentsalotofotheractivities,includingmovies,EnglishCorners,discussionsandoutings.

AllthoseactivitiesaredesignedtohelpstudentsimprovetheirEnglishlanguageskills.OurEnglishclubopensfrom9a.m.to

9p.m.

everyday.Membersarefreetouseallthefacilitiesoftheclub.Allyouhavetodoistoapplyforacard.

41.OnbehalfofmycompanyI’dliketoinviteyoutothedinnerpartytobeheldatseventonight.Weshouldbegladifyoucouldcome./Iwishyouwouldbepresent.

42.Ihaveworkedtothebestofmyability,soIhavenothingtobeashamedofifIfail.

43.下棋需要時間和思考但它是一項適合所有人的活動。下棋需要時間和思考，但它是一項適合所有人的活動。

44.這份報告總結(jié)了我們在經(jīng)濟、教育和文化三方面所取得的最新成就。這份報告總結(jié)了我們在經(jīng)濟、教育和文化三方面所取得的最新成就。

45.他身體很虛弱走了沒幾分鐘就已經(jīng)氣喘吁吁了。他身體很虛弱，走了沒幾分鐘就已經(jīng)氣喘吁吁了。

46.孿生兒有時候孤立在池們自己的世界里因此他們與成年人的交流比其他孩子要少．孿生兒有時候孤立在池們自己的世界里，因此，他們與成年人的交流比其他孩子要少．

47.價格決定資源的利用方式，是購買者之間對有限供應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品和