2019考研英語閱讀kk三步法何-翻譯講義

考研文章和類型總覽 考研英語翻譯解題的基本流程 翻譯技巧的講 2018考研英語翻譯2017考研英語翻譯2016考研英語翻譯2015考研英語翻譯2014考研英語翻譯2013考研英語翻譯2012考研英語翻譯2011考研英語翻譯2010考研英語翻譯2009考研英語翻譯2008考研英語翻譯2007考研英語翻譯2006考研英語翻譯2005考研英語翻譯2004考研英語翻譯2003考研英語翻譯2002考研英語翻譯2001考研英語翻譯2000考研英語翻譯1999考研英語翻譯1998考研英語翻譯1997考研英語翻譯1996考研英語翻譯1995考研英語翻譯1994考研英語翻譯2018英語二翻譯2017英語二翻譯2016英語二翻譯2015英語二翻譯2014英語二翻譯1994科學(xué)技術(shù)之關(guān) ●1995標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考1996科研的發(fā) ●1997動物權(quán)1998宇宙大理 ●1999歷史的定2000與社會發(fā) ●2001未來科技發(fā)2002行為科學(xué)研 ●2003社會科學(xué)人類2004語言與思 ●2005大眾傳媒的發(fā)2006●2007法律教2008達爾文介 ●2009青年人教育模2010經(jīng)濟與生態(tài)保 ●2011書籍介紹2012語言學(xué)研 ●2013園藝2014貝多芬音樂欣 ●2015早期文2016心理健 ●2017英語的使2018句 3.獨立成句 表達通順：2.賦予含義3.一、詞義的選擇1.the lectualequipmentofan2.thespecialpreserveof3.Hisfunction ogoustothatofa4.Hehasnotbeenchargedwiththe5.hedidnotacceptthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsaswell6.hisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode ernshis7.developedthe8.auniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocial9.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithality10.Thisabilityisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtoheala二、詞組的積累atthejumptothebeobligedtoonadailytakesortoutrestsauthorofpieceIntokilltwobirdswithonetolaughoffone’sanunchartedboundinanticipationof：預(yù)計到=becauseripout，撕毀，拆joiningthedotsmarksbout使誰出類拔萃/fund-raisingmethod募集bringAtoaclosebringtoacloseA（totheletterpangofsth:一陣flashofsth:Aflashinthepan:diedown：減弱；平NexttomaywellFrontedby；由…LikenAtoBAstemsfrom：源于Endup（with）（Noend=veryItupsetmenoendtohearthey’dsplitup.KeepyourendupMakeendsmeet:Attheendoftheday:bearthebruntof首當(dāng)其沖（brunt沖擊；主要沖力prepareAforBdeservingpeople3三、增詞的譯法Studiesservefordelight，forornamentandfor譯文1：“讀書服務(wù)于樂趣，服務(wù)于文采，服務(wù)于才23： 例句2：TheparkisThetaskdemandsastrategicThenewAmericanSecretaryofStatehasproposedaworldconferenceonfood 適應(yīng)→ 適應(yīng)→ 熱情→ →非常 善良→ 可愛→ 高明→ 討厭→ 滿意→ → 測量→ 管理→ 食宿→ 連接→ 飽和→ 準(zhǔn)備→ 補救→ 修改→ 活動→ 樣品→ 型號→ 問題→ →這些 內(nèi)容→ 指標(biāo)→ 情況→ 原因→例句并列的增補Youmayapply orby你可以親自去申請也可以寄 Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollution將會出現(xiàn)由機器人主持的電視聊天 .四、減詞的譯法Hewasonthewrong例句2：Hewasagainsttheplanfromthevery例句3：定語從句和同位語從句的先行詞JohnRobert’sprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided.約翰羅伯茨在2005 年自己的就職確認(rèn)聽證會上表達了中庸的法學(xué)思想，萬萬沒想到從那，他 .Behaviorists，incontrast，saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyeducationaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefar冬天來了，春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎一、詞的處（一）介詞的處（二）代詞的處（三）人名的處（四）名詞的處理（五）副詞的處（六）形容詞性詞的處二、成分的處（一）定語（從句）（二）同位語（從句）的處（三）狀語（從句）的處（四）插入語的處（五）形式主語的處（六）Therebe（七）語態(tài)的處（八）比較結(jié)構(gòu)的處一、（一）介詞的處理按字面含義翻譯Anappleonthetableintheriveragainstthedeclineofwholeeconomy翻譯為動詞Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollution例子1：Alitoresolvedthisbyconcludingthattheaggressiveproceduredoesnotviolatefederalstatutes.Changeofinformation,ifany,concerningthecontentsofthissectionwillbefoundinappendixattheendofthis譯文：關(guān)于這個部分的內(nèi)容方面的信息的改變，（如果有的話）都將會在這本書結(jié)束的附錄里面找到。 Smokingisprohibitedinpublic（二）hisbook找到具體指代對象再翻譯例句1：Onemusthavestudiedhardbeforeonecouldsucceedinmasteringaforeign【譯HecoveredhisfacewithhishandasiftoprotecthisWeliveand（三）人名的處理非常有名的人按習(xí)慣翻譯Beethoven；Einstein；Edison；Eason；Jay；I-可音譯的則音譯不可音譯的則直接抄英文（四）名詞的處理：按字面含義翻譯：轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞：動態(tài)名詞（1）有動詞含義的名（2）由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的名Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand，combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent，makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Notes：有時候動詞或者句子也會轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞：howdiverselanguagescouldbe.Howthisproductcouldbeproduced（五）副詞的處理：直譯：獨立成句：（六）形容詞性詞的處理正常含義轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞Ved：1.正常含2.獨立成句：介詞+ ng（介詞不翻譯）二、成分的處理（一）定語（從句）的處理定語從句的解決辦法前置如果定語結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，信息負(fù)載量不大，翻譯的時候前置后置如果定語（從句）結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，信息負(fù)載量比較大。多個定語的處理方式：groundbaseddetectorsattheSouth例句1：Theshark,ahugelysuccessfulfishinevolutionaryterms,withalineagedatingbackmorethan400millionyears,isunderrelentlessattackfromhumans.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.（三）狀語（從句）的處理狀語從句常常可以直接翻譯，但通常把時間、條件、讓步和原因狀從翻譯到主句之前（四）插入語的處理識別出具體成分以后再做處理比如：表觀點的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)做插入語則可以翻譯到句子開頭。例句：Butthat，Pearsonpointsout，isonlythestartofman-machine（五）形式主語的處理itisnoexaggerationtosaythat…不夸張的說itisreportedthat...據(jù)itisimportantthat...重要的是（六）Therebe把英語中的狀語翻譯成漢語后作主語，簡稱狀語變主語ThereisatempleontheTherearetwomonksinthetemple.Thereisacuponthetable.增加“人們、大家、我們”等漢語的泛指主語Thereisno翻譯為漢語的無主句（有、出現(xiàn)、存在TherewillbeawarmMetalsaredelibera ymixedtoproducehundredsofnewsubstanceswithdesirablequalitiesnototherwiseavailable.，可以產(chǎn)生數(shù)百種新物質(zhì)。這些物質(zhì)的特性合乎人們。ThefundscanbeonlyobtainedthroughwebsitenototherwiseOtherprocesseswillbediscussed Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago.自然選擇的作 Thisinstinctshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughed 例句6：Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.預(yù)測在多大程度上能為所取決于所用信息的數(shù)量，可靠性和適Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.（并列引起的省略）在這些得到解決以前，研究行為的技術(shù)就會繼續(xù) Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.1：Lovecannotbeforced.【譯文】愛情不能強5：Thequalityofourproductshasbeengreatly例6：Thecarhasbeencleaned.【譯文】汽車擦干凈例句1：Althoughlittleisknownabouthowhypnosisworks,ithasbeenmadeuseofinmedical雖 對 ，但該技術(shù)已用于臨床治療（Feelknowbelieveseehear）例句2：Theeducationprogramsshouldbeenrichedtoincludelifeskillsforhealth,safetyandenvironmentalawareness.應(yīng)該豐富教育計劃，將有利于健康的生活技能，安全問題和環(huán)境意識納入其中。例句：CopiesofKeynesaredustedoff,theFedlowersinterestrates,andtheandCongresscuttaxesandhikespending.Nolargeralterationstotheeconomyare（by等）后的賓語倒譯成漢語的主語；例句1：LightandheatcanbegiventousbytheHeatisremovedfromthebodyduring出汗 散發(fā)熱量Abundantexercisesandproblemsareprovidedinthisreference提供了大量的練習(xí)和問題Theactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitive（八）比較結(jié)構(gòu)的處理More+肯定，than+否定less+否定，than+肯定例句1：FuturistpoetryismoreofatransientphenomenonthanTheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitive例句1：HeearnsmoremoneythanhecanTheunemploymentratehasfallenfarfasteroverthepastyearthanthetepidrecoveriesinbothcountriesseemtojustify.Notso+原級+as…=less+原級+than…=not+JackislesscleverthanTom.JackisnotsocleverasTom.JackisnotclevererthanTom.例句2：Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwithteenagerstheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.雖然在與年輕人的接觸中我們?nèi)菀缀鲆曌约旱男袨閷λ麄兊男郧樗a(chǎn)生的影響，然而在與成年人打交道時這種情況就不那么容易發(fā)生。Notsomuch…notsomuchAasBAB。沒有比較的意思，只是單純的闡述觀點。TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectnotsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.企業(yè)缺乏的不是質(zhì)量控制的能力而是企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任qualitycontrolless…more…與其說…不如說Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.（InterestarisenlessthroughAmorefromB.雙方否定句Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinNobodywithanysenseexpectstofindthewholetruthinjobadvertisementanymorethanheexpectsamanapplyingforajobtodescribehis ingsandmoreseriousfaults.Heseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.7morethan①+數(shù)字：多于，超②+名詞、動詞：不僅僅，不③+形容詞、副詞：很，非例句1：TheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirManagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatinga刻意訓(xùn)練不只是涉及刻意的重復(fù)一項任務(wù)

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoShakespeare’slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.（46）BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and（47）noboywhowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thefirstpublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul’sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.（48）buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymenwithliteratureambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage-wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.（49）Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublicplayhousesestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.（50）Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.PartC（10莎士比亞出生之際，歐洲的戲劇正在消逝，古典悲劇和喜劇催生了一系列新戲劇形式任何文法學(xué)校的學(xué)生都知道戲劇是一種文學(xué)形式，它曾給希臘和羅馬帶來榮耀，而且也可能給英國帶來榮譽。但專業(yè)表演公司的常駐劇場生意興隆，有文學(xué)抱負(fù)的大學(xué)生很快奔向它們，并將其作為謀生。一種本土的戲劇文學(xué)就此誕生，并且它與公共劇院的已經(jīng)建立起來，至少一些偉為了認(rèn)識到戲劇活動曾有多么偉大，我們還必須記住，許多劇本業(yè)已丟失，而且很可能沒有任何一位知名劇作家的所有作品都留存至今。

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyontheANSWERSHEET.（10hasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurther,therearesignsthattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturalchangescouldstarttodiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,andUKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreathofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyfacenewpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavidGraddol.Hisysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethattheyounggenerationoftheUnitedKingdomdonotneedadditionallanguagecapabilities.DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableakeconomicfutureasqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareprovingtohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.Alongsidethat,（48）manycountriesareintroducingEnglishintotheprimary-schoolcurriculumbutBritishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotappeartobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinotherIflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesinlanguages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagessuchasJapanese,FrenchandGerman,spreads.（49）ThechangesidentifiedbyDavidGraddolallpresentclearandmajorchallengestotheUK’sprovidersofEnglishlanguageteachingtopeopleofothercountriesandtobroadereducationbusinesssectors.TheEnglishlanguageteachingsectordirectlyearnsnearly￡1.3billionfortheUKininvisibleexportsandourothereducationrelatedexportsearnupto￡10billionayearmore.Astheinternationaleducationmarketexpands,therecentslowdowninthenumberofinternationalstudentsstudyinginthemainEnglishspeakingcountriesislikelytocontinue,especiallyiftherearenoeffectivestrategicpoliciestopreventsuchslippage.Theanticipationofpossibleshiftsindemandprovidedbythisstudyissignificant.（50）ItgivesabasistoallorganizationswhichseektopromotethelearninganduseofEnglish,abasisforplanningtomeetpossibilitiesofwhatcouldbeaverydifferentoperatingenvironment.Thatisanecessaryandpracticalapproach.Inthisasinmuchelse,thosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.PartC（10但即使英語使用者的人群進一步擴大，依然有跡象表明在可預(yù)見的未來，英語在世界的主導(dǎo)地位可能會淡化。對于那些認(rèn)為英語的國際地位無懈可擊、所以覺得英國的年輕一代不需要學(xué)習(xí)其他語言的人而言，他的分析可能會給他們的驕傲自大畫上一個句號。許多國家正在將英語引入小學(xué)課程，但是英國學(xué)童和學(xué)生似乎沒有被地鼓勵去學(xué)會流利地使用其他語言。大衛(wèi)格拉多爾發(fā)現(xiàn)的變化對向其他國家提供英語教育的英國機構(gòu)及整個教育產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來了顯而易見的重大。這給所有致力于推廣英語學(xué)習(xí)和使用的機構(gòu)提供了一個制訂規(guī)劃的依據(jù)，讓我們能夠應(yīng)對未來可能會完全不同的操作環(huán)境里出現(xiàn)的各種可能性。

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10Mentalhealthisourbirthright.（46）Wedon’thavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormend,abrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itislikeimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon’tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.（47）Ourmentalhealthdoesn’tgoanywhere;likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromview,butitisfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem–confidenceinourselvesandanabilitytotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveonourlives-theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It’saformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.（48）Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheyareinpain,andwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheyare.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolvingproblems,resolving ,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,orcomingupwithacreativebusinessideaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.Itgivesuspatienceforourselves.Andtowardothersaswellaspatiencewhiledriving,catchingafish,workingonourcar,orraisingachild.Itallowsustoseethebeautythatsurroundsuseachmomentinnature,inculture,intheflowofourdailylives.（49）Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectingordinaryasyouwillseethatithasbeentheretodirectyouthroughallyourdifficultdecisions.Ithasbeenavailableeveninthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowyourightfromwrong,goodfrombad,friendfromfoe.Mentalhealthhascommonlybeencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom,commonsense,ortheinnervoice,wethinkofitsimplyasahealthandhelpfulflowofinligentthough.50）Asyouwillcometosee,knowingthatmentalhealthisalwaysavailableandknowingtotrustitallowustoslowdowntothemomentandlivelifehappily.我們沒有必要一定要學(xué)會如何做到心理健康，這種能力是與生俱來的，就好像我們的身體知道如何愈合傷口，如何修復(fù)斷骨一樣。我們的心理健康并不是真的離開了我們，它好像是云朵背后的陽光，暫時躲開了們的視線；但是它也可以在瞬間重回我們的視野心理健康使我們在他人遇到麻煩時給予同情，在他人痛苦時，展示好意無論他們是誰，都提供無條件關(guān)愛。你的生活中指導(dǎo)你面對各種的決定。幾句經(jīng)典的話：ButeverybodyknowsObamaneedsaliberaltostopthecourtfrommovingfurthertotherightthanitalreadyhasunderJohnRoberts,thepresentchiefjustice,amanmorestealth-bomberthanaircraft-carrier,whoseprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided.2）Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding，ofcourse，aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequa ythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.Anyoneconsideringtakingpartinaworkoftransformationofthoseformsofolderartwhichseemtousinmanywaysunsatisfactory,sothattheyshouldbemoreinturnwiththechangingtimes,andanyonewhodoesnotquailattheprospectofseekingoutnewformsofexpressionfornewmaterialsandnewbuildingfunction,willfindspiritualkinship,observing

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.（46）Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.（47）TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces—theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.（48）ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.（49）ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme ,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.（50）Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.46）在多種強大的動機驅(qū)動下，這次運動在一片荒野上建起了一個國家，從根本上講造了一個未知大陸的性格和命運47）是兩種主要力量的產(chǎn)物；第一種力量是：思想習(xí)俗、民族特色各異的歐洲；但具有著特有的地理條件,不同民族之間相互作用,在原始舊世界在15-16世紀(jì)的探索的一百多年之后，第一批乘船橫渡駛向現(xiàn)在的擁有豐富多樣樹種的原始森林是一個真正的寶庫，它從緬因州一直延伸到喬治亞州

SectionIIIReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothe atdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical, ,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.（46tisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicBeethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.（47）Byallaccountshewasafreethinking ,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.Thiscourageousattitudeinfact esarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.（48）Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviourandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.（49）Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofalexpression.Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofcatharsis.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.（50）OnecouldparaphrasemuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.大家都說（從各個方面來說，他都是個思想自由的勇者。我認(rèn)為理解他的作品必須具備這一品質(zhì)，演奏他的作品就更是如此。貝多芬習(xí)慣用漸強來增大音量，然后突然緊接舒緩的曲段，這是之前的作人們也以將貝多芬的大多數(shù)作品解釋成：苦難在所難免，但勇于抗?fàn)幗o生命

SectionIIIReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoItisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;（46）yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.（47）Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelygardens,theformer esallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.（48）Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.Insongtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand.Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofplants,oftrees,（49）mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagic.InmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterials,aninstitutionofcolors,smallpoolofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.（50）Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“l(fā)iberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia—ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife—assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.但是，當(dāng)一個人看到由無家可歸者所修建的花園時,他一定會被這些花園多樣風(fēng)格所打動，這些花園體現(xiàn)了裝飾和創(chuàng)造性表達之外的各種其他的基本需求這是一處神圣的平和之所，無論這個地方有簡陋，這也明顯是人類特有的無家可歸者建造的花園實際上就是沒有可循的花園，這種花園將一種建筑形式引入到了都市的環(huán)境之中，在這種環(huán)境下，這種形式之前要么是不存在的，要么就是沒有被這樣辨識出來。

SectionⅢReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.（46）Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseek