熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件

安全環(huán)保部HOTWORK熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)安全環(huán)保部HOTWORK1WELDING焊接andCUTTING打磨WELDING焊接andCUTTING打磨2

WELDINGisaprocessthatjoinsmaterials,usuallymetalsorthermoplastics,bycausingcoalescence.Thisisoftendonebymeltingtheworkpiecesandafillermaterialtoformapoolofmoltenmaterialthatcoolstobecomeastrongjoint,butsometimespressureisusedinconjunctionorbyitself,toproducetheweld.

焊接是通過普通金屬的熱聚合來連接材料的過程。一般通過溶解工件和填充材料來形成一個(gè)溶解材料填充池，通過冷卻是它變成堅(jiān)固的連接點(diǎn)，但是有時(shí)候也通過壓力來造成連接，或者它自身來形成焊縫。DEFINITION定義DEFINITION定義3COMMONTYPESOFWELDING普通的焊接Oxy-Fuelwelding

氧氣燃料焊接Metalfusionachievedbytheuseofhightemperatureflameproducedbymixtureofgases.材料通過混合氣體燃燒產(chǎn)生的高溫火焰來產(chǎn)生連接ManualMetalArc(MMA)Welding手工技術(shù)電弧焊Usingfluxcoatedelectrodeswhicharereplacedbytheoperatorastheyareconsumed.NoshieldingmediumisusedinthisProcess.使用由操作手更換的帶有外衣的可消耗的焊條，沒有保護(hù)媒介物。MetalInertGas(MIG)Welding金屬惰性氣體保護(hù)焊Usingaconsumablewireelectrodeandasupplyofinertgas.使用可消耗的金屬焊條和惰性氣體TungstenInertGas(TIG)Welding鎢極惰性氣體保護(hù)焊Usingatungstenelectrodewhichisnotconsumedandasupplyofinertgas.使用不可消耗的鎢極焊條和惰性氣體 COMMONTYPESOFWELDING普通的焊接4Electricshock電擊Fumesandgases煙和氣Weldingsparks焊渣Arcrays電弧光GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS焊接中的危害GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS5Confinedspace受限空間Generalworkarea/Falls總的工作區(qū)域/墜落Electricandmagneticfields電氣和磁場(chǎng)AreaConditions/Fire工作場(chǎng)所/火災(zāi)GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS焊接中的危害GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS6電弧焊電極弧焊把線焊機(jī)回流作業(yè)點(diǎn)電弧焊電極弧焊把線焊機(jī)回流作業(yè)點(diǎn)78PotentialHazards:

潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Unprotectedcombustiblematerialsexposedtohotwork.

在動(dòng)火作業(yè)區(qū)域有未保護(hù)的可燃材料Fireandexplosionhazards.

火災(zāi)和爆炸Failuretorecognizeflammablematerialssuchasrubber,foaminsulation,wiring,deckcovering,wallboard.

對(duì)易燃材料錯(cuò)誤的判斷，例如橡膠、泡沫絕緣，電線、面板敷料，墻板等GeneralHotWorksHazards總的動(dòng)火作業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)889PotentialHazards:

潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Spark-producingdevicesnotobservedbyuser.

未使用火花產(chǎn)生裝置。Burningofmaterialscausingtoxicgasesoratmospheres.

燃燒的材料產(chǎn)生有毒有害氣體oxygen-deficentandoxygenenrichedatmosphereswhileperforminghotwork.

動(dòng)火作業(yè)時(shí)氧氣不足或氧氣過分充足。GeneralHotWorksHazards總的動(dòng)火作業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)9910PotentialHazards:

潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Performinghotworkinnon-designatedlocations.

在非指定區(qū)域動(dòng)火作業(yè)Protectivecoversthathavebeenmoved,becomedeteriorated,contaminated,orunsuitableforthepurpose.

因?yàn)槠茡p、污損或者工作不合適而移走防護(hù)罩Fuellineandoxygenhosebreakage.

燃料和氧氣的軟管破損GeneralHotWorksHazards總的動(dòng)火作業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)101011FactorstoConsider考慮的因素Wetness/Welderinorworkpiece/Confinedspace雨天/焊工站在工件上/受限空間Precautions預(yù)防Goodelectricalconnection,Electrodeholderandcableproperlyinsulated

良好的電氣連接，焊把和電源線絕緣Allelectricalconnectionstowelders,powersupplytoelectrodeholderclampsandearthingconnectionmustbemadeonlywiththecircuitopen在電源接通的狀況下，保持電源連同焊機(jī)，電力通過焊把，以及接地，形成一個(gè)回路。ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊-電擊11FactorstoConsider考慮的因素Wet1112Cablesandconnectorstobecapableofhandlingthemaximumpossiblecurrent

電纜和連接器要能夠承受最大的電流Theearthwiremustbeconnectedascloseaspossibletotheelementtobeweldedusingpliers,clmapsorothersystemswhichgaranteegoodcontact

通過接地棒、夾子和其它的系統(tǒng)使接地線牢固ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊-電擊12ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊-12Groundsshallnotbeconnectedtohandrails,stairs,orfromsteelpowerorlightingtowers,oronanyactiveoil,gas,steam,air,orchemicalline:inliveplantareaasktoplant-ownerforsuitablegroundpoint

不允許將接地與欄桿，階梯，金屬動(dòng)力或者燈車，以及油類，氣體，蒸汽，空氣或者化學(xué)品管線連接，與激活的設(shè)備連接需要與設(shè)備所有者確定合適的接地點(diǎn)。Groundmachineframes:inspectallgroundsformechanicalstrengthadequacy

接地設(shè)備框架：檢查所有的接地是否牢固。Insulatewelderfromworkpieceandground,particularlyfromwetarea將焊機(jī)與工作場(chǎng)所隔離，尤其是潮濕的區(qū)域。熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件13Weardry,holefreegloves

佩戴干燥的沒有破損的手套。Don’ttouchelectrically“hot”partsorelectrodeorelectricallyliveparts

不要觸摸電源過熱的區(qū)域或者焊條以及電源流通部件Alwaysinspecttheelectrodeholderbeforeturningthewelderon

在打開焊機(jī)前，檢查焊把Whenworkingatheight,useasafetyharness

高處作業(yè)使用安全帶熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件14Instructemployeestodoalsothefollowing:遵循以下指令Openpowerswitchwhenleaving,stoppingforappreciabletimes,andmovingmachines

在離開，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間停止作業(yè)以及移動(dòng)設(shè)備的時(shí)候，關(guān)閉電源開關(guān)Whennotinuse,removeelectrodesfromholdersandplaceholderswheretheycannotmakeelectricalcontactwithemployeesorconductingobjects

當(dāng)不使用時(shí)，從焊把上移走焊條，不要將焊把放在金屬面或與人體接觸的地方。ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊–電擊Instructemployeestodoalso15Donotdiphotholdersinwaterforcooling

不要將熱焊把放進(jìn)水里冷卻Reportfaultyequipmenttosupervisor

將破損的設(shè)備報(bào)告給管理人員Shieldoperationswithscreensthatprotectotherworkers

使用防護(hù)屏風(fēng)ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊–電擊ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊–電16TreatmentforElectricalShock:救援電擊者Turnoffthepower

關(guān)閉電源Usenon-conductingmaterial,suchaswood,topullthevictim

使用絕緣體如木頭等拉動(dòng)受害者Ifthevictimisnotbreathing,administercardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)afterbreakingcontactONLYIFTRAINEDTODOSO

如果受害者沒有呼吸，只有受過培訓(xùn)的人允許使用心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)。TreatmentforElectricalShock17CallaphysicianandcontinueCPRuntilbreathingstartsoruntilaphysicianarrives

呼叫醫(yī)生，繼續(xù)實(shí)施心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)，直到受害者有呼吸或者醫(yī)生到達(dá)Treatanelectricalburnasathermalburnbyapplyingclean,cold(iced)compresses

通過清洗，冷敷（冰）擠壓等來治療電擊燒傷Preventcontaminationandcovertheburnwithaclean,drydressing使用干凈的，干燥的布清理和覆蓋燒傷部位。Callaphysicianandcontinue182.FumesandgasesFactorstoConsider考慮因素Confinedarea.受限區(qū)域Positioningofweldershead.焊機(jī)頭部的位置Lackofgeneralventilation.缺少通風(fēng)Electrodetypes.焊條類型Basemetalcoatings,galvanise,paint.基礎(chǔ)金屬的外衣，鍍鋅，和油漆FUMESANDGASES煙氣2.FumesandgasesFactorstoC19Precautions預(yù)防Useventilationorexhaust.使用通風(fēng)和排氣裝置Usehelmetandpositioningofhead.使用護(hù)罩和規(guī)范焊機(jī)頭部位置Readwarningsonelectrodecontainer.閱讀焊條容器上的警告Provideadditionalventilation/exhaust.提供額外的通風(fēng)/排氣Usespecialcare-weldinginaconfinedarea.特別關(guān)注-受限區(qū)域的焊接Donotweldunlessventilationisadequate.在沒有足夠通風(fēng)情況下不要焊接Keepyourheadoutoffumes.遠(yuǎn)離煙氣FUMESANDGASES煙氣Precautions預(yù)防Useventilationo20Nitrogenoxides(TLV5ppm)

氧化氮Formedbycombinationofatmosphericoxygenandnitrogenbyheatofelectricarc,orgastorch.

由于電弧或者氣焊把加熱空氣中的氧氣和氮?dú)庑纬蒘ymptoms:Irritatingcough,tightnessinchest,lungirritation.癥狀：刺激性咳嗽，胸悶，肺部發(fā)炎Ozone(TLV0.1ppm)

臭氧Formedinsmallquantitiesinelectricarcweldingwithcoatedrodsandingaswelding,shieldedwelding.

由少量的電弧焊和焊接中產(chǎn)生Symptomsare:-Cold,bronchitis,pneumonia.癥狀是：-冷，支氣管炎，肺炎。

FUMESANDGASES煙氣Nitrogenoxides(TLV5ppm)氧化氮21Phosgene(TLV0.1ppm)

光氣Formedbytheactionofheatonhydrocarbons.Exampleinsufficientlydriedafterdegreasing.

由加熱烴類產(chǎn)生（乙炔)Symptomsare:-Likenitrogenoxideandozone.癥狀：-如氮氧化物和臭氧。Carbonmonoxide(TLV50ppm)

一氧化碳Formedwhenweldingisheldonvarnishes,paintsandothercarbonaceouscoatings.在清漆，油漆等含碳化合物表面焊接Symptomsare:-Asphyxia,headache,nauseaetc.癥狀是：-窒息，頭痛，惡心等

FUMESANDGASES煙氣Phosgene(TLV0.1ppm)光氣FUMESA22熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件23Identifypotentialtoxicexposuresthatcouldresultfromweldingorcuttingandusesufficientventilation

確認(rèn)焊接和切割中潛在的有害物資，確保充足的通風(fēng)Usemechanicalventilationorrespiratoryprotectionifaircontaminantsexceedpermissibleexposurelimit(PEL)

如果超過允許范圍，使用機(jī)械通風(fēng)和呼吸保護(hù)裝置Donotuseoxygenforventilation,cooling,orcleaning

不要使用氧氣通風(fēng)、冷卻和清潔BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)24Useair-linerespiratorsifventilationinsufficientinconfinedspaces

在受限空間內(nèi)通風(fēng)不足時(shí)使用空氣呼吸器Usesafetybelts,lifelines,andattendantforconfinedspaces

受限空間作業(yè)使用安全帶和生命繩BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)25FactorstoConsider考慮因素Containersheldwithcombustibles.

盛易燃物的容器Flammablematerials.

易燃材料FireHazards火災(zāi)Theweldingheatcanreachtemperaturesof5000oC.

火焰的溫度可以達(dá)到5000oCThesparkcantravelto10m

火花可以飛濺出10mWELDINGSPARKS焊接火花FactorstoConsiderContainers26Precaution預(yù)防Donotweldoncontainershavingcombustiblematerials(paints/thinner).

容器上有易燃物時(shí)不要焊接（油漆/稀釋劑）Removeflammablematerialsfromweldingareaorshield.

移走焊接區(qū)域易燃材料Keepafirewatch安排監(jiān)火員Keepafireextinguisherintheweldingarea.焊接區(qū)域有滅火器Wearfireretardantclothing穿戴防火材料制作的工作服WELDINGSPARKS焊接火花Precaution預(yù)防Donotweldoncon27Sparksareoneofthemostcommonfirecausesinconstructionsite,boththoseatgroundlevelandparticularlythosefallingfromtheupperlevelunderneath.Sparkscontainment(carpet,shield,etc.)isoneofthemostimportantdutyofawelder

火花在施工中最容易導(dǎo)致火災(zāi)一種形式，尤其是高空火花在沒有防護(hù)的情況下Sparksareoneofthemostcom28FactorstoConsider注意因素Gasshieldedarcmostsevere氣體弧光是最嚴(yán)重的UVandINFRAredlights紫外線和紅外線ARCRAYS電弧射線FactorstoConsider注意因素Gassh29Precaution預(yù)防Wearsuitableeyeprotection

使用合適的眼部保護(hù)Selectafilterlens.選擇過濾鏡片Alwaysusehelmetwhenwelding.帶安全帽Providenon-flammableshielding.使用不易燃的防護(hù)Wearclothingwhichprotectsskin.長(zhǎng)袖衣服Useeyeandskinprotectiontoavoidultravioletradiationburns

使用眼部和皮膚保護(hù)避免紫外線灼傷ARCRAYS電弧射線Precaution預(yù)防Wearsuitableeye30Metalenclosure.金屬外殼Wetness.雨天Restrictedentry.限制入口Heavierthanairgas.比重比空氣重的氣體Welderinsideoronworkpiece.在工件上面或里面焊接WeldinginConfinedSpace受限空間的焊接FactorstoConsider注意因素Metalenclosure.金屬外殼Weldingin31Carefullyevaluateadequacyofventilation.注意通風(fēng)Applybasicelectricshockprecaution.提供基本電擊預(yù)防Methodofwelderretrievalfromoutsideenclosure.了解焊機(jī)接通方案Generalsafeworkpracticesforconfinedspacetobeapply掌握基本的安全技術(shù)Permittoworkshallbeapply辦理許可證Alwayscheckwithyourweldingsupervisor/foremanorsafetyofficerbeforetostarttoworkinconfinedspace工作前向管理員/工頭/安全員確認(rèn)WeldinginConfinedSpace受限空間的焊接Precaution預(yù)防Carefullyevaluateadequacyof32ExecuteGasTestbeforetowork

工作前進(jìn)行氣體測(cè)驗(yàn)Shutoffgassupplyatcylindersandtorchvalvesoutsideconfinedspaces

關(guān)閉受限空間外氣瓶與焊把閥門Ensureallcontainerscontactingtoxicorflammablesubstancesareeitherfilledwithwater,cleaned,vented,andtestedbeforewelding,cutting,orheating

確保在焊接，切割或者加熱前，所有的容器與有毒有害物資或者易燃物資接觸過的充滿水，清洗，通風(fēng)以及測(cè)試FirePrecautionforConfinedSpace受限空間火災(zāi)預(yù)防FirePrecautionforConfinedS33Removetorchesandhosesfromconfinedspacesatshiftchangeandovernight

下班后，將焊把和軟管從受限空間內(nèi)拿出來。Preventresiduebuildup.Ensurecontainersareventedbeforewelding,cutting,orheating

防止殘?jiān)鼩埩?。在焊接，切割和加熱前確保容器有足夠的通風(fēng)CO2fireextinguishercannotbeused

受限空間滅火器不能選擇二氧化碳滅火器FirePrecautionforConfinedSpace受限空間火災(zāi)預(yù)防FirePrecautionforConfinedS34磨光機(jī)的采購(gòu)要求磨光機(jī)的采購(gòu)要求35避免火星向上，應(yīng)向一側(cè)或向下Avoidsendingsparksupward.Wherepractical,directsparkssidewaysordownward。檢查火花可能傷及到人或財(cái)產(chǎn)的周圍區(qū)域，確保沒有可以點(diǎn)燃的材料Checkthesurroundingareaforanypeopleorpropertythatmightbehitbysparks.MakesuretherearenoflammablesthatcouldbeignitedGrindingmachineandoperation打磨機(jī)械與操作Grindingmachineandoperatio36在更換或安裝砂輪及刀具前，拔掉工具的插頭。Alwaysunplugthetoolbeforereplacingorinstallingstones,disks,andcutters使用電焊遮光罩或其他適合的屏障，預(yù)防火花及碎屑UseweldingscreensorothersuitablebarrierstocontainsparksandgrindingsGrindingmachineandoperation打磨機(jī)械與操作Grindingmachineandoperatio37Grindingmachineandoperation打磨機(jī)械與操作打磨機(jī)械的最大轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)有標(biāo)注。ThemaximumworkingspeedofthegrindingmachinesshallbemarkedontheMachine.防護(hù)罩應(yīng)最大程度的罩住砂輪，同時(shí)開口依據(jù)作業(yè)性質(zhì)盡可能小。Aguardshallbeprovidedtoenclosethewheeltothegreatestpossibleextent,withtheopeningassmallaspossibleconsistentwiththenatureofthework.GUARD防護(hù)罩Grindingmachineandoperatio38Grindingmachineandoperation打磨機(jī)械與操作當(dāng)使用打磨機(jī)械與砂輪片時(shí)，需要臉部、眼部防護(hù)。安全眼鏡應(yīng)佩戴。Fullfaceeyeprotectionshallbeusedwhenworkingwithgrindingmachinesandabrasivewheelsandsafetyspectaclesshouldbewornundertheshield.Grindingmachineandoperatio39砂輪片的轉(zhuǎn)速磨光機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速檢查砂輪片與磨光機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速是否匹配（注：磨光機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速不應(yīng)大于砂輪片轉(zhuǎn)速）INSPECTTHESPEEDOFTHEWHEELAGAINSTMACHINE.THESPEEDOFTHEMACHINEMUSTNOTBEMORETHANTHESPEEDOFTHEWHEEL.砂輪片的轉(zhuǎn)速磨光機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速檢查砂輪片與磨光機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速是否匹配（注4041Therightwheelandcurrentuseofthemanualgrindingisfundamentalforthebasicsafeconditionofthesekindofactivities正確的砂輪片和電流是使用磨光機(jī)的基本安全條件41Therightwheelandcurrent4142HandlingOfWheels

砂輪的處理Oftenwheelbreakagecanbeattributedtocarelesshandlingandstorage.Wheelsdamagedfromthesecausesmayappearperfectyetrepresentadangertooperatives.ManufacturersinspectwheelspriortopackingtoensurethattheyaredispatchedinperfectconditionOvertightening”onspindlesandflangesShallbeavoidedasitispossibleapproachtheultimatecrushingstrengthoftothewheel.

通常，砂輪的損壞是由于粗心操作與儲(chǔ)存。在打包前，廠商對(duì)砂輪進(jìn)行檢查，確保其在錠子上緊固良好。輪緣應(yīng)避免可能的過度受力。并且要注意防潮42HandlingOfWheels砂輪的處理42注意事項(xiàng)1.砂輪片的保存

保存方法不當(dāng)往往是造成砂輪片消耗的主要原因2.打磨鎢極棒時(shí)必須使用砂輪機(jī)注意事項(xiàng)43GeneralWorkAreaHazards總的危害FactorstoConsider注意因素Clutteredarea.

凌亂的區(qū)域Indirectwork(weldingground)connection.

直接的工作連接Electricalequipment.

電氣設(shè)備Enginedrivenequipment.

引擎設(shè)備Gascylinders.

氣瓶Fallsfromheight

高處墜落GeneralWorkAreaHazards總的危害44GeneralWorkAreaHazards總的危害Precaution預(yù)防Keepcables,materials,toolsneatlyorganised.將電纜，材料，工具保持整潔Connectworkcableascloseaspossible.使電纜盡可能近的靠近工作區(qū)域Useonlydoubleproperlygroundedequipment.設(shè)備接地Alwaysdisconnectpowertoequipmentafteruse.停止作業(yè)時(shí)，切斷電源Useinonlyopen,wellventilatedareas.在敞開的通風(fēng)區(qū)域作業(yè)Sclaspandinsulation使用S型鉤并確保絕緣隔離GeneralWorkAreaHazards總的危害45GeneralWorkAreaHazards總的危害Precaution預(yù)防Refuelwithengineoff.加油時(shí)關(guān)閉引擎Nevertouchcylinderwiththeelectrode.不要用電極觸碰氣瓶Neverliftamachinewithcylinderattached.不要將設(shè)備與氣瓶連接Keepcylinderuprightandchainedtosupport.保持氣瓶直立以及使用鐵鏈固定Propersafeaccessibilityandfallsprotections.安全通道和高處作業(yè)防護(hù)Keepenclosurecompleteandguardsinplace.保持四周有圍護(hù)和防護(hù)GeneralWorkAreaHazards總的危害46GeneralWorkAreaHazards一般工作區(qū)域的危險(xiǎn)

Temporarypowerlinestoportablearcweldingmachinesshouldbecarriedoverheadwheneverpractical,orlaidonthefloororgroundsuitablyprotectedsothattheycannotbedamagedorinterferewithsafepassage臨時(shí)電源線或者軟管需要用S型鉤掛高或者埋地，絕緣隔離，避免破損GeneralWorkAreaHazards一般工作區(qū)47Ifflammabilityisunknown,ensurethatacompetentpersonteststheenvironmentconditions

如果不知道是否易燃，確保由合格的人員對(duì)環(huán)境條件進(jìn)行測(cè)試。Moveobjectstodesignatedsafelocation,orremoveorprotectfirehazards

移走物體設(shè)計(jì)安全區(qū)域，或者移走保護(hù)火災(zāi)危害品Fireprevention火災(zāi)預(yù)防Ifflammabilityisunknown,en48Makesuitablefireextinguishingequipmentavailableandmaintainitforinstantuse

放置滅火器并確保壓力充足Ifnormalprecautionsareinadequate,assignadditionalpersonneltoguardduringandafteroperations,instructtheminhazardsanduseoffirefightingequipment

如果普通的防護(hù)不足夠，必須安排監(jiān)火員Fireprevention火災(zāi)預(yù)防Fireprevention火災(zāi)預(yù)防49

Postweldheattreatment:isaprocessthatreducesresidualweldingstressesthatforminbothweldmetalandbasemetalheataffectedzones.Theprocessdependsonthealloy,involvetemperaturesgenerallybetween500°Cand800°Cusuallyreachedbyelectricallowvoltagesourceappliedtospecificresistanceandinsulatedmaterials.Thecurrentisaserioushazardinthisprocess.

焊后熱處理：是一個(gè)降低來自于焊接金屬盒基礎(chǔ)金屬加熱影響區(qū)域的剩余焊接壓力的過程。這個(gè)過程通過合金干涉由于低壓電源通過電阻和絕緣材料來產(chǎn)生的溫度，控制在500到800之間的溫度，這個(gè)因素是最主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

熱處理時(shí)，每一回路必須都要有漏把，做好防電和防燙傷工作，設(shè)置隔離措施和警示標(biāo)志FINALTREATMENT最后熱處理 Postweldheattreatmen50熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件51熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件52安全環(huán)保部HOTWORK熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)安全環(huán)保部HOTWORK53WELDING焊接andCUTTING打磨WELDING焊接andCUTTING打磨54

WELDINGisaprocessthatjoinsmaterials,usuallymetalsorthermoplastics,bycausingcoalescence.Thisisoftendonebymeltingtheworkpiecesandafillermaterialtoformapoolofmoltenmaterialthatcoolstobecomeastrongjoint,butsometimespressureisusedinconjunctionorbyitself,toproducetheweld.

焊接是通過普通金屬的熱聚合來連接材料的過程。一般通過溶解工件和填充材料來形成一個(gè)溶解材料填充池，通過冷卻是它變成堅(jiān)固的連接點(diǎn)，但是有時(shí)候也通過壓力來造成連接，或者它自身來形成焊縫。DEFINITION定義DEFINITION定義55COMMONTYPESOFWELDING普通的焊接Oxy-Fuelwelding

氧氣燃料焊接Metalfusionachievedbytheuseofhightemperatureflameproducedbymixtureofgases.材料通過混合氣體燃燒產(chǎn)生的高溫火焰來產(chǎn)生連接ManualMetalArc(MMA)Welding手工技術(shù)電弧焊Usingfluxcoatedelectrodeswhicharereplacedbytheoperatorastheyareconsumed.NoshieldingmediumisusedinthisProcess.使用由操作手更換的帶有外衣的可消耗的焊條，沒有保護(hù)媒介物。MetalInertGas(MIG)Welding金屬惰性氣體保護(hù)焊Usingaconsumablewireelectrodeandasupplyofinertgas.使用可消耗的金屬焊條和惰性氣體TungstenInertGas(TIG)Welding鎢極惰性氣體保護(hù)焊Usingatungstenelectrodewhichisnotconsumedandasupplyofinertgas.使用不可消耗的鎢極焊條和惰性氣體 COMMONTYPESOFWELDING普通的焊接56Electricshock電擊Fumesandgases煙和氣Weldingsparks焊渣Arcrays電弧光GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS焊接中的危害GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS57Confinedspace受限空間Generalworkarea/Falls總的工作區(qū)域/墜落Electricandmagneticfields電氣和磁場(chǎng)AreaConditions/Fire工作場(chǎng)所/火災(zāi)GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS焊接中的危害GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS58電弧焊電極弧焊把線焊機(jī)回流作業(yè)點(diǎn)電弧焊電極弧焊把線焊機(jī)回流作業(yè)點(diǎn)5960PotentialHazards:

潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Unprotectedcombustiblematerialsexposedtohotwork.

在動(dòng)火作業(yè)區(qū)域有未保護(hù)的可燃材料Fireandexplosionhazards.

火災(zāi)和爆炸Failuretorecognizeflammablematerialssuchasrubber,foaminsulation,wiring,deckcovering,wallboard.

對(duì)易燃材料錯(cuò)誤的判斷，例如橡膠、泡沫絕緣，電線、面板敷料，墻板等GeneralHotWorksHazards總的動(dòng)火作業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)86061PotentialHazards:

潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Spark-producingdevicesnotobservedbyuser.

未使用火花產(chǎn)生裝置。Burningofmaterialscausingtoxicgasesoratmospheres.

燃燒的材料產(chǎn)生有毒有害氣體oxygen-deficentandoxygenenrichedatmosphereswhileperforminghotwork.

動(dòng)火作業(yè)時(shí)氧氣不足或氧氣過分充足。GeneralHotWorksHazards總的動(dòng)火作業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)96162PotentialHazards:

潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Performinghotworkinnon-designatedlocations.

在非指定區(qū)域動(dòng)火作業(yè)Protectivecoversthathavebeenmoved,becomedeteriorated,contaminated,orunsuitableforthepurpose.

因?yàn)槠茡p、污損或者工作不合適而移走防護(hù)罩Fuellineandoxygenhosebreakage.

燃料和氧氣的軟管破損GeneralHotWorksHazards總的動(dòng)火作業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)106263FactorstoConsider考慮的因素Wetness/Welderinorworkpiece/Confinedspace雨天/焊工站在工件上/受限空間Precautions預(yù)防Goodelectricalconnection,Electrodeholderandcableproperlyinsulated

良好的電氣連接，焊把和電源線絕緣Allelectricalconnectionstowelders,powersupplytoelectrodeholderclampsandearthingconnectionmustbemadeonlywiththecircuitopen在電源接通的狀況下，保持電源連同焊機(jī)，電力通過焊把，以及接地，形成一個(gè)回路。ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊-電擊11FactorstoConsider考慮的因素Wet6364Cablesandconnectorstobecapableofhandlingthemaximumpossiblecurrent

電纜和連接器要能夠承受最大的電流Theearthwiremustbeconnectedascloseaspossibletotheelementtobeweldedusingpliers,clmapsorothersystemswhichgaranteegoodcontact

通過接地棒、夾子和其它的系統(tǒng)使接地線牢固ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊-電擊12ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊-64Groundsshallnotbeconnectedtohandrails,stairs,orfromsteelpowerorlightingtowers,oronanyactiveoil,gas,steam,air,orchemicalline:inliveplantareaasktoplant-ownerforsuitablegroundpoint

不允許將接地與欄桿，階梯，金屬動(dòng)力或者燈車，以及油類，氣體，蒸汽，空氣或者化學(xué)品管線連接，與激活的設(shè)備連接需要與設(shè)備所有者確定合適的接地點(diǎn)。Groundmachineframes:inspectallgroundsformechanicalstrengthadequacy

接地設(shè)備框架：檢查所有的接地是否牢固。Insulatewelderfromworkpieceandground,particularlyfromwetarea將焊機(jī)與工作場(chǎng)所隔離，尤其是潮濕的區(qū)域。熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件65Weardry,holefreegloves

佩戴干燥的沒有破損的手套。Don’ttouchelectrically“hot”partsorelectrodeorelectricallyliveparts

不要觸摸電源過熱的區(qū)域或者焊條以及電源流通部件Alwaysinspecttheelectrodeholderbeforeturningthewelderon

在打開焊機(jī)前，檢查焊把Whenworkingatheight,useasafetyharness

高處作業(yè)使用安全帶熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件66Instructemployeestodoalsothefollowing:遵循以下指令Openpowerswitchwhenleaving,stoppingforappreciabletimes,andmovingmachines

在離開，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間停止作業(yè)以及移動(dòng)設(shè)備的時(shí)候，關(guān)閉電源開關(guān)Whennotinuse,removeelectrodesfromholdersandplaceholderswheretheycannotmakeelectricalcontactwithemployeesorconductingobjects

當(dāng)不使用時(shí)，從焊把上移走焊條，不要將焊把放在金屬面或與人體接觸的地方。ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊–電擊Instructemployeestodoalso67Donotdiphotholdersinwaterforcooling

不要將熱焊把放進(jìn)水里冷卻Reportfaultyequipmenttosupervisor

將破損的設(shè)備報(bào)告給管理人員Shieldoperationswithscreensthatprotectotherworkers

使用防護(hù)屏風(fēng)ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊–電擊ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK電焊–電68TreatmentforElectricalShock:救援電擊者Turnoffthepower

關(guān)閉電源Usenon-conductingmaterial,suchaswood,topullthevictim

使用絕緣體如木頭等拉動(dòng)受害者Ifthevictimisnotbreathing,administercardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)afterbreakingcontactONLYIFTRAINEDTODOSO

如果受害者沒有呼吸，只有受過培訓(xùn)的人允許使用心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)。TreatmentforElectricalShock69CallaphysicianandcontinueCPRuntilbreathingstartsoruntilaphysicianarrives

呼叫醫(yī)生，繼續(xù)實(shí)施心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)，直到受害者有呼吸或者醫(yī)生到達(dá)Treatanelectricalburnasathermalburnbyapplyingclean,cold(iced)compresses

通過清洗，冷敷（冰）擠壓等來治療電擊燒傷Preventcontaminationandcovertheburnwithaclean,drydressing使用干凈的，干燥的布清理和覆蓋燒傷部位。Callaphysicianandcontinue702.FumesandgasesFactorstoConsider考慮因素Confinedarea.受限區(qū)域Positioningofweldershead.焊機(jī)頭部的位置Lackofgeneralventilation.缺少通風(fēng)Electrodetypes.焊條類型Basemetalcoatings,galvanise,paint.基礎(chǔ)金屬的外衣，鍍鋅，和油漆FUMESANDGASES煙氣2.FumesandgasesFactorstoC71Precautions預(yù)防Useventilationorexhaust.使用通風(fēng)和排氣裝置Usehelmetandpositioningofhead.使用護(hù)罩和規(guī)范焊機(jī)頭部位置Readwarningsonelectrodecontainer.閱讀焊條容器上的警告Provideadditionalventilation/exhaust.提供額外的通風(fēng)/排氣Usespecialcare-weldinginaconfinedarea.特別關(guān)注-受限區(qū)域的焊接Donotweldunlessventilationisadequate.在沒有足夠通風(fēng)情況下不要焊接Keepyourheadoutoffumes.遠(yuǎn)離煙氣FUMESANDGASES煙氣Precautions預(yù)防Useventilationo72Nitrogenoxides(TLV5ppm)

氧化氮Formedbycombinationofatmosphericoxygenandnitrogenbyheatofelectricarc,orgastorch.

由于電弧或者氣焊把加熱空氣中的氧氣和氮?dú)庑纬蒘ymptoms:Irritatingcough,tightnessinchest,lungirritation.癥狀：刺激性咳嗽，胸悶，肺部發(fā)炎Ozone(TLV0.1ppm)

臭氧Formedinsmallquantitiesinelectricarcweldingwithcoatedrodsandingaswelding,shieldedwelding.

由少量的電弧焊和焊接中產(chǎn)生Symptomsare:-Cold,bronchitis,pneumonia.癥狀是：-冷，支氣管炎，肺炎。

FUMESANDGASES煙氣Nitrogenoxides(TLV5ppm)氧化氮73Phosgene(TLV0.1ppm)

光氣Formedbytheactionofheatonhydrocarbons.Exampleinsufficientlydriedafterdegreasing.

由加熱烴類產(chǎn)生（乙炔)Symptomsare:-Likenitrogenoxideandozone.癥狀：-如氮氧化物和臭氧。Carbonmonoxide(TLV50ppm)

一氧化碳Formedwhenweldingisheldonvarnishes,paintsandothercarbonaceouscoatings.在清漆，油漆等含碳化合物表面焊接Symptomsare:-Asphyxia,headache,nauseaetc.癥狀是：-窒息，頭痛，惡心等

FUMESANDGASES煙氣Phosgene(TLV0.1ppm)光氣FUMESA74熱作業(yè)專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課件75Identifypotentialtoxicexposuresthatcouldresultfromweldingorcuttingandusesufficientventilation

確認(rèn)焊接和切割中潛在的有害物資，確保充足的通風(fēng)Usemechanicalventilationorrespiratoryprotectionifaircontaminantsexceedpermissibleexposurelimit(PEL)

如果超過允許范圍，使用機(jī)械通風(fēng)和呼吸保護(hù)裝置Donotuseoxygenforventilation,cooling,orcleaning

不要使用氧氣通風(fēng)、冷卻和清潔BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)76Useair-linerespiratorsifventilationinsufficientinconfinedspaces

在受限空間內(nèi)通風(fēng)不足時(shí)使用空氣呼吸器Usesafetybelts,lifelines,andattendantforconfinedspaces

受限空間作業(yè)使用安全帶和生命繩BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)BreatheProtection呼吸保護(hù)77FactorstoConsider考慮因素Containersheldwithcombustibles.

盛易燃物的容器Flammablematerials.

易燃材料FireHazards火災(zāi)Theweldingheatcanreachtemperaturesof5000oC.

火焰的溫度可以達(dá)到5000oCThesparkcantravelto10m

火花可以飛濺出10mWELDINGSPARKS焊接火花FactorstoConsiderContainers78Precaution預(yù)防Donotweldoncontainershavingcombustiblematerials(paints/thinner).

容器上有易燃物時(shí)不要焊接（油漆/稀釋劑）Removeflammablematerialsfromweldingareaorshield.

移走焊接區(qū)域易燃材料Keepafirewatch安排監(jiān)火員Keepafireextinguisherintheweldingarea.焊接區(qū)域有滅火器Wearfireretardantclothing穿戴防火材料制作的工作服WELDINGSPARKS焊接火花Precaution預(yù)防Donotweldoncon79Sparksareoneofthemostcommonfirecausesinconstructionsite,boththoseatgroundlevelandparticularlythosefallingfromtheupperlevelunderneath.Sparkscontainment(carpet,shield,etc.)isoneofthemostimportantdutyofawelder

火花在施工中最容易導(dǎo)致火災(zāi)一種形式，尤其是高空火花在沒有防護(hù)的情況下Sparksareoneofthemostcom80FactorstoConsider注意因素Gasshieldedarcmostsevere氣體弧光是最嚴(yán)重的UVandINFRAredlights紫外線和紅外線ARCRAYS電弧射線FactorstoConsider注意因素Gassh81Precaution預(yù)防Wearsuitableeyeprotection

使用合適的眼部保護(hù)Selectafilterlens.選擇過濾鏡片Alwaysusehelmetwhenwelding.帶安全帽Providenon-flammableshielding.使用不易燃的防護(hù)Wearclothingwhichprotectsskin.長(zhǎng)袖衣服Useeyeandskinprotectiontoavoidultravioletradiationburns

使用眼部和皮膚保護(hù)避免紫外線灼傷ARCRAYS電弧射線Precaution預(yù)防Wearsuitableeye82Metalenclosure.金屬外殼Wetness.雨天Restrictedentry.限制入口Heavierthanairgas.比重比空氣重的氣體Welderinsideoronworkpiece.在工件上面或里面焊接WeldinginConfinedSpace受限空間的焊接FactorstoConsider注意因素Metalenclosure.金屬外殼Weldingin83Carefullyevaluateadequacyofventilation.注意通風(fēng)Applybasicelectricshockprecaution.提供基本電擊預(yù)防Methodofwelderretrievalfromoutsideenclosure.了解焊機(jī)接通方案Generalsafeworkpracticesforconfinedspacetobeapply掌握基本的安全技術(shù)Permittoworkshallbeapply辦理許可證Alwayscheckwithyourweldingsupervisor/foremanorsafetyofficerbeforetostarttoworkinconfinedspace工作前向管理員/工頭/安全員確認(rèn)WeldinginConfinedSpace受限空間的焊接Precaution預(yù)防Carefullyevaluateadequacyof84ExecuteGasTestbeforetowork

工作前進(jìn)行氣體測(cè)驗(yàn)Shutoffgassupplyatcylindersandtorchvalvesoutsideconfinedspaces

關(guān)閉受限空間外氣瓶與焊把閥門Ensureallcontainerscontactingtoxicorflammablesubstancesareeitherfilledwithwater,cleaned,vented,andtestedbeforewelding,cutting,orheating

確保在焊接，切割或者加熱前，所有的容器與有毒有害物資或者易燃物資接觸過的充滿水，清洗，通風(fēng)以及測(cè)試FirePrecautionforConfinedSpace受限空間火災(zāi)預(yù)防FirePrecautionforConfinedS85Removetorchesandhosesfromconfinedspacesatshiftchangeandovernight

下班后，將焊把和軟管從受限空間內(nèi)拿出來。Preventresiduebuildup.Ensurecontainersareventedbeforewelding,cutting,orheating

防止殘?jiān)鼩埩簟Ｔ诤附?，切割和加熱前確保容器有足夠的通風(fēng)CO2fireextinguishercannotbeused

受限空間滅火器不能選擇二氧化碳滅火器FirePrecautionforC