創(chuàng)業(yè)家的個性特性課件

EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity第二章創(chuàng)業(yè)家的個性特性ThepersonalityofEntrepreneursPartI:

創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)：Toidentifysomekeyentrepreneurialfeelingsandmotivations;Toidentifykeyelementsinanentrepreneur’sbackground;Todiscussthetypologyspecificforentrepreneurship.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityBecauseofthecloserelationshipthatexistsbetweentheentrepreneurandhisbusiness,thesuccessorfailureofthebusinessisverymuchassociatedwithtwofactors:

Thedegreetowhichtheaimsofthebusinesscorrespondwiththerealaimsoftheentrepreneur;Towhatextenttherealaimsoftheentrepreneurcanactually–givenhisorherpsychologicalmakeup–beachievedinpractice.Reason:EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPoint:Entrepreneursshareacommontypeofpersonalitywhichexplainstheirbehavior.BasicAssumption:entrepreneursareinsomewaydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationandthatthisdifferencecanbeexplainedintermsoftheentrepreneur’spersonalityprofile.Mainpsychologicalcharacteristics:nAch;risk-takingpropensity;locusofcontrol;problem-solving;value;etc.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThePsychologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurNeedforAchievement(McClelland,1965)(Wilken,1979)DesireforIndependence(Stepanek,1979)PersonalAttributes(Hornaday,1982)(Gibb,1984)(WelshandWhite,1981)Risk-Taking(ColtonandUdell,1976)(Palmer,1971)(Liles,1974)Motives(Timmonsetal.,1990)(Cole,1969)LocusofControl(Rotter,1966)(Brockhaus,1982)(Perry,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPsychologicaltestingforEntrepreneurs:Projectivetests:Theindividualwrites–or,betterstilltalks–candidlyaboutsomething(e.g.,risk-taking,innovativethought,anddecision-makingcapacity).Pencilandpapertests:Thefirsttypeseekstodeterminewhetheranindividualwhoislikelytohavethequalitiesnecessarytosucceedinsettingupandrunningasmallbusiness.Thesecondtypeseekstodeterminewhatkindofsmallbusinessactivityislikelytobesuitableforhim.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityMcClelland’s(1961)NeedforAchievement(成就感）Definition:Adesiretodowell,notsomuchforthesakeofsocialrecognitionorprestige,butforthesakeofaninnerfeelingofpersonalaccomplishment.Adesiretotakepersonalresponsibilityfordecisions;Apreferencefordecisionsinvolvingmoderatedegreesofrisk;Aninterestintheresultofdecisions;Adislikeforroutineorrepetitivework.Influence:parentalfactors,inparticular-followingstandardsofexcellence,selfreliancetraining,lowfather–dominanceandacrucialroleformother-sonrelationshipEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitynAchEntrepreneurshipEconomicdevelopmentHypothesis:Asocietywithagenerallyhighlevelofneedforachievementwillproducemoreenergeticentrepreneurswho,inturn,producemorerapideconomicdevelopment.Criticisms:InappropriateinmeasuringentrepreneurshipThecorrelationsbetweennAchandeconomicgrowth;Sampleanddatatotestthehypothesis;nAchmodelsbothinfluenceandareinfluencedbyactivitiesintheenvironment.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityRisk-Takingpropensity（風(fēng)險承擔(dān)）:Riskcoversanumberofareas–financialrisk,careerrisk,familyandsocialrisk,andpsychologicalrisk(Liles,1974).Ray(1986)foundthatself-esteemwascloselyassociatedwithordrivenrisk-takingpropensity.Lowself-esteem:norisksorveryhighrisks.Highself-esteem:takingrisksappropriatetovarioussituationsKnight(1971)entrepreneursmaynotbeexposedtofinancialriskbutrathertosocialandpsychologicalrisk.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-esteem(自尊）:定義：Self-esteemistheextenttowhichonepraise,values,approves,orlikeoneself.Also:self-worth,self-regard,self-respect,etal.Relatedto:孤獨(dú)、憂郁、焦慮、孤僻等EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-EsteemScale:IfellthatIamapersonofworth,atleastonanequalbasiswithothers.1.Stronglyagree2.agree3.disagree4.stronglydisagreeIfeelthatIhaveanumberofgoodqualities.*Allinall,IaminclinedtofeelthatIamafailure.Iamabletodothingsaswellasmostotherpeople.*IfeelIdonothavemuchtobeproudof.Itakeapositiveattitudetowardmyself.Onthewhole,Iamsatisfiedwithmyself.*IwishIcouldhavemorerespectformyself.*Icertainlyfeeluselessattimes.*AttimesIthinkIamnogoodatall.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityLocusofcontrol(命運(yùn)的控制）:Locusofcontrolistheextenttowhichpeoplebelievethattheycontroltheirownlives(Rotter,1966)Internal-externalscales:Peoplewithhigh“internalscores”aremorelikelytobesuccessfulentrepreneurs.“Internal”peopletendtobemore:self-reliant,needofindependence,autonomy(KetsdeVires,1977),proactive(CromieandHohns,1982)andefficiency(BrockhausandHorwitz,1986)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityNeedtocontrolanddirectSelf-confidenceAsenseofurgencyComprehensiveawarenessRealismSuperiorconceptualabilityAlowneedforstatusAnobjectiveapproachtointerpersonalrelationsEmotionalstabilityAnattractiontochallengeratherthanrisk.Otherentrepreneurialattributes:(WelshandWhite,1981)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityCriticisms:研究應(yīng)當(dāng)更關(guān)注創(chuàng)業(yè)家的行為和行動而不是簡單的人的個性。（whattheentrepreneurdoesandnotwhoanentrepreneuris)社會學(xué)習(xí)理論（sociallearningtheory）：環(huán)境條件通過學(xué)習(xí)影響人的行為，反過來，一個人的行為也影響了環(huán)境。（individualdifferencesinbehaviourresultinlargepartfromdifferencesinthekindsoflearningexperiencesencounteredinthecourseofgrowingup.”EntrepreneurshipandNewBusin課間休息課間休息EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySomeoftheindividualdifferencesthatinteractwithsituationalconditionstoinfluencebehaviour:Competencies:whatcantheindividualdo?Cognitivestrategies:howdoestheindividualseethesituation?Expectancies:whatwillhappen?Subjectivevalues:whatisitworth?Self-regulatorysystemsandplans:Howcangoalsbeachieved?EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThesociologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurSocialExperiences(GibbandRitchie,1982)(Wilken,1979)ParentalRoleModels(ShaperoandSokol,1982)(CooperandDunkelgerg,1987)(Schereretal.,1991)Environment(Bundura,1989)(Chell,1985)(Mitton,1989)SocialMarginality(StanworthandCurran,1973)(Shapero,1975)BirthOrder(HisrichandBrush,1985)(Petrof,1981)(VanSlootenetal.,1986)DisplacedIndividuals(KetsdeVires,1977)(Shapero,1975)(Scott,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity社會－文化因素：創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的合法性：Asystemofvaluesandattitudeswithinaspecificsocio-culturalsettingforthedevelopmentofentrepreneurship.社會的邊緣性：屬于社會邊緣的群體或個體更有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神。例：Shapero

（1975）發(fā)現(xiàn)65％創(chuàng)業(yè)原因來自負(fù)面推動；Brockhaus（1980）發(fā)現(xiàn)60％先創(chuàng)立企業(yè)而后決定干什么。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity創(chuàng)業(yè)精神對個人發(fā)展不是一個天堂，但與其他方法相比，它是低地位人改進(jìn)生活的最好途徑。－－Casson(1982)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity父母作為一個角色模型影響了子女的個性和職業(yè)選向（50％的創(chuàng)業(yè)家來自其父母為企業(yè)所有者或自由職業(yè)者）；大部分的創(chuàng)業(yè)家是長子；創(chuàng)業(yè)家創(chuàng)業(yè)時年齡30-40歲；受教育年齡和工作經(jīng)歷、年限；其他：性別、行業(yè)、動機(jī)、起點(diǎn)、資金來源、職業(yè)背景、個性特點(diǎn)等。家庭背景因素：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity創(chuàng)業(yè)家分類(TypologiesinEntrepreneurship):1.Smith’scraftsmanandopportunistictypes(1967):EntrepreneurialvariablesCraftsmanOpportunisticBreadthofeducationandtrainingEducationfocusedoncurrentbusinessactivityEducationinvolvedmanydifferentkindsofcoursesBreadthintypeofjobsheldJobswereinsametypesofbusinessaspresentcompanyJobswerenotinsametypeofbusinessaspresentcompanyManagementreferencegroupPreviouslyassociatedmostlywithfellowworkersPreviouslyassociatedwithmanagersandbusinessownersManagementsponsorormultiplerolemodelsAfellowworkerprovidedexampleforsuccessTheownerofabusinessprovidedexampleforsuccessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityHighsocialinvolvementActiveinprofessional,trade,orbusinessassociationsActiveincommunityassociationsnotrelatedtoprofessionorbusinessEffectivecommunicationabilityDoesnotcommunicatewellinwritingorspeechesCommunicateswillinwritingandspeechesDelegationofauthorityandresponsibilityFindstodothingsrightonemustdothemoneselfBelievesthoseatlowerlevelsinthecompanyshouldhandleoperationsUniversalisticcriteriaforemployeeselectionAttemptstohirepeoplehasknownalongtimeFeelstherearemanypeopleavailabletoworkincompanyMultiplesourcesofcapitalusedTwoorfewersourcesofcapitalusedThreeormoresourcesofcapitalusedMultiplemethodsofestablishingcustomerrelationsCustomersgainedthroughpriorrelationsorpersonalcontactCustomersgainedneitherthroughpriorrelationsnorpersonalcontactEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityVariedcompetitivestrategiesMarketingstrategiesemphasizereputation,quality,andpriceMarketingstrategiesarenotlimitedtotheprecedingandplacevalueoncreativityandinnovationLong-termplanningforcompanyinitiationPlanningforcompanydonenomorethanoneyearbeforePlanningforcompanydonemorethanoneyearbeforestartPlanningforfuturegrowthandchangePlansforgrowthnotdevelopedorsalestonewcustomersnotanticipatedPlansforgrowthdevelopedandsalestonewcustomersareanticipatedEmployeerelationsnotpaternalisticFeelspersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenDoesnotfeelpersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityFirmvariablesRigidAdaptiveChangedcustomermixSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeAdditionstoproductmixSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeChangedproductionmethodsSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeDispersedlocationsSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeDispersedmarketsSellsinonestateonlySells>onestateorcountryConcreteplansforchangePlanschangewithinfiveyearsinonlyoneareaatbestamongcustomers,products,productionmethods,andlocationsPlanschangewithinfiveyearsintwoormoreareasEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityFilleyandAldag’sTypology(1978):CharacteristicCraftPromotionAdministrativeObjectivesComfort-survivalPersonalachievementMarketadaptationPolicyTraditionalPersonalRationalLeadershipCraftsmanEntrepreneurProfessionalStructurePowerlevelsFieldofforceRationalhierarchyStaffHousekeepingTechnical-personalTechnical-coordinativeFunctionaldevelopmentSingleSuccessiveemphasisFulldevelopmentWork-groupbondsFixedrolesInteraction-expectationHomogeneityInnovationConventionalmethodsInnovationDevelopmentUncertainty-riskNoperceivedriskUncertaintyRiskBasisforsuccessBenevolentenvironmentInnovationexploitationPlannedadaptationtoenvironmentPatternofgrowthNon-growthS-curvelinearEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityConclusion:Thepsychologicalschoolarguesthatpeoplebehaveaccordingtotheirvalues.Itemphasizestheuniquecharacteristicsandattributeofentrepreneur,suchasachievement,motivation,risk-takingpropensity,lotusofcontrolandself-confidence.Thesociologicalschoolfocusonthefamilyandenvironmentaldynamicsandsuggeststhatearlychildhoodinfluencesaffectcareerdecision.Entrepreneurialventuresdifferwidely,andtypologicaltheorizingprovidesamethodofunderstandingthisdiversity.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity4.Thedarksideofentrepreneurship:“Adesireforcontroloftenleadstoover-control;thatisadesiretoletnooneelsehaveanyauthority.”(KetsdeVires,1985)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity1;2a;3b;4b;5b;6a;7a;8;9a;10b;11b;12b;13b;14;15b;16a;17a;18a;19;20a;21a;22b;23a;24;25a;26b;27;28b;29a.練習(xí)：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity請與某個創(chuàng)辦了企業(yè)的人士進(jìn)行交談，明確地了解企業(yè)家的背景、他的個性和創(chuàng)業(yè)時的年齡以及其創(chuàng)業(yè)的思路是如何產(chǎn)生的。談?wù)勀愕母邢?。練?xí)：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusin演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity第二章創(chuàng)業(yè)家的個性特性ThepersonalityofEntrepreneursPartI:

創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)：Toidentifysomekeyentrepreneurialfeelingsandmotivations;Toidentifykeyelementsinanentrepreneur’sbackground;Todiscussthetypologyspecificforentrepreneurship.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityBecauseofthecloserelationshipthatexistsbetweentheentrepreneurandhisbusiness,thesuccessorfailureofthebusinessisverymuchassociatedwithtwofactors:

Thedegreetowhichtheaimsofthebusinesscorrespondwiththerealaimsoftheentrepreneur;Towhatextenttherealaimsoftheentrepreneurcanactually–givenhisorherpsychologicalmakeup–beachievedinpractice.Reason:EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPoint:Entrepreneursshareacommontypeofpersonalitywhichexplainstheirbehavior.BasicAssumption:entrepreneursareinsomewaydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationandthatthisdifferencecanbeexplainedintermsoftheentrepreneur’spersonalityprofile.Mainpsychologicalcharacteristics:nAch;risk-takingpropensity;locusofcontrol;problem-solving;value;etc.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThePsychologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurNeedforAchievement(McClelland,1965)(Wilken,1979)DesireforIndependence(Stepanek,1979)PersonalAttributes(Hornaday,1982)(Gibb,1984)(WelshandWhite,1981)Risk-Taking(ColtonandUdell,1976)(Palmer,1971)(Liles,1974)Motives(Timmonsetal.,1990)(Cole,1969)LocusofControl(Rotter,1966)(Brockhaus,1982)(Perry,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPsychologicaltestingforEntrepreneurs:Projectivetests:Theindividualwrites–or,betterstilltalks–candidlyaboutsomething(e.g.,risk-taking,innovativethought,anddecision-makingcapacity).Pencilandpapertests:Thefirsttypeseekstodeterminewhetheranindividualwhoislikelytohavethequalitiesnecessarytosucceedinsettingupandrunningasmallbusiness.Thesecondtypeseekstodeterminewhatkindofsmallbusinessactivityislikelytobesuitableforhim.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityMcClelland’s(1961)NeedforAchievement(成就感）Definition:Adesiretodowell,notsomuchforthesakeofsocialrecognitionorprestige,butforthesakeofaninnerfeelingofpersonalaccomplishment.Adesiretotakepersonalresponsibilityfordecisions;Apreferencefordecisionsinvolvingmoderatedegreesofrisk;Aninterestintheresultofdecisions;Adislikeforroutineorrepetitivework.Influence:parentalfactors,inparticular-followingstandardsofexcellence,selfreliancetraining,lowfather–dominanceandacrucialroleformother-sonrelationshipEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitynAchEntrepreneurshipEconomicdevelopmentHypothesis:Asocietywithagenerallyhighlevelofneedforachievementwillproducemoreenergeticentrepreneurswho,inturn,producemorerapideconomicdevelopment.Criticisms:InappropriateinmeasuringentrepreneurshipThecorrelationsbetweennAchandeconomicgrowth;Sampleanddatatotestthehypothesis;nAchmodelsbothinfluenceandareinfluencedbyactivitiesintheenvironment.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityRisk-Takingpropensity（風(fēng)險承擔(dān)）:Riskcoversanumberofareas–financialrisk,careerrisk,familyandsocialrisk,andpsychologicalrisk(Liles,1974).Ray(1986)foundthatself-esteemwascloselyassociatedwithordrivenrisk-takingpropensity.Lowself-esteem:norisksorveryhighrisks.Highself-esteem:takingrisksappropriatetovarioussituationsKnight(1971)entrepreneursmaynotbeexposedtofinancialriskbutrathertosocialandpsychologicalrisk.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-esteem(自尊）:定義：Self-esteemistheextenttowhichonepraise,values,approves,orlikeoneself.Also:self-worth,self-regard,self-respect,etal.Relatedto:孤獨(dú)、憂郁、焦慮、孤僻等EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-EsteemScale:IfellthatIamapersonofworth,atleastonanequalbasiswithothers.1.Stronglyagree2.agree3.disagree4.stronglydisagreeIfeelthatIhaveanumberofgoodqualities.*Allinall,IaminclinedtofeelthatIamafailure.Iamabletodothingsaswellasmostotherpeople.*IfeelIdonothavemuchtobeproudof.Itakeapositiveattitudetowardmyself.Onthewhole,Iamsatisfiedwithmyself.*IwishIcouldhavemorerespectformyself.*Icertainlyfeeluselessattimes.*AttimesIthinkIamnogoodatall.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityLocusofcontrol(命運(yùn)的控制）:Locusofcontrolistheextenttowhichpeoplebelievethattheycontroltheirownlives(Rotter,1966)Internal-externalscales:Peoplewithhigh“internalscores”aremorelikelytobesuccessfulentrepreneurs.“Internal”peopletendtobemore:self-reliant,needofindependence,autonomy(KetsdeVires,1977),proactive(CromieandHohns,1982)andefficiency(BrockhausandHorwitz,1986)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityNeedtocontrolanddirectSelf-confidenceAsenseofurgencyComprehensiveawarenessRealismSuperiorconceptualabilityAlowneedforstatusAnobjectiveapproachtointerpersonalrelationsEmotionalstabilityAnattractiontochallengeratherthanrisk.Otherentrepreneurialattributes:(WelshandWhite,1981)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityCriticisms:研究應(yīng)當(dāng)更關(guān)注創(chuàng)業(yè)家的行為和行動而不是簡單的人的個性。（whattheentrepreneurdoesandnotwhoanentrepreneuris)社會學(xué)習(xí)理論（sociallearningtheory）：環(huán)境條件通過學(xué)習(xí)影響人的行為，反過來，一個人的行為也影響了環(huán)境。（individualdifferencesinbehaviourresultinlargepartfromdifferencesinthekindsoflearningexperiencesencounteredinthecourseofgrowingup.”EntrepreneurshipandNewBusin課間休息課間休息EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySomeoftheindividualdifferencesthatinteractwithsituationalconditionstoinfluencebehaviour:Competencies:whatcantheindividualdo?Cognitivestrategies:howdoestheindividualseethesituation?Expectancies:whatwillhappen?Subjectivevalues:whatisitworth?Self-regulatorysystemsandplans:Howcangoalsbeachieved?EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThesociologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurSocialExperiences(GibbandRitchie,1982)(Wilken,1979)ParentalRoleModels(ShaperoandSokol,1982)(CooperandDunkelgerg,1987)(Schereretal.,1991)Environment(Bundura,1989)(Chell,1985)(Mitton,1989)SocialMarginality(StanworthandCurran,1973)(Shapero,1975)BirthOrder(HisrichandBrush,1985)(Petrof,1981)(VanSlootenetal.,1986)DisplacedIndividuals(KetsdeVires,1977)(Shapero,1975)(Scott,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity社會－文化因素：創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的合法性：Asystemofvaluesandattitudeswithinaspecificsocio-culturalsettingforthedevelopmentofentrepreneurship.社會的邊緣性：屬于社會邊緣的群體或個體更有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神。例：Shapero

（1975）發(fā)現(xiàn)65％創(chuàng)業(yè)原因來自負(fù)面推動；Brockhaus（1980）發(fā)現(xiàn)60％先創(chuàng)立企業(yè)而后決定干什么。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity創(chuàng)業(yè)精神對個人發(fā)展不是一個天堂，但與其他方法相比，它是低地位人改進(jìn)生活的最好途徑。－－Casson(1982)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity父母作為一個角色模型影響了子女的個性和職業(yè)選向（50％的創(chuàng)業(yè)家來自其父母為企業(yè)所有者或自由職業(yè)者）；大部分的創(chuàng)業(yè)家是長子；創(chuàng)業(yè)家創(chuàng)業(yè)時年齡30-40歲；受教育年齡和工作經(jīng)歷、年限；其他：性別、行業(yè)、動機(jī)、起點(diǎn)、資金來源、職業(yè)背景、個性特點(diǎn)等。家庭背景因素：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity創(chuàng)業(yè)家分類(TypologiesinEntrepreneurship):1.Smith’scraftsmanandopportunistictypes(1967):EntrepreneurialvariablesCraftsmanOpportunisticBreadthofeducationandtrainingEducationfocusedoncurrentbusinessactivityEducationinvolvedmanydifferentkindsofcoursesBreadthintypeofjobsheldJobswereinsametypesofbusinessaspresentcompanyJobswerenotinsametypeofbusinessaspresentcompanyManagementreferencegroupPreviouslyassociatedmostlywithfellowworkersPreviouslyassociatedwithmanagersandbusinessownersManagementsponsorormultiplerolemodelsAfellowworkerprovidedexampleforsuccessTheownerofabusinessprovidedexampleforsuccessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityHighsocialinvolvementActiveinprofessional,trade,orbusinessassociationsActiveincommunityassociationsnotrelatedtoprofessionorbusinessEffectivecommunicationabilityDoesnotcommunicatewellinwritingorspeechesCommunicateswillinwritingandspeechesDelegationofauthorityandresponsibilityFindstodothingsrightonemustdothemoneselfBelievesthoseatlowerlevelsinthecompanyshouldhandleoperationsUniversalisticcriteriaforemployeeselectionAttemptstohirepeoplehasknownalongtimeFeelstherearemanypeopleavailabletoworkincompanyMultiplesourcesofcapitalusedTwoorfewersourcesofcapitalusedThreeormoresourcesofcapitalusedMultiplemethodsofestablishingcustomerrelationsCustomersgainedthroughpriorrelationsorpersonalcontactCustomersgainedneitherthroughpriorrelationsnorpersonalcontactEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityVariedcompetitivestrategiesMarketingstrategiesemphasizereputation,quality,andpriceMarketingstrategiesarenotlimitedtotheprecedingandplacevalueoncreativityandinnovationLong-termplanningforcompanyinitiationPlanningforcompanydonenomorethanoneyearbeforePlanningforcompanydonemorethanoneyearbeforestartPlanningforfuturegrowthandchangePlansforgrowthnotdevelopedorsalestonewcustomersnotanticipatedPlansforgrowthdevelopedandsalestonewcustomersareanticipatedEmployeerelationsnotpaternalisticFeelspersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenDoesnotfeelpersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrep