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高中課本知識分布必修一共有三個單元各單元知識點第一單元:一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進行時,begoingto第二單元:一般過去時,過去進行時,現(xiàn)在完成時第三單元:被動語態(tài),情態(tài)動詞20444個必修二共有三個單元各單元知識點第四單元:一般將來時 will和begoingto的區(qū)別,真實條件句和虛擬條件句,讓步狀語從句第五單元:原因、結果、目的狀語從句第六單元:表示時間、地點、動作的介詞,定語從句,冠詞22923個必修三共有三個單元各單元知識點第七單元:關系副詞,介詞+which引導的定語從句,形容詞的比較級第八單元:限制性和非限制性定語從句,靜態(tài)動詞和動態(tài)動詞第九單元:現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài),現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)26240個必修四共有三個單元各單元知識點第十單元:不定代詞和動詞不定式第十一單元:被動語態(tài),動名詞作主語,賓語,表語,定語第十二單元:跟動名詞或不定式作賓語的動詞,現(xiàn)在分詞作副詞,作表語,定語,賓語補足語全書單詞數(shù)量為:330個 詞組數(shù)量為:24個高一共計單詞1025,詞組131必修五共有三個單元各單元知識點第十三單元:過去分詞在句中可作形容詞或副詞用,修飾名詞,在句中作定語,賓語補足語或表語第十四單元:情態(tài)動詞表示推測第十五單元:虛擬語氣31325個選修六共有三個單元各單元知識點第十六單元:過去完成時第十七單元:過去完成進行時 1第十八單元:過去完成進行時224531個選修七共有三個單元各單元知識點第十九單元:名詞性從句第二十單元:將來完成時和將來進行時第二十一單元:混合虛擬條件句和情態(tài)動詞34013個選修八共有三個單元各單元知識點第二十二單元:被動態(tài)和表示報道的表達第二十三單元:強調(diào)句和各種完成時的形態(tài)(將來完成時,現(xiàn)在完成時,過去完成時,現(xiàn)在完成進行時,現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時及情態(tài)動詞加完成時的用法)第二十四單元:勸說的表達37561個高二共計單詞1273,詞組130個高中共計單詞 2298,詞組北師大版高中英語語法總結(必修一 — 選修八)必修一presentsimpleandpresentcontinuous1presentsimple:反復進行的,經(jīng)常性的動作(慣例習慣)Eg,Hewatchessoapoperas.及狀態(tài)IliveinBudapest.一般現(xiàn)在時常和下列時間狀語連用: always,usually,from,timetotime,twiceaweek,rarely,seldom,onceamonth,never.2,現(xiàn)在進行時:說話時正在進行的動作(現(xiàn)在,此刻一定時間段內(nèi)經(jīng)常進行的動作和現(xiàn)在進行時連用的時間狀語有 just,now,atthemoment,atpresent.二、future:arrangementsandintentions將來的安排和打算1、begoingto表示打算要做的事情。2、現(xiàn)在進行時表示已經(jīng)確定或安排好事情。Eg,I‘mgettingmarriedinJune.3、一般現(xiàn)在是表示不可改變的官方活動或時間表Thesummertermbeginsonthehof 三、pastsimpleandpastcontinues1,psatsimple:一般過去時,表示過去完成的動作或過去的情境和習慣。Eg:Sheclimbthestairsandwenttoherroom.用一般過去時要在規(guī)則動詞詞尾加-ed,或用不規(guī)則動詞的過去式,一般過去式的疑問句和否定句用did和didn‘t加動詞原形。2、pastcontinuous過去進行時:過去某段時間正在進行的動作形成某些事件發(fā)生的情境動作。Eg,Itwasrainingduringthewholematch.當過去進行時和一般過去時出現(xiàn)在同一個句子中時,過去進行時描述故事發(fā)生的背景,兒一般過去時則報道該事件。Eg,Wedrivingalongacountrylanewhen,suddenlyacardrovepastForm:過去進行時的結構是:主語 +was/were+動詞-ing形式。Eg,Thedriverwassittingbehindthewheel.四、presentperfectandpastsimple的事情對現(xiàn)在依然有明顯的影響發(fā)生在過去的動作但是不知道動作發(fā)生的時間或對動作發(fā)生的確切時間不感興趣?,F(xiàn)在完成時經(jīng)常和下列時間狀語連用:Before,ever,never,already,and,yet.already用于肯定句,yet用于疑問句和否定句。VenusandSerenahaveplayedeachotherbefore重.(要的事他們過去進行了比賽,但是何時比賽并不重要—現(xiàn)在完成時)VenusandSerenahaveplayedeachotherinJune1999.()五、Thepassive被動語態(tài)在下列情況下使用被動語態(tài):1、不知道耶不需要知道誰做的這件事。2、動作的執(zhí)行者―顯而易見‖3、動作本身比動作執(zhí)行者更重要或不想指出誰做的這件事。4、在書面語特別是在科技報告、報刊文章中被動語態(tài)比主動語態(tài)更正式。Form:Tense時態(tài) form形式 +past一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are +pastparticiple過去分詞現(xiàn)在進行時 am/is/arebeing +pp現(xiàn)在完成時 have/hasbeen +pp一般過去時 was/were +pp過去進行時 was/werebeing +pp六、haveto/nothaveto,can/can‘t,oughtto/oughtnottouses用法:havetoYouhavetopassyourtestbeforeyoucanDon‘thavetoWedon‘thavetowearuniformsatourschool.Can用來表示允許或請求許可或者表示某事可能發(fā)生。YoucanbuyCDsatthemarket.Can‘t表示禁止或不可能:Youcan‘tgoouttonight.Oughtto表示應該做某事。Yououghttovisityourgrandparentsthisweekend.Oughtnotto表示不應該做某事 Yououghtnottowalkaloneatnight.Form形式can/can‘t,haveto/nothavetooughtto/oughtnotto現(xiàn)在完成時,一般現(xiàn)在時,一般過去時很多語言都有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),因此常將它和一般現(xiàn)在時混淆,在英語中,用現(xiàn)在完成時描述發(fā)生在過去但對現(xiàn)在又影響的事件。如果涉及到過去某時間,則要用一般過去時。如果過去事件的確切時間或日期不重要,也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時。必修二一、will和begoingto表示推測揣想1Will+firstconditional真實條件句表示依據(jù)其他將來事件將來有可能發(fā)生的事件。Iftherainstops,thematchwillbegin.句型是:ifclauseif+presentsimple也可能用其他句型,特別是使用情態(tài)動詞時:Ifyouhavetime,wecangoforawalkthisevening.建議或命令某人做某事,提出建議或請求:Ifyoufeelsleepy,gotobed.句型是IfclauseIf+presentsimple三.secondconditional虛擬條件句
mainclausewill/wo ‘t+infinitive/withouttonmainclauseimperative(祈使句)A虛擬條件句(1)表示想象的將來不可能發(fā)生的事IfIbecomeanMP,I‘dfightforanimalsrights.2)現(xiàn)在不可能存在的狀態(tài)IfIlivedclosertoschool,Iwouldn‘thavetogetupsoearly.句型是Ifclause mainclauseIf+pastsimple would/could/might+infinitive/withoutto虛擬語氣用法詳解英語中的語氣分為陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣三類。在表示虛假的、與事實相反的或難以實現(xiàn)的情況時用虛擬語氣,表示主觀愿望或某種強烈情感時,也用虛擬語氣。即當一個人說話時欲強調(diào)其所說的話是基于自己的主觀想法,愿望,假想,猜測,懷疑或建議,而不是根據(jù)客觀實際,就用虛擬語氣一、條件句中的虛擬語氣條件句中虛擬語氣的形式從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實不相符或根本不可能存在的條件,主句會產(chǎn)生的一種不可能獲得的結果。條件句中的虛擬語氣根據(jù)不同的時間有三種不同的形式。時間 從句謂語形式 主句謂語形式動詞過去式(be用were)wereto+動詞原形現(xiàn)在 動詞過去式(be用were)過去 had+動詞過去分詞
詞原形would/should/might/could詞原形would/should/might/couldhave+動詞過去分詞條件中的虛擬語氣的舉例將來時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如:IfheshouldgotoQingHuaUniversity,hewouldmakefulluseofhistime.的話,他就會充分利用他的時間了。Ifheweretocomehere,hewouldtellusaboutit.如果他要來的話,他會通知我們一聲?,F(xiàn)在時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如:Ifhewerefree,hewouldhelpus.要是他有空的話,它會幫助我們的。Ifhestudiedatthisschool,hewouldknowyouwell.如果他在這所學校學習的話,它會對你很熟悉。過去時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如:IfIhadseenthefilm,Iwouldhavetoldyouaboutit. 我如果看過這場電影,我會把電影內(nèi)容告訴你了。IfIhadgotthereearlier,IwouldhavemetMr.Li.如果我早點到那兒,我就會會到了李先生。運用條件句中的虛擬語氣時,須注意的幾個問題當從句的主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時,謂語動詞若是系動詞 be時,可用was代替were。但在倒裝虛擬結構及ifIwereyou,asitwere中,只能用were。如:WereItenyearsyounger,Iwouldstudyabroad.要是我還年輕十歲的話,我會去國外學習。IfIwereyou,Iwouldtrymybesttograspthechance. 要是我是你的話,我要盡力抓住這次會。動作與過去事實相反,而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實不符。如:IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.在也會使工程師了Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.會來這里了。②從句的動作與現(xiàn)在事實相反,而主句的動作與過去事實不符。如:Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.他去北京了。Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.要是他認識她的話,他肯定會去問候她了。③從句的動作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反,而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如:Ifithadnotbeenrainingtoomuch,thecropswouldbegrowingmuchbetter.如果天不下太多的雨的話,莊家會長得更好。Ifhehadbeenworkinghard,hewouldbeworkingintheofficenow.他現(xiàn)在已進了辦公室了。were,should,had時,ifwere,should,had置于句首。如:Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere要.Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus如.果她在這兒的話,她會同意我們的。Hadhelearntaboutcomputers,wewouldhavehiredhimtoworkhere.的話,我們會已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。Iwouldhavecometoseeyou,butIwastoobusy.我本該來看你了,然而我太忙了。Butforhishelp,wewouldbeworkingnow.要不是他的幫助,我們還會在工作呢。Withoutyourinstruction,Iwouldnothavemadesuchgreatprogress.要是沒有你的指導,我不會取得如此大的進步。有時,虛擬條件句中,主、從句可以省略其中的一個,來表示說話人的一種強烈的感情。①省略從句Hewouldhavefinishedit.他本該完成了。Youcouldhavepassedthisexam.你應該會通過這次考試了。②省略主句IfIwereathomenow.要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。IfonlyIhadgotit.他狀語從句的虛擬語氣目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣forfearthat,incase,lestshould+動詞原形。并且should不能省略Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein她.賊的進入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。sothat,inorderthatcan/may/couldmight/will/would/should():Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.楚。Hereadthelettercarefullyinorderthatheshouldnotmissaword.掉一個單詞。讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣evenif,eventhoughif引導的條件從句結構相同。如:Evenifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.即是他親自來也不知該怎么辦。NobodycouldsavehimeventhoughHuaTuoshouldcomehere及.時華佗再世也就不了他。whateverwhichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,nomatterwh-word引導的讓步狀語從句中,從句虛擬語氣結構為:①may+動詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或將來)。如:Wewillfinishitontimenomatterwhat/whatevermayhappen.時完成。Wewillfindhimwherever/nomatterwherehemaybe.無論他在哪里,我們都要找到他。Iwillwaitforhimnomatterhowlatehemaycome.不管他來的多么晚,我都會等他。②may+完成式(指過去),主句結構不限。如:Youmustntbeproudwhatever/nomatterwhatgreatprogressyoumayhavemade不.管你取得了多么大的進步,你也不能驕傲。Wemustrespecthimnomatterwhat/whatevermistakeshemayhavemade.誤,我們必須尊敬他。在though,although等引導的讓步狀語從句中,從句虛擬語氣結構為 should動詞原形,主句結構不限。如:Although/Thoughheshouldoftenbelate,heisagoodstudent盡.管他經(jīng)常遲到,他還是個好學生。Although/Thoughheshouldbesecretary,hemustobeytherules盡.管他是書記,他也必須遵守規(guī)定。方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣asif,asthough引導的方式狀語從句常用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的結構為表示所發(fā)生的時間 虛擬語氣結構發(fā)生在主句動作之前與主句動作同時發(fā)生發(fā)生在主句動作之后例如:
had+過去分詞過去時(be用were)would/could/might/should+原形動詞Theybegantotalkwarmlyasiftheyhadknowneachotherforlong.就好像他們已相互認識很久了。Hecoughedtwiceasifsomeoneshouldcome.他咳嗽兩聲就好像有人要來了。原因狀語從句中的虛擬語氣amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,surprised,upset等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為:①should+原形動詞(指現(xiàn)在或將來)。如:Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.他很生氣,你竟然對他直呼其名。Iwasastonishedthatheshouldnotanswersuchaneasyquestion我.單的問題。②should+完成式,指過去。如:I‘mverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.我很遺憾,你這次考試竟然失敗了。IwasverysurprisedthatFathershouldhaveknownwhatIdidyesterday.我昨天所作的事情。三、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣advise,ask,demand,desire,decide,insist(order,propose,request,suggest()表示請求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動詞所接的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣,起虛擬語氣的結構為:(should)+原形動詞。如:Theteacheradvisedthatweshouldmakegooduseofeveryminutehere.老師勸我們要好好地利用在這兒的每一分鐘。ThePartyaskedthatweshouldservethepeoplewithourheartandsoul.意地為人民服務。但是,當insist的意思為:堅決認為,堅持說;suggest的意思為:表明,暗含,暗示等時,賓語從句一般不用虛擬語氣。如:Tominsistedthathehadn ‘tstolenthe湯watch姆堅持.說他沒有偷那塊手表。Hissmilesuggestedthathehadsucceededinthisexam他.的微笑表明他在考試中成功了。believe,expect,suspect,think,imagine等動詞的否定句或疑問句中的賓語從句常用虛擬氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為: should+原形動詞。如:Canyoubelievethatheshouldkillatiger?你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎?Canyouimaginethatheshouldtakethefirstplaceinthelongjumpcontest?跳遠比賽中竟獲得了第一名?英語中,wish語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為表示所發(fā)生的時間發(fā)生在主句動作之前與主句動作同時發(fā)生發(fā)生在主句動作之后例如:
虛擬語氣結構(1)had+過去分詞;(2)would/could/might/shouldhave 過去分詞過去時(be用were)would/could/might/should+原形動詞IwishIlearntEnglishwell.我希望我已學好了英語。IwishIhadbeentherewiththemlastweek.我希望上周跟他們一起在那兒。Hewisheswecouldgoandplaygameswithhim.他希望我們能去跟他做游戲。wouldrather,hadrather,wouldsooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種愿望,故使用虛擬語氣。起虛擬語氣的結構為表示所發(fā)生的時間 虛擬語氣結構過去 had+過去分詞;現(xiàn)在 過去時(be用were)將來 過去時(be用were)例如:I‘dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。I‘dratheryouwereherenow我.倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。Wedratheryouwentheretomorrow我.四、主語從句中的虛擬語氣在表達驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應如此等意義的主語從句中常使用虛擬語氣,其虛擬語其的結構為:should+動詞原形,主句中的謂語動詞形式不限。句型:Itisadmirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/naturalItisapity/ashame/nowonder
?.that ?
?that?Itissuggested/requested/desired/proposed/
?.that ?Itworriesmethat 如:Itisimportantthatweshoulddowellinourlessonsfirst.我們先把功課學好很重要。Itisstrangethatheshouldnotcome.很奇怪,他竟沒有來。Itisapitythatweshouldnotmeetlastnight.Itworriesmethatweshouldbeblamedforthat.我們竟要受責備真讓人煩惱。五、表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish充當句子的主語而后面接表語從句或它們后面接同位語時,表語從表面上看幾屗及同位語從句都須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為:(should)+動詞原形。如:Wefollowedhisadvicethatweshouldaskourteacherforhelp.()。Hetoldushisideathatheshouldgotouniversity.他告訴了我們他的想法:他想上大學。Hissuggestionisthatweshoulddoourworkmorecarefully.些。Theirplanisthattheyshouldbuildanewfactoryintheirhometown.座新工廠。六、定語從句中的虛擬語氣英語中,表示:―早該做某事了‖時,定語從句中的謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣,其虛擬語氣的結構為:Itis(high/about)timethat+主語+動詞的過去式/should+動詞原形。如:ItistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我該去學校接我的女兒了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.七.簡單句中的虛擬語氣would/could/might/should原形動詞。如:Wouldyoumindmyshuttingthedoor?我把門關起來你介意嗎?Youshouldalwayslearnthislessonbyheart.Ishouldagreewithyou.我應該同意你的觀點。表示―祝愿‖時,常用―may+主語+動詞原形+其他‖。如:Mayyouhaveagoodjourney!祝你一路順風。Mayyouryouthlastforever!祝你青春永駐。表示強烈的―愿望‖、―祝愿‖時,常用動詞原形。如:LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina.Godblessus.上帝保佑。習慣表達中常用的虛擬語氣。提出請求或邀請。如:Wouldyouliketohaveatalkwithusthisevening?今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎?CouldIuseyourbikenow?我可以用一下你的單車嗎?陳述自己的觀點或看法。如:Ishouldgladtomeetyou.見到你我會很高興。Iwouldtrymybesttohelpyou.我會盡力幫助你。提出勸告或建議。如:You‘dbetteraskyourfatherfirst你.最好先問一問你的父親。Youshouldmakeafullinvestigationofitfirst.你應該先全面調(diào)查一番。提出問題。如:Doyouthinkhecouldgethereontime?你認為他能按時來嗎?Doyouexpecthewouldtellusthetruth?你期望他會告訴我們真相嗎?表示對過去情況的責備時,常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為:―情態(tài)動詞+have+Youshouldhavegothereearlier.你應該早就到這里了。Youshouldhavereturnedittohim.你應該把他還給他了。四、suddendecision,timeclausereferringtothefutureadverbialclause.突然決定,表示將來的時間狀語;狀語從句;讓步狀語從句。說話瞬間突然做出決定,用will+動詞原形表示。when,assoonas,after,before在時表將來。Adverbialclauseofconcession讓步狀語從句Although和though可以引導讓步狀語從句Althoughshedoesn‘tenjoyherjob,sheworkshard..五、Adverbialclause(2)cause,resultandpurpose狀語從句二原因、結果、目的狀語從句as,since,becauseAsIhaven‘tstudied,Iwon‘tpassthisexamsothat可以引導目的狀語從句Heisstudyinghardsothathecanbecomeadoctor.so?thatsuch+(an)名詞+that可引導結果狀語從句。Itissocoldthatthelakehasfrozenover.many,much,few,little前用sosuch.Famousfilmstarsearnsomuchmoneynowadaysthattheycanchoosewhotoworkfor.用solovelyaboy可代替suchalovelyboy.六、prepositionsoftime,placeandmovement表示時間,地點和動作的介詞Timeafterlunch,atmidnight,atnight,atthemovement,beforeChristmas,duringthein1999,inApril,inthemorning,onSunday,on1stApril.Placeathome/thebank/theseaside/abovethelake/belowtheclouds,behindthetree,betweenthebankandthepark.,inBakestreet,inthebox,inthepicture,onthetable/bus/firstfloor,underthebridge,overthetable.Movement動作:acrossthepark\,alongtheriver,intothebuilding,to/fromWarsaw七、RelativeClause定語從句1定語從句可用來修飾,限定正在談論的人或物Studentswhogotothisschool沒有定語從句就不知道所談的和人或何物。在定語從句中門要用下列關系代詞:Who(有時用that)用來指人,that用來指代動物。Which(that)用來指代物地點等Theparkthatisinthecenterofthetownhasbeautifulbigtrees.Where用來指代位置和地點, whose用來表示所屬關系。若關系代詞which,thatwho在定語從句中作賓語,而不做主語時,Thegirl(who)youmeetisPeter‘ssister.languageproblem-solving,a,an在下列情況下用a/an1,所談論的事那個人或物并不重要時2),所談論的是一類人或物時,3,第一次談論某人或物時,2,單詞首字母為輔音前用 a,而首字母為元音或以元音發(fā)音的名詞前用3,在下列情況下用 the所談論的人或物是讀者或聽者已知曉的且易于辨認的。用或不用冠詞的短語英語有許多短語中冠詞的使用很難解釋清楚,所以需要牢記
可以省略。anNoarticleathome,atschool,gotowork,gotobed,havebreakfast/lunch,inhospital,和the連用的短語:atthestation,tothecinema,playthepiano,inthemorning/evening.和a連用的短語:haveabath/shower,havearest,haveacake,haveadrink.在國家和城鎮(zhèn)名稱前不用the但在河流,海洋和山脈名稱前要用the。必修三一、RelativeClausewithwhere,whenandwhy,where,when,why引導的定語從句關系副詞where,when引導的定語從句可提供時間和地點的信息,在reason后可用why引導的定語從句。+which/whom引導的定語從句關系代詞可做介詞的賓語,通常在 which和whom前加介詞即介詞+which/whom結構Thisisthebookforwhichheislooking.可以根據(jù)定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞來選介詞,也可以依據(jù)從句的相關動詞來選用。但在日常英語中,通常是吧介詞放在從句句末,省略關系代詞which和whomThetrain(which/that)I‘mtravellingonisforShanghai.二、形容詞和副詞的比較MoreandmoreLess/theleast不如/最不?The?the?越?就越?ThelessIworried,thebetterIworked.三、修飾形容詞比較級Much,alot,slightly,alittle,almost,abit,far,even,still,twice/threetimes?morethan/twicemuch/manyas/twicethe+n+of//三倍。四、狀態(tài)或動作動詞英語中動詞分為兩類:動作動詞和狀態(tài)動詞。動作動詞描述動作,可用于一般時態(tài)和進行時態(tài);狀態(tài)動詞描述狀態(tài),一般不用于進行時態(tài)。狀態(tài)動詞表達思維活動的動詞:admit,believe,know,mean,prefer,realize,remember,think,understand,want,表達情感的動詞:adore,care,like,dislike,love,hate,hopeappear,be,belong,contain,have,include,need,seem,possess,feel,hear,look,see,smell,sound,taste,有些狀態(tài)動詞也可以表示動作,在此意義上,Howareyoufeeling?感官動詞后用形容詞修飾二不用副詞。Theroseslookandsmellbeautiful.四、定語從句:definingandnon-defining限制性和非限制性定語從句Ⅰ.概念:定語從句:在主從復合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。先行詞:被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞,短語,或整個主句。關系詞的作用:引導定語從句,連接主句和從句,相當于一個連詞;必在從句中作某個句子成份(可以做主語,賓語,表語,定語,狀語)常用的關系代詞:that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文語,置于否定詞之后=that/who?not?沒,"有??不??",在從句中作主語,賓語)常用的關系副詞(在從句中只作狀語)whenwhywhereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowreasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定語從句三步:第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能(做主語、賓語或狀語);第三選擇合適的關系詞。Ⅱ.幾個關系代詞的基本用法:that:(whowhom時,相當于which)(一般不用于非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語)如:Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.)Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?Youcantakeanythingthat)youlike.(賓語)Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.She'snolongerthegirlthat)sheusedtobebefore(.表語)Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.which:指物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語,定語。如:Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather(.主語)Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting(.賓語)Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表語)Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench(.定語)Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.who,whom,whose:who:主格,在從句中作主語,在口語或非正式用法中作賓語 ;只可指人whom:賓格,在從句中作賓語;只可指人whose:屬格,在從句中作定語,可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主語)Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.代(he,they,any,those,all,oneChaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor(.賓語)He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan(.指人I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedcome關系代詞作介詞賓語:關系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時 ,介詞可放于從句之首 ,也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.(介詞前置,必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時,介詞必須放在句末.)Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcompareuntilourinformationage.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforIsthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.afterlook構成固定詞組,不可前置。looklookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)as的用法:(as引導定語從句,在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語 )①如為限制性的,多用于thesame?as;thesame;assuch?as?;asmany/muchas;so?as等結構中。如:※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have)我.有一本和你的一樣的書。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.關(系代詞as和指示代詞same連用,在從句中用作表語,先行詞是same.).---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比較:Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比較:Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定語從句)Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit(.結果狀語從句)②如為非限制性的,多單獨引導一個定語從句,這種定語從句可置于句首,句中或句尾,譯為"。(know,see,expect,pointout,Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth(as)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主語)=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealthasweallknow(.as語)=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(賓語,先行詞是前面整個句子)Ⅲ.關系副詞引導的定語從句:When(如:time,day,tear,month,etc.)HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.""whenwhenwhichthatwhichthat在從句中作主語或賓語。Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy(.作狀語Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作賓語)Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmyThereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.Whereplace,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive."wherewhichthat引導,which/that在從句中作主語或賓語。比較:※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作狀語)Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlysafely.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplaceisnowpartofHubei.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作賓語)Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysworthvisiting.Why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為 reason時,可用forwhich指代;當系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時,則用 which或that引導。如:Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasIdon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作賓語)Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?(作主語Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate..Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.表(語從句)(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.定(語從句)當先行詞為way時,定語從句常用that,inwhich,或how引導,that??梢允÷?。way后的定語從句的引導詞不用時較多。但如果關系詞在句中作主語或賓語時,則用which或that引導。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhich Idosuchthings.Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:形式上,非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。語法上,非限制性定語從句一般不用that.個句子就不完整或者會改變意思;而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關系不是很緊密,對先行詞起補充說明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.這就是我最喜歡的那本書。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800yearsisrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中國八百年之久的古都,它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。翻譯時,限制性定語從句可譯為一句("的"字結構);可譯為兩句。(見上句翻譯)比較:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.who,whom,whosewhichwhose;when,where,why,etc.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.Ⅴ.幾個易混淆的關系代詞的比較 :that&which:在定語從句中,which和that在指代事物時,一般可以互換使用,但并非在任何情況下都是這樣,這里介紹宜用that,而不宜用which的情況.①先行詞為不定代詞,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalYoucantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTai2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行詞既有人又有物,用which和who都不適合,這時宜用 that.如:1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwoarestillalive.⑦如果有兩個從句,其中一個關系代詞已用 which,另一個關系代詞宜用 that,以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧疑問詞是who或which,關系代詞宜用that,以避免重復。Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?⑨主句是Therebe結構,修飾其主句的定語從句宜用 that作關系代詞.如:1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑩被修飾成分為表語時,或者關系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時,該關系代詞宜用that.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況:①當關系代詞的前面有介詞時.1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?②在非限制性定語從句中.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularincountry.(which)③在一個句子中有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關系代詞用了 that,另一個宜用which.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.④當關系代詞后面帶有插入語時.1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.that,whichthatwhichsheislooking⑥先行詞是those+復數(shù)名詞.(B)who&that:who和that指代人時,有些情況宜用 who,而不宜用that①先行詞為anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people時.如:ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce4.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.②在Therebe結構中,修飾主語的定語從句宜用關系代詞 who指代人.如:Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.③當先行詞有較長的后置定語時.如:1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.that,who,.如:1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandveryhard.as&which:as&which引導非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:①位置的不同:which引導的定語從句只置于所限制的 句子后;as位置較靈活,也就是說 as可置于所限的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。如:Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman或Jackisanhonestmanasknow.Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行詞的不同:as引導非限制性定語從句時,其先行詞多為一個句子;which引導非限制性定語從句時,其先行詞可以是一個詞,一個短語或一個句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行詞是一個詞)Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomHewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行詞是一個句子)Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.③as一般譯為"正如""就像","這一點"asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.五、現(xiàn)在完成進行時presentperfectcontinuous用法:1.過去開始的反復或正在進行的尚未完成的動作I‘vebeengoingeverywherebybikeforthelasttwomonths.2.最近的過去開始的對現(xiàn)在又影響的動作。He?sbeendoinghisscienceprojectallnight.(that‘swhyhe‘ssosleepy,Form:形式Subject+have/has+been+-ingYou‘vebeenstudyingvery六、Presentperfectandpresentperfectcontinuous我們用現(xiàn)在完成時談論一個完成的動作,用現(xiàn)在完成進行時談論未完成的動作。別是解釋動作可見的結果時。HehasrunthreetimesHehasbeenrunningforanhour.七、現(xiàn)在完成時和時間狀語現(xiàn)在完成時使用下列時間狀語: .before,ever,never,seldom,sometimesoften,usually,just,has/have有時放在句末。already用在陳述句中(一般在have之后)yet用在疑問句和否定句中(常放在句末)for,since,allmylifeFor說明動作的時間長度,since說明動作的起點。八、too加形容詞,not+形容詞+enoughToo+too+not+enough結構。九、形容詞的順序Quality–size/age/shape-color-origin-madeof-type/usage-nounBeautifullongbrownhairMetalhalf-moonglassesOldFrenchcar10、Articles 冠詞 a/an1,冠詞a/an用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,泛指某人某事,并把該人該事作為一群2,第一次談論某事時用冠詞 a/an。The,定冠詞1Thecarisdirty.2,談論世上獨一無二的事物。3,河流,海洋,山脈和群島名稱前, theNile.4,單數(shù)名詞表達整個種類時,Thewhaleisthebiggestmammal.5,形容詞談論享有同一特征的群體時,Noarticle1,在表示泛指的復數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前2,在洲,城鎮(zhèn), 湖泊,單座山脈,單個島嶼和國家名稱前 ,,3,機場,車站,街道的名稱前
/一種的例子時。4,在復數(shù)形式的國名和國名中含有一個普通名詞的國家名稱前要加
the.必修四some/any/no;alotof/many/much;thereis/are可數(shù)名詞有單,復數(shù)形式,而不可數(shù)名詞只有單數(shù)形式。Some,any,no,alotof是數(shù)量詞,用在可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞前。通常 some用于肯定句,any用于否定句。Much和alittle用于不可數(shù)名詞前Ineedsomenewshoes.Idon‘thaveanymoney.Wehaven‘tboughtmuchsugar. Thereisalittlemilkleft.Many和afew用于可數(shù)復數(shù)名詞前Therearen‘tmanyquietplacenowadays.Iinvitedafewfriendstomybirthdayparty.Alotof用于可數(shù)復數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前。 Much和many主要用于否定句Notmanypeoplecometoherparty.Hehaven‘tgotmuchhomeworktonight.表示某處有某物時常用 thereis/are結構。二、allnone,bothneither,是限定詞,all用于復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前表示人或物種的每一個或全部整體。All(of)theplayersarefit. Sheateall(of)herrice.Nounof用于復數(shù)名詞或the+集合名詞前,和noun連用得動詞可以使單數(shù)或復數(shù),但總是肯定形式。表達兩人或兩物時,用bothof和neitherof。三、another,other,theother,thesecond.Another,other,theother,second是限定詞,another用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示―又一個‖或另外一個,其他一種。Other,用于復數(shù)名詞前,表示另外的,更多的。Thereareotherroutestoschoolbutthisisthenicestone.四、Infinitives不定式不定式todo在句中可做主與,表語,賓語,賓語補足語,定語和狀語。Itisusefultoknowhowtodrive.(賓補)Thebestwaytolearnaforeignlanguageistomakefriendswithaforeigner定.(Ineedtoattendthemeeting.賓()在特定動詞后,不定
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