雅思閱讀-小標(biāo)題-list-of-heading

LECTURETHREE

小標(biāo)題Firstthingsfirst基礎(chǔ)較好,Listofheading則一般先做Listofheading題出現(xiàn)在文章前，要特別注意不要漏做在真實考試中，每個標(biāo)題只用一次例子中已經(jīng)選過的段落可以直接去掉注意不要寫串答案3possibilities

Heading兩大解題方法：1.文章著手:

抓住文章每段的主題句,（特殊：把握具體名詞的所屬類別）2.選項著手:A:抓住每個heading中的KEYWORDSB:判斷heading的語法邏輯關(guān)系

判斷原則:正確的heading一般都是文章主題句的改寫或濃縮替換現(xiàn)象十分明顯1.文章具體，選項更抽象概括2.文章措辭更難Method1:查找topicsentence1.readthe1st,2ndandlastsentenceofeveryparagraphtofindthetopicsentence2.checkwhichheadingcorrespondswiththetopicsentenceFollowthefollowingprocedureThe1st,2nd&theLastSentencesTopicSentenceMainIdeaMostsuitableHeadingListofHeadingsIII主題句與支持句練習(xí)

Inagrowingnumberofhotelsandskyscrapersacrossthenation,steelwallshavereplacedthefoot-thickbrickandmortarwallsonceused.Testsshowthatasteelwallfourinchesthickhasbetterinsulatingqualitiesthana12-inchthicknessofmasonry.Inaddition,steel-curtainwallpanelssavebothtimeandlabor.Andthefloorspaceconservesredbyuseofthethinwallasagainstthethickwallinabigofficebuildingcanmeanacoupleofhundreddollarsayearinrentals.Topicsentenceandsupportingdetails?Topicsentence:agrowingnumberofhotelsandskyscrapersusesteelwallsinsteadofbrick-and-mortarwalls.Supportingideas:1)Asteelwallhasbetterinsulatingproperties.2)Steelwallpanelssavetimeandlabor.3)Asteelwallconservesfloorspace.SomeShortcuts主題句一定是包含性最強的句子1.例句不是主題句2.問句不是主題句3.從句不是主題句4.明顯包含細節(jié)的句子不是主題句5.however出現(xiàn)后看后半句6.sbbelieve/hold/imply等引導(dǎo)的賓從是主句7.Inspiteof/despite,看后半句8.平行關(guān)系的段落沒有主題句段落主題句還可能是：定義句型：

Aisdefinedas…/isknownas…Ais…/Namely/Thatis…/Thisis…ExercisesfindtopicsentencesSeeP110特例：notopicsentenceMasteryoftheme

主旨＝Topic＋趨勢TopicTopic是段落的中心，是整段描述的重點。Feature:1.某特定單詞反復(fù)出現(xiàn)2.以指代詞形式出現(xiàn)3.以同義詞/近義詞/同類詞的形式出現(xiàn)1.某特定單詞反復(fù)出現(xiàn)Animalscanmoveformplacetoplace,butplantscannot.Whenananimalisunderattack,itcanrunawayorfightback.Plantscertainlycannotrunaway,andtheylackteethandclaws.Butplantscandefendthemselvesbyusingbothphysicalandchemicalmeans.2.以指代詞形式出現(xiàn)

Tropicalfisharebecomingincreasinglypopular.Variedincolor,theyaredecorativeforhomes,officesandevenstorewindows.Therisingofsuchfishisrecommendedasarelaxinghobbyforpeopleinjobsinvolvingmuchtension.Manyhobbyistshavemademoneybybreedingthosefishvarietiesforwhichthereisaspecialdemand.3.以同義詞/近義詞/同類詞形式出現(xiàn)SydneyishometothestateArtGalleryofNewSouthWales,theSateConservatoriumofMusic,theAustralianOpera,theSydneyDanceCompany,andtheAustralianBallet.Theworld-classSydneySymphonyOrchestraoffersgreatclassicalmusicallyearround.Localtheatreiscreativeandwellsupported,andlarge-scaleoverseasproductionstourregularly.特例：notopicsentence某些段落主題句不明顯，是一系列細節(jié)的羅列，此時需要歸納出它們所屬的類別。ParagraphC:Thereisatoasteroven,ablender,andacanopenerononecounter.Ihaveamicrowaveovenonanother.Inmycupboard,youcanfindamixerandahotairpopcornpopper.Onthefarsideofthekitchen,thereisacoffeemachineandcoffeegrinder.Heading4kitchenutensilsMoreexamplesSeeparagraphvinPage9Example:Part1 Questions1–4 ReadingPassage1hasfoursections,A-D. Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow. Writethecorrectnumberi-viiiinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.Part2Part3 1

SectionA

2

SectionB

3

SectionC

4

SectionDPractice1 Questions1-5 ThefollowingpassagetitledGovernmentRoleinEnvironmentalManagementhassixsectionsA-F. ChoosethecorrectheadingforsectionsA-DandFfromthelistofheadingsbelow. Writethecorrectnumberi-ixinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.SectionASectionBSectionCSectionD

Example

Answer SectionE viSectionFSectionATheroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidisetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetoconfrontthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.Mostsuitableheadingv Governmentsandmanagementoftheenvironment

SectionBNoactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth'ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet'slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilisersinthe1970sand1980s.MostsuitableheadingviiFarmingandfoodoutputSectionCAlltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentalimpacts.

Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilisersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil'sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthaninAmerica.

Mostsuitableheadingii TheenvironmentalimpactofmodernfarmingSectionDGovernmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense:about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer'seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilisersandpesticides.FertiliserusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.

ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilisersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertiliseruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-clearingandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwasthesubsidytomanagesoilerosion.Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountriestheyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidised-andgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.MostsuitableheadingviiTheeffectsofgovernmentpolicyinrichcountriesSectionEInpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilisersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheInternationalRiceResearchInstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear'spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilisers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilisersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.AnswerviTheeffectsofgovernmentpolicyinpoorcountriesSectionFAresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld'sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerornon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmentaleffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmorefarmersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandtheincentiveto

managetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatis

important.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.Mostsuitableheadingi.TheprobableeffectsofthenewinternationaltradeagreementPractice2ListofheadingsParagraphAMostsuitableheadingx TransportdevelopmentssparkamajorchangeParagraphBMostsuitableheadingviiiDifferentinallaspectsParagraphCMostsuitableheadingvThebasisforanewdesignwasbornMethod2:AnalysisofheadingsA:分析每個heading的核心詞匯,

反向去推斷相應(yīng)段落的可能內(nèi)容

分析1.Heading中有either…or,and等表示并列平行關(guān)系,相應(yīng)段落會同時談到幾方面2.有because則相應(yīng)段落會出現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系詞匯3.含有反義詞的Heading會談到正反兩方面內(nèi)容如:Twofactorshaveledtoabroaderrangeofoptionsforalladequateandinadequateexplanationof…特殊heading：含有rate/ratio/proportion/percentage等詞的Heading往往對應(yīng)%多的段落含有number/figure/statistics/demographics等詞的Heading往往對應(yīng)數(shù)字集中的段落含有financial/business/income/revenue/salary/wage/commercial等詞的Heading往往對應(yīng)￥$符號多的段落

特殊Heading：TWINS：兩個Headings形式相同或者互成反義選項,其中必有一個是正確答案

Practice3(P31)RapidPoliceResponse

(Students’Coursebook)PleaseanalyzetheheadingsinP31andinferwhatitscorrespondingparagraphmightbeaboutRapidpoliceresponseLmunicatingresponsetimetopeoplerequestinghelp5.whenrapidresponseisorisnotneeded6.roleoftechnologyinimprovingpoliceresponse7.responsetimeandsuccessofresponse8.publicdemandforcatchingcriminals9.obstac