大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀 第四冊(cè) Unit Ten

UnitTen:WhyPeopleWorkTextDoyouviewworkasaburdenoranopportunity?Areyouthekindofpersonwholooksforwaystosaveyourenergyorthekindthatfindsspendingyourenergysatisfying?Whydopeopleliketocomplainaboutwork?Findtheanswerstoquestionliketheseinthefollowingessay.WHYPEOPLEWORKLeonardR.SaylesJobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostofusrealizetoprovidehappinesssandcontentment.We'reallusedtothinkingthatworkprovidesthematerialthingsoflife--thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourmoderncivilization.Butwearemuchlessconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthemoreintangible,butmorecrucial,psychologicalwell-beingthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.Historically,workhasbeenassociatedwithslaveryandsinandpunishment.Andinourowndayweareusedtohearingthetraditionalcomplaints:"Ican'twaitformyvacation,""IwishIcouldstayhometoday,""Mybosstreatsmepoorly,""I'vegottoomuchworktodoandnotenoughtimetodoit."Againstthisbackground,itmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatnotonlypsychologistsbutotherbehavioralscientistshavecometoacceptthepositivecontributionofworktotheindividual'shappinessandsenseofpersonalachievement.Workismorethananecessityformosthumanbeings;itisthefocusoftheirlives,thesourceoftheiridentityandcreativity.Ratherthanapunishmentoraburden,workistheopportunitytorealizeone'spotential.Manypsychiatristsheadingmentalhealthclinicshaveobserveditshealingeffect.Agoodmanypatientswhofeeldepressedinclinicsgainrenewedself-confidencewhengainfullyemployedandlosesome,ifnotall,oftheirmostacutesymptoms.Increasingly,institutionsdealingwithmentalhealthproblemsareestablishingworkshopswhereinthosetoosicktogetajobin"outside"industrycanwork,whileeveryeffortisexertedtoarrange"real"jobsforthosewellenoughtoworkoutside.Andthereverseistrue,too.Forlargenumbersofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe"WhatdoIdowithmyself?"question,eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialcares.Largenumbersofpeopleregularlygetheadachesandotherillnessesonweekendswhentheydon'thavetheirjobstogoto,andmustfendforthemselves.Ithasbeenobservedthatunemployment,quiteasidefromexertingfinancialpressures,bringsenormouspsychologicaltroublesandthatmanyindividualsdeterioraterapidlywhenjobless.Butwhy?Whyshouldworkbesuchasignificantsourceofhumansatisfaction?Agoodshareoftheanswerrestsinthekindofpridethatisstimulatedbythejob,bytheactivityofaccomplishing.PrideinAccomplishmentThehumanbeinglongsforasenseofbeingaccomplished,ofbeingabletodothings,withhishand,withhismind,withhiswill.Eachofuswantstofeelheorshehastheabilitytodosomethingthatismeaningfulandthatservesasatributetoourinherentabilities.Itiseasiesttoseethisinthecraftsmanwholovinglyshapessomecheapmaterialintoanobjectthatmaybeeitherusefulorbeautifulorboth.Youcanseethecarpenterorbricklayerstandasideandadmiretheproductofhispersonalskill.Butevenwherethereisnoobviousendproductthatissolelyattributabletooneperson'sskill,researchershavefoundthatemployeesfindprideinaccomplishment.Ourownresearchinhospitalssuggeststhateventhehouskeepingandlaundrystaffstakeprideinthefactthatintheirownwaystheyarehelpingtocuresickpeople--andthusaccomplishinggooddeal.We'reoftenmisledbythecomplaintssurroundingdifficultwork;deepdownmostpeopleregardtheirwoncapacitytoconquerthetoughjobasthemarkoftheirownuniquepersonality.ComplainingisjustpartofworkingAfterall,howelsedoyouknowwhoyouare,exceptasyoucandemonstratetheabilityofyourmindtocontrolyoulimbsadhandsandwords?Youare,insignificantmeasure,whatyoucando.Somearedeceivedintothinkingthatpeopleliketostoreupenergy,torestandsavethemselvesasmuchaspossible.Justtheopposite.Itisenergyexpenditurethatissatisfying.Justwatchanemployeewhomustdealwithcountlessotherpeoplebecausehisorherjobisatsomecentralpointinacommunicationsnetwork:asalesmanatabusycounter,astockbrokeronthephone,acustomerrepresentative.Theywilltellyouhowmuchskillandexperienceittakestoanswercountlessquestionsandhandlevariouskindsofpersonalitieseveryhouroftheday.Noteveryonecaninteractwithsuchpersistenceandoverlonghours,butthosewhodo,pridethemselvesonadistinctiveabilitythatcontributesmightilytotherunningoftheorganization.Butworkismorethanaccomplishmentandprideinbeingabletocommandthejob,becauseexceptforafewcraftsmenandartistsmostworktakesplace"outintheworld,"withanthroughotherpeople.EspritdecorpsPerhaspsanexamplewillmakethepoint:Irememberviewingahalfdozenmeinachairfactorywhosejobitwastobendseveralpiecesofsteelandattachthemsothatafoldingchairwouldresult.Whilethereweretenortwelveofthese"teams"thatworkedtogether,oneinparticularwasknownforitsperfectcoordinationandlightning-likeefforts.Themenknewtheyweregood.Theywouldworkspurtsfortwentyorthirtyminutesbeforetakingabreak--toshowthemselves,bystandersandothergroupswhatitwastobesuperblyskilledandself-controlled,tobethebestinthefactory.WhenItalkedwiththem,eachexpressedenormousprideinbeingapartofthefastest,bestteam.Andthissenseofbelongingtoanaccomplishedworkgroupisoneofthedistinctivesatisfactionsoftheworldofwork.Onefurtherwordaboutworkgroupsatisfactions.Unlikemayotheraspectsoflife,relationshipsamongpeopleatworktendtobesimpler,lesscomplicated,somewhatlessemotional.Thisisnottosaytherearen'targumentsandjealousies,but,onthewhole,behavioralresearchdisclosesthathumanrelationsatworkarejusteasier,perhapsbecausetheyaremoreregularandpredictableandthussimplertoadjusttothanthesporadic,themoreintenseandlessregularrelationshipsinthecommunity.Andtheworkgroupalsogentlypressuresitsmemberstolearnhowtoadjusttooneanothersothatthe"roughedges"areworkedoffbecausepeopleknowtheymustdocertainthingswithandthroughoneanothereachday.Beyondtheteamandtheworkgroup,thereistheorganization,whetheritbecompanyorhospitaloruniversity.Thesameprideinbeingpartofawell-coordinated,successfulunitisderivedfrombeingpartofalargercollectivity.Workingforacompanythatisthoughofasbeingpartofthebestinthecommunitycanprovideemployeeswithbothstatusandself-confidence.Theyassume,usuallywithgoodreason,thatothersregardthemmorehighly,evenenvythem,andthattheyaremorecompetentthantheaveragebecauseofthisassociationwitha"winner,"aprestigiousinstitution.Weintruthbaskinthereflectedgloryoftheinstitution,andweseekwaysofassertingourmembershipsothatotherswillknowandcanrecognizeourgoodfortune.NewWordscontentmentn.happiness;satisfaction滿足civilizationn.文明intangiblea.thatcannotbetouchedorgrasped觸摸不到的cruciala.decisive;critical決定性的，關(guān)鍵的pschologicala.ofthesoulormind心理的hecourseofhistory,inaccordancewithorinrespecttohistoryassociatevt.connectorbringtogetherinone'smind聯(lián)想slaveryn.thesystemofhavingslaves;theconditionofbeingaslave奴隸制度；奴隸身份sinn.behaviorthatisagainsttheprinciplesofmorality;animmoralact罪孽punishmentn.punishingorbeingpunished懲罰plaining;astatementexpressingunhappiness,pain,dissatisfaction抱怨behaviorala.oforhavingtodowithbehavior行為的contributionn.actofcontributing;sth.contributednecessityn.sth.thatisnecessary;theconditionofbeingnecessary,neededorunavoidable必需品；必要性focusn.thecentralpoint;centreofinterest焦點(diǎn)creativityn.theabilitytoproducenewandorignalideasandthings;inventiveness創(chuàng)造性clinicn.buildingorpartofahospitalwheredoctorsgivespecializedmedicaltreatmentandadvice;amedicalinstitutionforspecialpurposes診所healv.(causeto)becomehealthy治愈，愈合，痊愈depresseda.sad;lowinspirits精神抑郁的，情緒沮喪的depressvt.makesad,lowinspiritsrenewvt.reestablish;givenewlifeandfreshnessto使更新fitablyacutea.severe;strong嚴(yán)重的，急性的symptoma.achangeinthebody'sconditionthatindicatesillness癥狀institutionn.asociety,club,collegeoranyorganizationestablishedforsomepublicorsocialpurpose公共機(jī)構(gòu)workshopn.aroomofbuildingwhichcontainstoolsormachineryformakingorrepairingthings車間，工場(chǎng)whereinconj.inwhichexertvt.use(strength,skill,etc.)盡力reversen.theopposite;theotherwayround,theback相反，背面absencen.non-existence;lackretirementn.instanceofretiringorbeingretired;conditionofbeingretired退休financiala.relatingtomoney財(cái)政的；金融的weekendn.SaturdayandSunday,vide(for)供養(yǎng)；照料unemploymentn.thestateofbeingunemployedsignificanta.ofnoticeableimportanceoreffect重大的significancen.satisfactionn.bestateofbeingsatisfied滿足satisfactorya.accomplisheda.skilled,expert有才藝的；有造詣的tributen.materialevidenceofone'sworth,virtue,etc.inherenta.existingasanaturalandpermanentpartorqualityof內(nèi)在的，生來(lái)的craftsmann.ahighlyskilledworkman手藝人，（名）工匠bicklayern.aworkmanwhobuildswithbricksattributablea.thatcanbeattributed可歸因于……的attributevt.把……歸因?yàn)閔ousekeepingn.managementofahomeanditsaffairs家政staffn.thegroupofworkerswhocarryonajob（全體）員工capacityn.ability,power;theamountthatsth.canholdorproduce能力；容量tougha.difficulttodoordealwith艱巨的uniquen.beingtheonlyoneofitstype獨(dú)特的limbn.theleg,arm.orwingofananimal肢，翼oppositen.apersonorthingthatisentirelydifferentfromanother對(duì)立面，對(duì)立物countlessa.verymany;toomanytobecountedbrokern.personwhobuysandsellsforothers經(jīng)紀(jì)人，掮客stockbrokern.apersonwhobuysandsellsstocksandbondsforotherforacommission證券經(jīng)紀(jì)人representativen.apersonactinginplaceofoneormoreothers代表interactvi.actoneachother相互作用persistencen.theactorfactofkeepingondoingsthinspiteofdifficultyoropposition堅(jiān)持persistvi.distinctivea.clearlymarkingapersonorthingasdifferentfromother特殊的；與眾不同的mightilyad.withpowerandstrength;greatlyespritdecorpsn.(French)spiritofloyaltyanddevotionwhichunitesthemembersofagrouporsociety團(tuán)體精神，集體榮譽(yù)感coordinationn.harmoniousadjustmentorworkingtogether協(xié)調(diào)coordinatevt.lightning閃電bystandern.apersonstandingnearbutnottakingpartinaneventoractivity;onlooker旁觀者superblyad.magnificently;firstclassaspectn.onesideorviewofasubject方面relationshipn.afriendshipbetweenpeople;connection關(guān)系disclosemakeknown;showbyuncovering揭示sporadica.occurringnowandthen;occasional零星發(fā)生的,偶爾的collectivityn.peopl