《技術(shù)與商務(wù)交流英語(yǔ)（第二版）》課件Chapter 14 Abstracts

ObjectivesLearnhowtowriteatechnicalabstract:TypesofabstractsFormatsofabstractsTensesusedininformativeabstractsGuidelinesforwritinginformativeabstractsPurposeofanAbstractTheabstractprovidesthereaderwithabriefpreviewofthestudybasedoninformationfromthefullreport.Itfulfillstwomajorpurposes.Selecting:allowreaderswhomaybeinterestedinthefullarticletoquicklydecidewhetheritisworththeirtimetoreadit.Indexing:beingusedindependentlyasasubstituteoftheresearchpaperinthedatabaseorindexforpaperretrieval.I.TypesofAbstractsAccordingtotheirfunctionsandcontents,abstractscanbeclassi?edinthreetypes:descriptiveabstracts,evaluativeabstractsandinformativeabstracts.1.DescriptiveAbstracts說(shuō)明性摘要Adescriptiveabstractindicatesthetypeofinformationfoundinthework.Itmerelyidenti?estheareastobecoveredinthereport.Itisanextendedstatementofpurposeorscope,butmakesnojudgmentsaboutthework,nordoesitprovideresultsorconclusionsoftheresearch.說(shuō)明性摘要是對(duì)作品信息類(lèi)型的提示，它只指出報(bào)告所覆蓋的范圍。它是對(duì)目的與范圍的延展性陳述而對(duì)作品不做評(píng)判也不提供研究結(jié)果與結(jié)論。AnexampleofandescriptiveabstractThisreportanalyzestheprinciplesofmagneticrefrigerationwithapplicationtoairconditioning.Acomparisonwiththeconventionalevaporation-condensationgascycledeviceispresented.Theapplicabilityofmagneticrefrigerationtoairconditioningisdiscussed.該報(bào)告分析了磁制冷用于空調(diào)的原理。與傳統(tǒng)的蒸發(fā)凝聚氣體裝置進(jìn)行了比較。對(duì)于把磁致冷應(yīng)用于空調(diào)進(jìn)行了討論。Thedescriptiveabstractmerelystateswhatthefullreportcontains.Afterreadingtheabstractabove,yougettoknowwhatthisarticleisabout,buttolearnthemainidea,youmustreadtheentirearticle.2.EvaluativeAbstracts評(píng)論性摘要Anevaluativeabstractisalsocalledacriticalabstract.Itsprimarypurposeistoanalyzetheaccuracy,completeness,usefulness,appeal,andreadabilityofanarticle(分析文章的準(zhǔn)確性、完整性、有用性、趣味性和可讀性).Theevaluativeabstractemphasizesthewriter’sassessmentoftheoriginalwork.Intheevaluativeabstractyoucanincludeyourowncommentsandreactions—yourthoughtsandfeelingsregardingthematerialanditspresentation(你對(duì)內(nèi)容及其表達(dá)方式的意見(jiàn)).AnexampleofanevaluativeabstractThisarticlepresentsfourstrategiesforreadingtechnicalinformationeffectively.Thearticleisbothinterestingandinstructive,witheachstrategydescribedindetailandwithexamples.本文敘述了有效地進(jìn)行專(zhuān)業(yè)信息閱讀的四種策略。文章既有趣味性又有知識(shí)性，對(duì)每一種策略都進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)敘述并舉例說(shuō)明。Inthisabstract,the?rstsentenceisdescriptive.Inthesecondsentence,thephrases“bothinterestingandinstructive”and“indetailandwithexamples”givethewriter’sassessmentoftheoriginalarticlebutnotthecontentorthemainideaofit.Suchtypeofabstractisusuallyusedinbookreviews.3.InformativeAbstracts報(bào)道性摘要Aninformativeabstractsummarizestheentirereportandgivesthereaderanoverviewofthefactsthatarelaidoutindetailinthepaperitself.Itpresentsandexplainsbrie?ythemainpointsofthearticle,includingthebackground,purposes,methods,results,andconclusions.報(bào)道性摘要總結(jié)整個(gè)報(bào)告，對(duì)論文中詳細(xì)鋪陳的事實(shí)給予概覽。它呈現(xiàn)并簡(jiǎn)要解釋文章要點(diǎn)，這包括背景、目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。Anexampleofaninformativeabstract1Itisgenerallybelievedthatfoodhabitsofcloselyrelatedspeciesdonotoverlapsigni?cantlywherespeciesoccurtogether.2Theobjectiveofthestudywastotestthetheoryofcompetitiveexclusion.3Thefoodhabitsoflarvalbutter?iesoftworelatedspeciesfromazoneofoverlapnearOilCity,PAwereexamined.4Transectsinfivedifferenthabitatswereusedtodeterminefoodandhabitatpreferencesinwildpopulations.5Twospeciesofcaptivecaterpillarswereofferedvariousfoodsinthelaboratory;weightchangesoffoodsandcaterpillarsweredetermineddaily.6Foodhabitsinoverlappinghabitatsweresigni?cantlydifferentbetweenthetwospecies(p=0.001).7Foodhabitsinnon-overlappinghabitatswerenotsigni?cantlydifferent(p=0.52).Anexampleofaninformativeabstract8Therewerenodifferencesinfoodpreferences(p=0.76)orgrowthrates(p=0.88)ondifferentfoodsinlaboratorymaintainedpopulations.9Thesespeciesareabletocoexistbecausetheyarenotcompetingforthesame,andlimiting,foodresourcesinthesamearea.10Theseresultssupportthetheoryofcompetitiveexclusionbecausethetwospeciesdidnotusethesamefoodresourcesfromsimilarhabitats.Anexampleofaninformativeabstract通常認(rèn)為，生活在同一地域的親密相關(guān)物種的食物習(xí)性是不會(huì)明顯地相互重疊的。該研究的目的是檢驗(yàn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)排斥理論。對(duì)有親緣關(guān)系的兩種蝴蝶幼蟲(chóng)的食物習(xí)性進(jìn)行了研究，這些幼蟲(chóng)來(lái)自賓夕法尼亞石油城附近的一個(gè)部分重疊地區(qū)。使用五個(gè)不同棲息地的樣帶（用于觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)的地帶）來(lái)確定野生群體的食物和棲息選擇。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里給捕獲的兩種蝴蝶幼蟲(chóng)提供各種不同的食物；每天都確定食物和幼蟲(chóng)的重量變化。在重疊棲息地的兩種幼蟲(chóng)的食物習(xí)性有明顯差異。在不重疊棲息地的兩種幼蟲(chóng)的食物習(xí)性沒(méi)有明顯差異。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室喂養(yǎng)的蝴蝶幼蟲(chóng)中，在對(duì)于不同食物的選擇或生長(zhǎng)速率方面沒(méi)有明顯差異。這些物種可以共生是因?yàn)樗鼈儧](méi)有在同一地區(qū)為相同的、有限的食物來(lái)源而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這些結(jié)果支持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)排斥理論，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)物種在同一棲息地不使用相同的食物資源。II.FormatsofInformativeAbstractsAccordingtotheirformats,informativeabstractscanbeclassifiedintothreekinds:StandardabstractsStructuredabstractsReducedabstracts

StandardAbstracts

Astandardinformativeabstractusu.consistsofthefollowingpartsinoneparagraph:Formatofastandardabstract:Background:IntroducingthepresentsituationandthequestionoftheresearchPurpose:Statingthetask,theproblemtobesolved,orthesisoftheresearchMethods:Describingtheprinciples,subjects,materials,technology,methodsorproceduresoftheresearchResults:Presentingthedata,effectsorpropertiesobtainedfromtheresearchConclusion:Providingthesolutionoranswertotheproblemraisedbythepurpose;givingrecommendationsorpredictionsonthebasisoftheresultsAnexampleofanstandardabstract:(1)WhileCollegeEnglishTests（CET）havepromotedthecollegeEnglishteaching,theyhavealsoledtothetest-orientedteachingincollegesandhinderedthedevelopmentofstudents’communicativecompetence.(2)TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoexaminethevalidityandreliabilityofCET-4incollegesanduniversities.(3)Weconductedanexperimentaltestto62sampledcollegestudentsinDecember2003,oneyearaftertheytookCET-4inDecember,2002.(4)Atotalof31studentsinthecontrolclasswereexaminedwiththeoriginalpaperofCET-42002,while31studentsinthetreatmentclassweretestedwithaspeciallydesignedperformance-testpaperinwhichthemultiple-choicequestionswereallchangedintothesubjectiveones.Anexampleofanstandardabstract:(5)Thedouble-blindmethodwasusedthroughouttheexperimenttosecuretheobjectivityofthetestandtheevaluation.(6)ThetestscoreswereprocessedwiththestatisticalanalysissystemSPSS.(7)TheresultsshowedthatalthoughtherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweentheexperimentalclassandthecontrolclassintheirCET-4scoresin2002,therewassignificantdifferencebetweenthemintheirexperimentaltestscores(P<0.01).(8)Themeanscoreofthetreatmentclasswassignificantlylowerthanthatofthecontrolclass(51.47vs.62.55).(9)Moreover,thereweresignificantmean-scoredifferencesbetweenCET-4in2002andtheRetestin2003forboththeControlClass(69.06vs.62.55;P<0.01)andtheTreatmentClass(67.61vs.51.47;P<0.01).Anexampleofanstandardabstract:(10)ThisstudyindicatesthatboththevalidityandreliabilityofCET-4testislow,andthusitcannotobjectivelyreflectstudents’communicativecompetence.(11)ToeliminatethenegativewashbackeffectofCET,wesuggestthatCETbedevisedasacriterion-referencedtest,frequencyofthetestbereduced,subjectivequestionsbeincreased,andcommercializationofthetestbeavoided.ExampleanalysisIntheexample,thefirstsentenceintroducesthebackgroundsituationoftheresearch.Thesecondsentencestatesthepurpose.Insentencethreetosix,detailedexplanationsofthemethodsaregiven,includingthepopulation,materials,proceduresandthestatisticaltreatment.Insentenceseventonine,theresultsofthestudyarepresented,includingthedataobtainedandtheirmeaning.Thetenthsentencestatestheconclusion,whichprovidesananswertothequestionraisedbythepurpose.TheeleventhsentencepresentsnecessarysuggestionsforimprovingtheCETTest.2.StructuredAbstracts結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要Ratherthanhavingasingleparagraph,structuredabstractscontainasequenceofshortparagraphswithsubheadings次級(jí)標(biāo)題,Context(Background)背景,Objective目的,Design設(shè)計(jì),Setting范圍、地點(diǎn),Subjects(Patients,Participants,orSamples)對(duì)象,Interventions處理（治療）方法,MainOutcomeMeasures主要觀察指標(biāo),Results結(jié)果,andConclusions結(jié)論.Theformatandexampleofastructuredabstract:Context:Experimentsshowthatdentalcariesratesarehigheramonglead-exposedanimals,butthisassociationhasnotbeenestablishedinhumans.Objective:Toexaminetherelationshipbetweenbloodleadlevelsanddentalcaries.Design:Cross-sectionalsurveyconductedfrom1988to1994thatincludedadentalexaminationandvenipuncturebloodleadassay.SettingandParticipants:Atotalof24,901personsaged2yearsandolderwhoparticipatedintheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,whichassessedthehealthandnutritionalstatusofchildrenandadultsintheUnitedStates.MainOutcomeMeasures:Forchildrenaged2to11years,thesumofdecayedand?lleddeciduousorprimarysurfaces;forpersonsaged6yearsandolder,thesumofdecayedand?lledpermanentsurfaces;forthose12yearsandolder,thesumofdecayed,missing,and?lledsurfaces.Results:Thelogofbloodleadlevelwassigni?cantlyassociatedwiththenumberofaffectedsurfacesforbothdeciduousandpermanentteethinallagegroups,evenafteradjustingforsociodemographiccharacteristics,diet,anddentalcare...Conclusions:EnvironmentalleadexposureisassociatedwithanincreasedprevalenceofdentalcariesintheUSpopulation.FindingsmayhelpexplainthedistributionofcariesbyincomeandregionoftheUnitedStates.3.ReducedAbstractsEditorsofjournalarticlesoftenestablishawordlimitfortheabstractthatauthorscannotexceed.Tosatisfysuchlimitations,youcanshortentheabstractbyomittingthebackgroundandcombiningthepurposeandmethodsintoonesentence.Theformatofareducedabstract:Purpose+Methods目的+方法Results結(jié)果Conclusions結(jié)論Anexampleofareducedabstract:Todevelopstudents’abilityinautonomousEnglishstudy,61third-yearundergraduateswereselectedandgivenacomprehensivetraininginmetacognitive,cognitiveandcooperativestrategies.Theresultsindicatethattherewasasignificantimprovementinthestudents’abilityincognitiveandcooperativestrategies;however,therewasnosignificantimprovementintheirmetacognitivestrategies.Theexperimentshowsthatthestrategictraininghasdevelopedstudents’abilityinautonomousstudy,andmoreconcretedirectionsmaybenecessaryforimprovingtheirabilityinstudysupervisionandselfassessment.ExampleAnalysisWiththebackgroundsentenceomitted,thefirstsentenceoftheabstractintroducesboththepurposeandthemethod,whichincludethesubject,materialandapproach.Theemphasisisplacedontheresultsofthestudy,whichconsistsofbothpositiveandnegativeresults.Thethirdsentencecontainsboththeconclusionandrecommendationforfurtherresearch.Anotherexampleofareducedabstract:Todeterminethebacteriacausingstomachtroubles,biopsyspecimensweretakenfromintactareasofantralmucosain100consentingpatientspresentingforgastroscopy.Spiralorcurvedbacilliweredemonstratedinspecimensfrom58patients.Bacilliculturedfrom11ofthesebiopsiesweregramnegative,flagellate,andmicroaerophilicandappearedtobeanewspeciesrelatedtothegenusCampylobacter.Thebacteriawerepresentinalmostallpatientswithactivechronicgastritis,duodenalulcer,orgastriculcerandthusmaybeanimportantfactorintheaetiologyofthesediseases.ExampleAnalysisWiththebackgroundsentenceomitted,thefirstsentenceoftheabstractintroducesboththepurposeandthemethod,whichincludethesubjects,materialandtechnologyinvolved.Theemphasisisplacedontheresultsofthestudy,whichconsistsofthesecondandthethirdsentenceandthefirstpartofthefourthsentence.Thesecondpartofthefourthsentenceservesastheconclusion—ananswertothepurposeoftheexperiment.III.TensesUsedinInformativeAbstractsGenerallyspeaking,thebackgroundsentenceiswritteninthepresenttensesinceitintroducesthegeneralsituationoftheresearch.Thepurposesentenceiswritteninthepasttensetoindicatethatthestudyhasbeen?nished.Thesentencesofmethodsandresultsarealsowritteninthepasttense.However,ifgeneralfactoruniversaltruthisexpressedinthepurpose,methodsorresultssentences,itcanstillbewritteninthepresenttense.III.TensesUsedinInformativeAbstractsTheconclusionsentenceiswritteninthepresenttense.Iftheconclusionincludesanysuggestionorimplication,amodelverbsuchasmayisused.CommonlyusedtensesandsentencepatternsTopicSentenceStructureandTensesBack-ground背景Itisgenerallybelievedthat...(presenttense).Themethodof...iswidelyusedin....Thetraditionalwayoftreatingthediseaseis....Purposes目的Theobjectiveofthestudywastodeterminewhether...(presenttense)Anaimofourexperimentswastodetermineif...(presenttense).Aspartofanefforttounderstandtheoriginsof...,thepresentstudyassessedtheimpactof....Purposes+Methods目的+方法Todeterminewhether...(presenttense),we...(pasttense)Totestthehypothesisthat...(presenttense),we...(pasttense).TopicSentenceStructureandTensesResults結(jié)果Wefoundthat...(pasttense).Resultsshowedthat...(pasttense).Conclusion結(jié)論Weconcludethat...(presenttense).Thesefindingsindicatethat...(presenttense).Thefindingsofthisstudyprovidetheevidencethat...(presenttense).Theseresultssupportthetheoryof....RecommendationorImplication建議或啟發(fā)Theseresultssuggestthat...(may+verb).Theseresultsmayprovidethebasisof...ContinuedIV.GuidelinesforwritingInformativeAbstracts

KeeptheAbstractConcise.

摘要應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)明Theabstractforajournalarticleisusuallylimitedtoabout200wordsandnotmorethan250atthemost.Youhavetorestrictittothemainpointsofthearticlewithoutincludinganyinformationthatisnotintheoriginal.MakeSuretheAbstractIsSelf-contained.

摘要應(yīng)自成體系Theabstractshouldstandalone.Itwillbereadinisolationwhenitappearsinadatabase.Donotciteanyreferencesintheabstract,whichcanonlybefoundinthemainbodyoftheresearchpaper.UseaLogicalOrder.（與原文邏輯順序保持一致

）Abstractsareusuallyorganizedinasimilarwaytotheoriginalpaper.Byfollowingthegeneraloutlineoftheoriginaldocument,yougivethereaderanideaoftheorganizationanddevelopmentoftheoriginal,whichhelps

guidethereadingoflongerdocuments.KeepResultstheMajorPart