英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作習(xí)題(1)課件

TEM-4Model&Imitation

英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練LecturesofWritingSkills

forTEM-4技巧講座如何論述一個(gè)不言自明的問(wèn)題?

如果是有待分析或爭(zhēng)論的作文題,都容易展開(kāi)思路,有話(huà)可寫(xiě)。如果題目是一個(gè)公認(rèn)的道理,不言自明,應(yīng)當(dāng)如何寫(xiě)呢?建議運(yùn)用原意擴(kuò)展的技巧,把這種技巧發(fā)揮得淋漓盡致。

下面通過(guò)分析一篇較典型的范文,來(lái)演示這方面的思路。

結(jié)構(gòu)模板第一段：引出要說(shuō)明的事物，明確自己對(duì)這一事物的態(tài)度（贊同或反對(duì)，應(yīng)該不應(yīng)該，重要否？有利還是有害？）第二段：第一句：承接首段觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)本段內(nèi)容及其發(fā)展方式加以限制（一般用舉例法），說(shuō)明重要性(危害性、有利之處)表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：分主題一：重要性(危害性、有利之處)之一（一句話(huà)）+拓展觀點(diǎn)（2-3句）；分主題二：重要性(危害性、有利之處)之二（一句話(huà)）+拓展觀點(diǎn)（2-3句）；第三段：結(jié)論：重要性+建議或展望（危害性+警示；有利性+建議）

題目：

TheImportanceofConfidence

confidence(信心)的重要性是不言自明的。但非得把這個(gè)主題演繹為一篇三段式的作文。先考慮用詞。由于文中不可避免地要多次提到"信心","缺乏信心"這樣的內(nèi)容,不能總是用"confidence"或"lackofconfidence"。語(yǔ)言要豐富,先要考慮有哪些同義表達(dá)和反義表達(dá):

Confidence-faith-buildupfaith-feelcapableofdoingsth.lackofconfidence-loseheart-feelfrustrated

平時(shí)練作文時(shí)就要養(yǎng)成找同義表達(dá)和反義表達(dá)的習(xí)慣。

下一步,想法找一兩個(gè)可圍繞做文章的關(guān)鍵詞。譬如,從反面著眼,想想一個(gè)人要是沒(méi)有信心,原因是什么?如果想到了是個(gè)不能正確估計(jì)自己和估計(jì)困難的問(wèn)題,那么就找出了一個(gè)可環(huán)繞做文章的"詞眼"-estimate(估計(jì)),estimate既可作動(dòng)詞,也可作名詞,還可加前綴變成overestimate(過(guò)高估計(jì))和underestimate(過(guò)低估計(jì)),用起來(lái)有聲有色。

Whateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithconfidence.Ifonehasnoconfidence,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisfacedwithdrawbacksorhardships.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident.

一個(gè)人不論做什么,都要做得有信心。如果沒(méi)有信心,就不可能成就任何事情,尤其是在面臨挫折或艱難的時(shí)候。這一真理似乎是不言自明的。然后,很客觀地點(diǎn)出大部分持這種觀點(diǎn)的人錯(cuò)了(特意不指全部人,這樣顯得通情達(dá)理,而且這樣寫(xiě)句子結(jié)構(gòu)也難些,利于表現(xiàn)作文質(zhì)量)。錯(cuò)在哪?錯(cuò)在沒(méi)有信心,又轉(zhuǎn)回主題了:

Forsome,thismightbetrue.Butformany,thisonlyshowsthattheyhavelostheart.

對(duì)有些人來(lái)講,這也許是對(duì)的,可是對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō),這只說(shuō)明他們失去了信心。

為了使這一段更豐滿(mǎn),不妨在段首再寫(xiě)個(gè)問(wèn)句,自問(wèn)自答，擴(kuò)句成段。

Whydopeopleoftenfeelfrustratedeventhoughtheyarequitecapableofdoingsomething?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,thesepeopledonothaveacorrectestimateofthemselves.Second,theyoverestimatethedifficulties.

為什么人們即使有相當(dāng)能力做好某事時(shí)也常常感到灰心喪氣呢?諸般原因中,有兩點(diǎn)重要的。第一,這些人對(duì)自己沒(méi)有正確的估計(jì)。第二,他們過(guò)高地估計(jì)了困難。

注意這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中加了一個(gè)“amongothers”,用兩個(gè)逗號(hào)插在主謂語(yǔ)之間,一方面表示客觀,不是認(rèn)為只有兩個(gè)原因,而是諸般原因中的兩點(diǎn);另一方面在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中插上一個(gè)短語(yǔ),更能展現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言水平。結(jié)尾段點(diǎn)明作者觀點(diǎn):對(duì)自己抱正確態(tài)度才能建立信心。然后引述一條俗語(yǔ),再對(duì)這條俗語(yǔ)呼應(yīng)一句就結(jié)尾了。

Itispossibletobuildupfaithinoneselfbyhavingtherightattitudetowardsone'sownabilities.Weshouldneverunderestimateourabilitiesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb:“Thereisawill,thereisaway.”Confidenceistheguaranteeoffulfillingatasksuccessfully. 對(duì)自己的能力持正確的態(tài)度就可以樹(shù)立信心。我們永遠(yuǎn)不要低估自己的能力,而要相信這條格言:“有志者事竟成”。信心是成功完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)的保證。

從上面的分析可以看到，這篇文章夠羅嗦的，夠空洞的，但同時(shí)又是原意擴(kuò)展各種手法的大集中，用這些手法把一個(gè)不言自明的主題，拉成了一篇作文，表現(xiàn)了英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的功力。非應(yīng)試作文慎用這類(lèi)技巧，應(yīng)試作文則往往要這樣寫(xiě)。

描紅：DiligenceBrainstorming思路：diligence的近義表達(dá):hardwork–strivetoworkdiligence的反義表達(dá):laziness–leavetoday’sworktobedonetomorrow閃光措辭whileawayexcusespoil

Thereisnoroomforanyexcuseforlaziness.Diligenceisthemotherofsuccess.閑混時(shí)間借口嬌寵懶惰沒(méi)有辯解的余地。勤奮是成功之母。描紅：DiligenceWhateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithconfidence.Ifonehasnoconfidence,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisfacedwithdrawbacksorhardships.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident.

Whateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithdiligence.Ifoneisnotdiligent,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisdealingwithatoughjob.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident. Whydopeopleoftenfeelfrustratedeventhoughtheyarequitecapableofdoingsomething?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,thesepeopledonothaveacorrectestimateofthemselves.Second,theyoverestimatethedifficulties.

Whydon’tsuchpeoplestrivetowork?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,theylackpersistenceincontrollingthemselves.Therearesomanyjoyfulthingsaroundthemthattheyalwaysfeeldifficulttoconcentratethemselvesontheirworkorstudy.Second,theymayprefertoanotherwayofliving–“eat,drink,andbemerry”.

Itispossibletobuildupfaithinoneselfbyhavingtherightattitudetowardsone'sownabilities.Weshouldneverunderestimateourabilitiesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb:“Thereisawill,thereisaway.”Confidenceistheguaranteeoffulfillingatasksuccessfully.

Amaindifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsistheabilitytolearnandtocreate.Onlythroughlearningandcreationcanonerealizehisownvalue.Butthatmeanshardwork.Weshouldneverspoilourselvesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb:“Diligenceisthemotherofsuccess.”Weshallenjoyrealhappinesswhenweeventuallyachievesomethingindiscoveringandchangingtheworld.HonestyWhateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithhonesty.Ifoneisnothonest,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisinbusiness.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident.However,inrealitywedoseequiteafewpeoplewhoactunfairlyinordertowinanadvantageorprofitfromtheirpartner,andevenplaytricksontheircustomers.Knaverymayserveforaturn,butyoucan’tfoolallthepeopleallthetime.Honestyisthebestpolicy.

Whydon’tsuchpeoplekeeptheirword?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,thereislotsoftemptationofeasyprofitsintheworldnowadays.Second,theylackabilityincontrollingthemselves.Theygivewaytothegreedwhichistheexcessiveandselfishdesireforwealth.

Honestyisanethicalprinciplethatpermeatesmanysituations,andisalsoafactorindevelopingstrongcustomerrelationships.Thewisemanisalwaysfrank,becauseheknowsthat“honestyisplacedabovejewelsandtreasures”.Weshouldneverspoilourselvesbutshouldbelieveinthisproverb.Whythesenseofhumorisimportant?

語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)：Seasoning調(diào)味品，佐料Crackingofajoke一個(gè)玩笑Disperse分散Vimandvigor生機(jī)和活力Pacifier安定劑Alleviate減輕，緩和Zest熱情結(jié)構(gòu)亮點(diǎn)1.Apersonwithoutasenseofhumorisjustlikeaspringwithoutflowers,adishwithoutseasoning.2.Withthecrackingofajoke,allourworries,sadnessandtirednessdisperselikemistandsmoke.3.Buthumorcan,asa“pacifier”,injectalightnoteintothetouchysituationtoalleviatetheseproblemsquickerthandoangrywordsorquarrels.WhytheSenseofHumorIsImportant?

Thesenseofhumor,whichisendowedbyGod,isgenerallyconsideredtobeoneofthemostvaluablepersonalities.Peopleareborntobehumorous.Thisinstinctwillneverchange,personwithoutasenseofhumorisjustlikeaspringwithoutflowers,adishwithoutseasoning.Laughterandhumoraretwins.Whenpeopletalkabouthumor,theyusuallyconnectitwithlaughter.And,laughter,inturn,isrelatedtohappiness.Ifhappinessisoneofthemostimportantelementsofpeople'slife,thenthesenseofhumoristhekeytothedoorofhappiness.Humorcanimproveourphysicalandmentalconditions.Ithelpsusbearburdensandeasenervousness.Withthecrackingofajoke，allourworries,sadnessandtirednessdisperselikemistandsmoke.Andwearefullofvimandvigoronceagain.Thesenseofhumorispartofone'sEQ.Humorhelpsuskeepongoodtermswithothers.Youmaymeetsometroubleinworkorstudy,andyoumaybemisunderstoodbyworkmatesorclassmates,andyoumayevenfindithardtogetclosetoothers.Buthumorcan,asa‘pacifier’,injectalightnoteintothetouchysituationtoalleviatetheseproblemsquickerthandoangrywordsorquarrels.Bymeansofhumor,youcanalwayskeepagoodrelationshipwithothers.Inaword,wemustknowtheimportanceofthesenseofhumor.Itgiveszesttolifetomakeitworthliving.Directions:AstherapiddevelopmentofChineseeducation,manystudentsareundergreatburdeninordertogetintothedoorofuniversity.Therefore,manyofthempaytoomuchattentiontoexaminationscoresandneglectextracurricularactivities.What'syouropiniononextracurricularactivities?Writeacompositionofabout200wordsonthefollowingtopic:TheImportanceofExtracurricularActivities亮點(diǎn)詞句proportionofstudentsenteringhighereducation升學(xué)率overallconsiderationability全面思考問(wèn)題的能力thesignificanceofextracurricularactivitiesliesinthefactthattheycanenlargestudents’scopeofknowledge,broadenstudents’mindandhelpstudentsgetadeeperunderstandingoftheworldthatthey‘relivingin課外活動(dòng)不僅可以擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的知識(shí)面，還可以拓寬學(xué)社的視野，使學(xué)生更好地認(rèn)識(shí)世界。TheImportanceofExtracurricularActivitiesUndertheheavyburdenofproportionofstudentsenteringhigherschool,moreandmoreschoolspaytoomuchattentiontothescoreoftheirstudents,andignorethecultivatingofstudents'comprehensiveability.Asaresult,studentsareledtoover-emphasizeallkindsofexaminations.Myideaisthatextracurricularactivitiesarecrucialforone'sgrowth.(引出論點(diǎn))Firstandforemost,extracurricularactivitycanwidenstudents'pointofviewandbroadentheirmind.(提出第一分論點(diǎn),論述課外活動(dòng)可拓展學(xué)生視野的道理)throughtheattendingofextracurricularactivities,studentswillgettoknowdifferentworldsandexperiencediversifiedfieldswhichcanhelptoenlargestudents'eyesightandenrichtheirlife.Moreover,extracurricularactivitiescanhelpstudentsdevelopdifferentkindsofabilities,suchascommunicationandcooperationcapability.Secondly,extracurricularactivitiescanhelpstudentsgetadeeperunderstandoftheworldthey’relivingin.(第二分論點(diǎn),指出課外活動(dòng)可以使學(xué)生更好地了解世界)Astudentmaytakeasimpleunderstandingaboutaffairshappenedintheworld.Buttheextracurricularactivitiescanteachonenotonlyaspecializedskill,butalsotheoverallconsiderationabilityandthereforebenefitthestudentsalot.Ingeneral,thesignificanceofextracurricularactivitiesliesinthefactthattheycanenlargestudents,scopeofknowledge,broadenstudents'mindandhelpstudentsgetadeeperunderstandingoftheworldthatthey'relivingin.(總體概括并強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn))AuthenticTopic:WhyChildren’sSchoolbagsAreGettingHeavierDirections Inrecentyears,ourgovernmenthasneverstoppedfromcallingonschoolsandteacherstolightenchildren’sloadofstudy,butchildren’sschoolbagsaregettingheavier.Whatdoyouthinkarethereasons?Writeathree-paragraphcompositionofabout150wordstoexplainthat.Inthefirstparagraph,statethephenomenon.Inthesecondparagraph,analyzethereasons.Inthelastparagraph,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusion.佳作之一Iamauniversitystudent.Mybrotherisaprimaryschoolstudent.Tomysurprise,Ifindthathehasmoreworktodothanme.Sinceourgovernmenthascalledonschoolsandteacherstorelievechildren’sburden,whydoesmybrother’sburdengetheavier?Therearemainlythreereasons.

Tobeginwith,thecompetitioninoursocietyismoreandmorefierce.Childrenhavetolearnmoreskillsandknowledgeforfuturesurvival.Secondly,theschoolswanttheirstudentstohavehighmarkstoprovetheyaregoodteachers.Lastly,mostChinesefamiliesareone-childfami