專業(yè)英語 修訂版 2

分子Molecule聚合度分子Molecule聚合度Degreeofpolymerization分子量Molecular weight聚丙烯酸甲酯Polymethylacrylate高分子量化合物Hightmolecular 均方末端距Meandistancesquareend-to-end低分子量化合物weightcompoundLowmolecularcompoundDeformability化學(xué)計(jì)量平衡Stoichiometricbalance變形/形變能力數(shù)均分子量Number-average molecularweight緩蝕劑 Corrosioninhibitor 重均分子量Weight-averageweightmolecular自由基 Radical 粘均分子量玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度glasstemperaturetransition聚丁二烯Viscosity-averagemolecularweightPolybutadiene竟聚率Reactivityratio纓狀微束理論Fringed-micelletheory烯烴olefin折疊鏈片晶理論Folded-chainlamellatheory聚氯乙烯Polyvinylchloride阻燃劑Flameretardant纖維素Cellulose絮凝劑Flocculatingagent離子聚合Ionicpolymerization連鎖聚合Chainpolymerization污物Contaminant環(huán)氧樹脂Epoxyresins羥基Hydroxyl三氟化硼borontrifloride羧基Carboxyl三苯甲基鉀Triphenylmethylpotassium轉(zhuǎn)化率Conversion氯化鈉Sodiumchloride依數(shù)性Colligativeproperty液晶Liquidcrystal聚乙烯醇Polyvinylalcohol非均相的Heterogeneous縮聚物Condensationpolymer熱固性聚合物thermosetThereactionfromlowmolecularmonomertopolymeriscalledpolymerization（reaction）.Accordingtothereactionmechanism,polymerization（reaction）maybedividedintotwocategories,thechainreactionpolymerizationandthestep-growth(stepwise)polymerization.由低分子單體合成聚合物的反應(yīng)稱為聚合反應(yīng)。按反應(yīng)機(jī)理分類，聚合反應(yīng)可分增長(zhǎng)所需要的時(shí)間上Whatarepolymers?Foronething,theyarecomplexandgiantmoleculesanddifferentfromlowmolecularweightcompoundslike,say,commonsalt.到底什么是聚合物？其一它們是和低聚物不一樣的巨大而復(fù)雜的分子，另外一個(gè)高聚物和低聚物的突出的差別在于溶解過程不一樣。Anotherstrikingdifferencewithrespecttothebehaviorofapolymerandthatoflowmolecularweightcompoundconcernsthedissolutionprocess.發(fā)現(xiàn)另一種不同的聚合物行為和低分子量化合物行為是關(guān)于溶解過程。Fortheindividualstepsofthegrowth reactiononeneedsonlyarelativelyactivationenergyandthereforethroughasingleactivationstep(theactualinitiationreaction)alargenumberofolefinmoleculesareconverted,asisimpliedbytheterm“chainreaction”.對(duì)于增長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)的各個(gè)步驟，每一步僅需要相當(dāng)少的活化能，因此通過一步簡(jiǎn)單的（即引發(fā)反應(yīng)應(yīng)這個(gè)術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵那樣。Theesterificationreactionoccursanywhereinthemonomermatrixwheremonomermoleculescollide,andoncetheesterhasformed,it,too,canreactfurtherbyvirtueofitsstill-reactivehydroxylorcarboxylgroups.酯化反應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在單體本體中兩個(gè)單體分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羥基或羧基還可以進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。Ionicpolymerization,similartoradialpolymerization,alsohasthemechanismofachainreaction.Thekineticsofionicpolymerizationare,however,differentfromthatofradicalpolymerization.離子聚合反應(yīng)，與自由基聚合反應(yīng)相似，也有鏈反應(yīng)的機(jī)理。但是，離子聚合的動(dòng)力學(xué)明顯地不同于自由基聚合反應(yīng).Inmostinstances,thereissomemolecularweightrangeinwhichagivenpropertywillbeoptimumforaparticularapplication.在大多數(shù)情況下，對(duì)于某種特定的應(yīng)用來說，某種聚合物存在著某一分子量范圍，在這個(gè)范圍之內(nèi)其性能是最好的。Insolution,apolymermoleculeisarandomlycoilingmassmostofconformationsoccupymanytimesthevolumeofitssegmentsalone.在溶液中聚合物分子呈現(xiàn)一種無規(guī)線團(tuán)的雜亂狀態(tài)，其構(gòu)象占據(jù)了它單獨(dú)的鏈段體積的很多倍。Theimportanceoftherandom-coilnatureofthedissolved,molten,amorphousglassystatesofhighpolymerscannotbeoveremphasized.可溶解的、可融化的、非晶態(tài)及玻璃態(tài)的高聚物的無規(guī)線團(tuán)特性的重要性是可以強(qiáng)調(diào)的。Thefringed-micelletheory,developedinthe193s,considerspolymerstoconsistofsmall-sized,orderedcrystallineregions-termedcrystallites-imbeddedinunordered,amorphouspolymermatrix.二十世紀(jì)三十年代形成的纓狀微束理論認(rèn)為聚合物是由小型的，有序的結(jié)晶區(qū)域—稱為微晶嵌入在無序、非晶聚合物的基體中。Thesecrystallizationforceswillthenactvirtuallyascrosslinks,resultinginmaterialofhightensilestrengthandhighinitialmodulus,i.e.,afiber.這些結(jié)晶力事實(shí)上作為交聯(lián)劑，形成高拉伸強(qiáng)度和高原始模量的物質(zhì)。Eachofthetwoapproacheshasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages,andoneapproachmaybepreferredforthepreparationofaparticularfunctionalpolymertheotherwouldbetotallyimpractical.這兩種方法都有各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，當(dāng)一種方法對(duì)特定功能聚合物的制備更有利時(shí)，另一種方法則是完全不切實(shí)際的。Thestructureofpolymerchainspresentinthecrosslinkedpolymersissimilarthewirestructureinabedspringandchainmobility,whichpermitsonechaintoslipbyanother(whichisresponsibleforcoldflow)isprevented（而這種結(jié)構(gòu)）阻止了一條鏈向另一條與冷流有關(guān)的鏈的滑移，即鏈的流動(dòng)性被阻止Themorefamiliaranengineerorscientistiswiththevariouscharacteristicsandstructure-propertyrelationship,aswel