閱讀理解專題一 猜測詞義

閱讀理解專題一---猜測詞義

猜測詞義是考生閱讀理解能力的一個重要方面.NMET

閱讀理解主要測試考生根據(jù)上下文和構詞法知識猜出生詞詞義或舊詞新意的能力.

猜測生詞的方法⑴根據(jù)構詞法猜測英語中的構詞法主要有三種：（Derivation）（Conversion）（Compounding）派生轉化合成①派生：由一個詞根加上前綴或后綴構成一個新的單詞，該法是猜測英語單詞的主要方法。A.加前綴dis-,in-,re-,un-,non-,B.加后綴–able,-al,-an,-ful,-ive,-er,-ese,-ist,-ment,-ness,-tion,-fy,-ian,-ing,-is(z)e,-ly,-teen,-ty,-th,-y如：unconditional，意為“無條件的”②轉化：由某一詞性轉達化成另一詞性，其意義也發(fā)生一定的變化。Iwasaskedtominutetherace.“minute”轉化成動詞，意為“為……計時”hand(n.)—hand(v.)empty(adj.)—empty(v.)Themansittinginthechairchairedthemeeting.③合成：兩個或兩個以上的單詞組成一個新的單詞。如：blackboard,man-made,overthrow④首字母縮略ISBN：VIP：InternationalStandardBookNumber國際標準圖書編號veryImportantperson貴賓、大人物⑤混合詞brunch:smog:⑥其他VS：XL:breakfast+lunch早午餐smoke+fog煙霧versus(=against)BrazilVSChinaextralarge⑵根據(jù)上下文猜測沒有上下文，就沒有生詞的含義，不同的上下文會使一個相同的單詞含義截然不同。根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞常?？梢越柚ㄕZ從句、同位詞、并列關系、因果關系、轉折關系等等來確定。①利用解釋作為從上下文猜詞的線索,即根據(jù)定義猜詞.對生詞的解釋,往往能夠明確地告訴我們這個詞的準確意思。常用的關鍵詞和句型有：

...means表示......的意思，意指

...is/are......是

...,which...,where...is/arecalled被叫做

...is/areknownas被稱為...canbedefinedas可被定以為

例如：(a)Desertcanbe

definedasalargeareaoflandwherethereisnotenoughrainandvegetationtosupporthumanlife.(b)A

linguist,anexpertonlanguages,isalwayslistening.根據(jù)上下文,后一句是前面劃線部分生詞的定義(同位語),即語言學家.②利用舉例作為從上下文猜詞的線索。文章的作者常常通過列舉一些名詞或事例來說明他在文章中所用的一個詞。常見的關鍵詞有：suchas例如like像，如especially尤其是forinstance例如forexample例如例如：Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.③利用重述作為上下文猜詞的線索。當作者不能肯定讀者能夠理解他的意思時，他會用另外一種方式陳述自己的觀點。常見的用來表示重述的詞或短語有：

toputitanotherway

換句話說or....即，或者說thatis也就是說thatistosay也就是說inotherwords換句話說例如：

(a).Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain,thefarmershavetoirrigate,orwater,theirfields.(b)

Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是"脆"的意思。④利用近義詞的線索。作者可能會用一個近義詞或者同義詞去解釋另一個更難的詞，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近義詞往往出現(xiàn)在同一句或者同一段落中。

例如：Atthebeginningtheydidnothaveenough

capital

tostartabusiness,norweretheyabletoborrowtheamountofmoneytheyneededfromthebank.⑤利用反義詞作為猜詞的線索。作者常常用反義詞來使文章更具表現(xiàn)力，我們可以利用反義詞作為線索去猜句中出現(xiàn)的生詞的意思。例如：Metalexpands

whenheatedandcontractswhencooled.從句子結構看，expand與contract相對應，whenheated與whencooled相對應。因為加熱與使冷卻是相反的動作，那么expand與contract也應該是相反的。Music，forinstance，wasonceasgroupsexperience.…Formanypeoplenow，however,musicisanindividualexperience.析:該句將人們現(xiàn)在對音樂的欣賞和過去對音樂的欣賞做比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)過去人們以群體的形式欣賞音樂而現(xiàn)在則單個人在家里欣賞。⑥利用對比關系猜詞.

例如:Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一詞表轉折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天"第一節(jié)上了一半才來"，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向"準時"的結論。⑦利用因果關系猜詞.

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.從后面的結果"永遠不能再運動"中，可以推測permanent的意思為"永遠的，永久的"。歷年高考題1.Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolorsturnedthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.(2004年NMET全國，廣東卷)65.Theunderlinedpart“thecolorsturnedthecustomersoff”(inPara.3)meansthatthecolors_______.attractedthecustomersstronglyhadweakeffectsonthecustomersC.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingD.causedthecustomerstoloseinterest通過因果法可知答案為Ｄ２.(NMET2003,C篇,65)Fermat’sLastTheorem(定理).FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcole

Polytechnique.65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.

解析:同義法．由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具數(shù)學頭腦的科學家絞盡腦汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled處于同等并列關系，據(jù)此推斷出baffle為使困惑、難倒、難以理解的意思。故答案為B。3.(NMET2002,E篇,74)Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword‘hassle’probablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests．解析:反義法．由前句的否定doesn’t與后句的肯定canbe這一對比關系，可以推斷出,為了慶祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻煩,可以買一個生日開心包。hassle的意思應該與fun相反,而與difficulty,trouble等相近。故答案為C。Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computerliterate”.Butnotallexpertsagreethatthisisagoodidea.Theysay…tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem“peopleliterate.”(NMET1999)Wecaninferfromthetextthat“computerliterate”means_____.A.

beingabletoaffordacomputer.B.

BeingabletowritecomputerprogramsCWorkingwiththecomputerandfindingoutitsvalueD.Understandingthecomputerandknowinghowtouseit.DOnemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.(NMET2000)Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“Quitethereverse”?

A.Quiteright.B.Trueenough.C.Mostunlikely.D.Justtheopposite8.Thelargestplayer---ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCenteroffersawidevarietyofchoices---deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches.Santanasedansarethebigfavorite.(NMET2001)Thewords“deluxesedans”,“minivans”and“stationwagons”usedinthetextreferto___.A.carsinthemarkingB.carrentingfirmsC.carsforrentD.carmakersC4.In1066theNormansledbyWilliamdefeatedtheSaxonsandbegantheirruleoverEngland.Foraboutacentury,Frenchbecametheofficiallanguage.EnglandwhileOldEnglishbecamethelanguageofpeasants.Asaresult,EnglishwordsofpoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman.Insomecases,modernEnglishevenshowsadistinction(區(qū)別)betweenupper-classFrenchandlower-classAnglo-Saxoninitswords.Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefoods,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.(NMET2001,D篇,68)68.Whichofthefollowinggroupsofwordsare,byinference,rootedinFrench?A.president,lawyer,beef

B.president,bread,waterC.bread,field,water

D.folk,field,cow

解析：釋義法.由EnglishwordsofpoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman.可知英語的政治和法律詞匯多來源于法語，所以president,lawyer來源于法語。由meat,athomereadytobecooked,showsthefactthattheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.可知英語涉及食品的詞匯具有一種特殊的區(qū)分：是在農田中放牧飼養(yǎng)的，還是在家庭里屠宰烹飪后端上餐桌的。例如：豬、牛、羊、鹿在放牧飼養(yǎng)時用本族語稱為swine,ox,sheep,deer；但在屠宰烹飪后就用法語稱pork,beef,mutton,venison。所以beef來源于法語。故答案為A。Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun….(NMET2002)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?A.partydesignedbyspecialistsB.

.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.

asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.

ademandmadebyguests(A)

Recently,studieshavebeenundertakentodetermineifarelationshipexistsbetweenviolenceontelevisionandviolenceinthestreetsofAmerica.Moreandbetterresearchisneededtoassessfullytheeffectsofexposuretoviolenceonhumanbehavior;Exerciseshowever,earlyresultsseemtoindicatethatcertainelementsofsocietyareinfluencednegativelybywhattheyseeontelevision.Theword"assess"couldbestbereplacedbyA.undertaken B.determine C.indicate D.influence∨

RememberthatPeopleonlinemaynotbewhotheyseem.Becauseyoucan'tseeorevenheartheperson.Itwouldbeeasyforsomeoneto

misrepresent

himself/herself.Thussomeonewhosaysthat"sheisa12-year-oldgirl."couldreallybeanoldman.

(B)makingawrongjudgmentaboutB.understandingsomebodywronglyC.givingawrongdescriptionof D.formingawrongopinionabout

∨

(C)

I'maresoluteman.OnceIsetupagoal,Iwon'tgiveitupeasily.A.frighten B.braveandcareless C.firm D.angry

∨