分詞專項講解及練習

分詞分詞是一種非謂語動詞形式。分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，可自帶狀語，有自己的邏輯主語，現(xiàn)在分詞還可以帶賓語，有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。它同時又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能，可以作表語、定語、狀語，也可以用于復合結構作賓語補足語等?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)如下表（如動詞do為例）：主動形式被動語態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone過去分詞一般式done無否定式：not+分詞現(xiàn)在分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的特性：正在進行的現(xiàn)在分詞:主動的、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：主動的被動的一般式完成時三、現(xiàn)在分詞的功能：A：做定語（分析分詞與的關系）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動及進行的含義，相當于定語從句。asleepingboyaboysleepingonthebed(=aboywhoissleepingonthebed)注意：1。單個的現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，放在被修飾詞的前面，即：前置現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語，放在被修飾詞的后面，即：后置2。在定語從句中，若關系代詞做主語且謂語動詞為be動詞+分詞，則可以把關系代詞和be動詞一起省略現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示動作正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生，或表示某個經常的動作或狀態(tài).Arollingstonegathersnomoss.Thegentlemanstandingoverthereisourprincipal.注意:1.現(xiàn)在分詞完成式一般不做定語。表示發(fā)生在位于動詞之前的動作，用定語從句。Thegirlhavingwontheraceismydeskmate.(X)Thegirlwhohaswonthematchismydeskmate.(V)2.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示動作正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生。Theexpertcominghereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.(X)Theexpertwhocamehereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture..(V)B：做表語：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質或特征(相當于一個adj)(分析分詞與的關系)有些動詞(并非所有動詞)的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞相當于一個形容詞如：動詞interest的現(xiàn)在分詞interesting和過去分詞interested已經可直接是adj做表語了，eg:Thebookisinteresting.Iaminterested(inthebook).這些動詞有：excite—exciting—excitedpuzzle—puzzling—puzzledmove—moving—movedfrighten—frightening—frightened

move—moving—movedtire—tiring—tiredtouch—touching—touchedtire—tiring—tiredtouch—touching—touchedsurprise—surprising—surprisedastonish—astonishing—astonishedC：做賓補：（分析分詞與的關系）bore—boring—boreddisappoint—disappointing—disappointedshock—shocking—shockedamaze—amazing—amazedIfoundhimlyingonthegrass.（him為lying的邏輯主語）在下列短語中，現(xiàn)在分詞都做賓補的成分：seehear/lookatsb.doingnotice/watch/observesb.doingfeelfind/have/keepeg,Isawthelittleboyplayingontheseasidejustnow.D.做狀語：（分析分詞與的關系）做時間狀語（相當于一個時間狀語從句）eg,Hearingthenews,hebegantocry.TOC\o"1-5"\h\z（=）做原因狀語（相當于一個原因狀語從句）eg,Havingnomoney,hedidn’tbuythedress.（=.）做條件狀語（相當于一個條件狀語從句）eg,Turningtotheleft,youwillfindthefarm.（=.）對比：totheleft,andyouwillfindthefhrm..（用turn的適當形式填空）做伴隨狀語（分詞短語擱在句前或句后均可）eg,Followinghisfather,heenteredtheroom.Or:Heenteredtheroom,followinghisfather.?做結果狀語eg,Hisparentsdiedintheaccident,leavinghimanorphan.四．現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)：對比：Hearingthenews,hebegantocry.一般式Havingheardthenews,hebegantocry.完成時：（強調“聽到”的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作“開始”之前。）Thenewschoolbeingbuiltnowisours.A.現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài).現(xiàn)在分詞一般式表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；或一個動作發(fā)生后，另一個動作緊接著發(fā)生。分詞的一般式常在書面語中用作背景的描寫。例如：Walkingdownthestreet,IranintoLily.Hearingthenews,Ijumpedwithjoy.Switchingoffthelights,Iturnedoverandburiedmyheadinthepillow.Livinginthecountry,wehadfewsocialengagements..現(xiàn)在分詞完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。Havingnoteddownournamesandaddresses,thepolicemandismissedus.Havingpassedmydrivingtest,Iwasabletobuymyfirstcar.Iwasabletobuymyfirstcar,havingpassedmydrivingtest..現(xiàn)在分詞一般式和完成式均可表示已完成的動作，但在說話人心中，用一般式把2個動作看做是幾乎同時發(fā)生，用完成式則強調2個動作的先后。例如：Lockingthedoor,shewentout.Havingstudiedintheuniversityforthreeyears,heknowstheplaceverywell..現(xiàn)在分詞的語態(tài)：①現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動語態(tài)強調動作正在進行中。例如：Thehousebeingbuiltwillbeourofficebuilding.Beingsurrounded,therebeltroopswereforcedtosurrender.②現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動語態(tài)強調先于謂語動詞。例如：Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.Nothavingbeeninvited,hefeltveryunhappy.③過去分詞也表示被動，但沒有強調動作先后的含義。例如：Theconcertgivenbythesymphonyorchestrawasagreatsuccess.Theyareproblemsleftoverbyhistory.Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.五、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式（在分詞前加not）eg,Nothearingfromhisson,theoldmanwassad.Notknowingheraddress,hedidn’tknowhowtogetintouchwithher過去分詞、過去分詞的特性：被動的過去分詞：［已完成的二、過去分詞的形式：done三、過去分詞的功能：A：做定語（分析分詞與的關系）a.及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動或完成的含義，相當于定語從句。Eg1.IreceivedaletterwritteninEnglish.receivedaletterwhichwaswritteninEnglish.Eg2:abrokencupacupbrokenbyLilei（=acupwhichisbrokenbyLilei）注意：1.單個的過去分詞做定語，放在被修飾詞的前面，即：前置過去分詞短語做定語，放在被修飾詞的后面，即：后置.在定語從句中，若關系代詞做主語且謂語動詞為be動詞+分詞，則可以把關系代詞和be動詞一起省略.有些不及物動詞的過去分詞表示主動的含義、完成的狀態(tài)，相當于定語從句。Thegroundiscoveredwiththefallenleaves.Thegroundiscoveredwithleaveswhichhavefallen.B：做表語：多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。（已相當于一個a可）（分析分詞與的關系Ifeltexhaustedthismorning.

1。1。部分已經在現(xiàn)在分詞講義中出現(xiàn)還有一些動詞的過去分詞能當形容詞使用，如：broken,seated,lost,dressed,hurt,developed,exhausted等C：做賓補：（分析分詞與的關系）Iconsideredtheproblemsettled.（problem為settled的邏輯主語）在下列短語中，過去分詞都做賓補的成分：seehearnoticesth.donewatch/observefeelfind/have/keep/get/leavesb.donehavesthdone使得某事被做（請人做）=getsthdoneeg,Ihadmybikerepairedyesterday.遭遇到某事eg,Ihadmybikestolenyesterday.D.做狀語：（分析分詞與主語的關系）做時間狀語（相當于一個時間狀語從句）eg,Praisedbytheteacher,LiLeifeltveryhappy.（=.）做原因狀語（相當于一個原因狀語從句）eg,Seenfromthetopofthehill,thehouselooksmall.（=.）做條件狀語（相當于一個條件狀語從句）eg,Givenmoretime,Icandoitbetter.(=)做讓步狀語(相當于一個讓步狀語從句)eg,Beatenbytheoppositeteam,theydidn’tloseheart.(=)做伴隨狀語(分詞短語擱在句前或句后均可)eg,1.Followedbyhisson,heenteredtheroom.(or:Heenteredtheroom,followedbyhisson.)2.Theywentbackhomeatlast,tiredbutexcited.四、對比：Praisedbytheteacher,LiLeifeltveryhappy.過去分詞Havingbeenpraisedbytheteacher,LiLeifelthappy.(現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時的被動態(tài)，強調“被表揚”的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作"felt”之前。)五、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞用法功能的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語①表示正在進行的主動動作。therisingsun=thesunthatisrising正在升起的太陽短語：asleepingchild熟睡的孩子boilingwater沸水afallingstar流星awaitingcrowd等待的人群increasingdemand日益增長的需求lastingpeace永久的和平②表示主動但不正在進行。Heisapromisingstudent.他是一個有前途的學生。短語：remainingdays乘U下的歲月atiringday勞累的天anembarrassingposition窘境guidingprinciple指導原貝Uneighboringcountry鄰國awalkingdictionary活字典過去分詞作前置定語①表示被動，且又是有已完成的含義。Therisensun=thesunthathasjustrisen初生的太陽Idon’tliketoeatfriedeggs.我不喜歡吃煎蛋。短語boiledwater開（過的）水awrittenreport書面報告②表示主動，且有完成的含義（僅限于某些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語）。Wherearetheescapedprisoners？那些逃犯在哪里？短語departedfriends離去的朋友asunkenship一艘沉船anfallenleaves落葉retiredworkers退休工人③過去分詞用在表示情緒的詞語中。例如：Hegaveasatisfiedsmile.他給了個滿意的微笑短語afrightenedglance驚恐的掃視apuzzled/anembarrassedexpression困惑的/尷尬的表情二分詞作表語1）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質或特征，?？捎胿ery修飾；過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。例如：Thenewsisveryinspiring.Youshouldn’ttrytostandupifyouarebadlyhurt.下列表示變成、保持、感覺等意義的動詞有系動詞的特征，可與某些現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞構成主系表結構：appear,become,come,feel,go,grow,go,lie,look,remain,rest,stay,sit,stand現(xiàn)在分詞:getgoing/chatting/movingremainstanding/listening過去分詞：becomeinterestedfeelpuzzledstayseated三）分詞作賓語補足語接分詞作賓語補足語的有以下2類動詞第一類包括feel,hear,listento,see,watch,lookat,notice,observe等感官動詞。例如：Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.說明：在以上感官動詞后，既可用現(xiàn)在分詞構成復合賓語，也可用不帶to的不定式構成復合賓語，但兩者的含義是有差別的。*主語+Feel/hear/listento/watchLJ卜*+賓語+doingsomethingSee/lookat/notice/observedo①用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語表示動作正在發(fā)生（即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結束，或是一個反復進行的動作）。Isawthegirlcrossingthestreet.我看到那女孩在橫穿馬路。Isawtheyoungmotherslappingherchild.我看到那個年輕的母親反復打她的孩子。②用不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語描述某個單一的動作，或表示動作發(fā)生了（即全過程結束了）。例如：Wesawayoungmotherslapherchildinthesupermarket.我們看到那個年輕的母親在超市打了一下他的孩子。Isawthegirlcrossthestreetandrunaway.我看到那個女孩穿過馬路跑了。第二類包括discover,find,smell,catch,get,have,keep,leave,send,set,start等表示發(fā)現(xiàn)、聞至U、致使的動詞。例如：IdiscoveredMr.Jacksittingnearthefires,readingabook.Thevictorysentourspiritsrising.接過去分詞作賓語補足語的有以下3類動詞：第一類包括see,hear,watch,find,feel,consider等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動詞。例如：Wefoundhergreatlychanged.Iconsideredthisproblemsettled.第二類包括get,have,keep,leave,make,等表示使役、致使的動詞。例如：Itrytomakemyselfunderstood.Pleasekeepmeinformedofthelatestdevelopments.Shewillgetthefencemended.第三類包括declare,like,need,order,want,wish等表示要求、希望、命令的動詞。例如：Hedeclaredthe2008BeijingOlympicGamesclosed.Ishouldlikethematter(tobe)settledimmediately.Thecommanderorderedthearmyunit(tobe)reorganized.Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Doyouwishyourbreakfast(tobe)broughttoyourroom?四)分詞作狀語1．分詞作狀語，表示原因、時間、條件時一般放在句首，如作為方式狀語或伴隨狀態(tài)時，放在句首句尾均可。Readingtheletter,shecouldn'thelpcrying.此句分詞作原因狀語；Shesatatthetable,readingaletter.2.分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。Filledwithexcitement,thisismorethananovelaboutwaratsea.（原因）Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thuscausingthedelay.（結果）United,westand,divided,wefail.（條件）Exercisingeverymorning,youwillimproveyourhealth.（條件）分詞的否定式分詞的否定式總是將否定詞not置于分詞之前，遇上現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式、被動式以及完成被動式，否定詞應置于整個結構之前：NotbeingabletounderstandEnglish,hedidn’tknowwhattheywanted.Nothavingfinishedhiswork，hecouldnotleavetheoffice.分詞的邏輯主語何謂分詞的邏輯主語分詞屬非謂語動詞，即不用作謂語的動詞，所以它沒有真正的主語。但是，分詞作為動詞的一種形式，它應有自己理論上或邏輯上的主語：Ioftenhearhimsingingthissong,我經常聽他唱這首歌。（him是singing的邏輯主語）Hearingthenews,hecouldn,thelpcrying.聽到這消息，他禁不住哭了。（he是hearing的邏輯主語）若用的是過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式，則上面提到的邏輯主語實為“邏輯賓語”：Ioftenhearthissongsung.我經常聽到有人唱這首歌。（thissong是sung的邏輯主語，但是sing的邏輯賓語）Isawherbeingtakentotheoperatingroom.我看見她被送至U手術室。（her是beingtaken的邏輯主語，但是take的邏輯賓語）使用分詞邏輯主語的易錯點分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語通常應是句子主語，否則會出錯。請看下例：Findinghercarstolen,.A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelpB.theareawassearchedthoroughlyC.itwaslookedforeverywhereD.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp在使用分詞的邏輯主語時還要注意根據(jù)句意判斷是主動還是被動，如：manytimes,hestilldidn’tunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.ThoughtobetoldC.HavingtoldD.Hewastold比較下題由于句中用了并列連詞but，情況有所不同:manytimes,buthestilldidn’tunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.ThoughhewastoldC.TohavebeentoldD.Hewastold分詞邏輯主語的特例一般說來，分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語應與句子主語一致，但事實上有少數(shù)例外的特殊情況：某些表示說話人態(tài)度的一些慣用分詞表達，它們在用作狀語時其邏輯主語可以與句子主語不一致：Generallyspeaking,womenlivelongerthanmen.一般說來女人比男人活得長。Judgingfromwhatyousay，heoughttosucceed.從你的話看他應當能成功。Consideringthedistance，hearrivedveryquickly.考慮到路程，他到達是很快的。Takingeverythingintoconsideration,youshouldleave.考慮到各種因素，你最好離開。(2)當句子含有先行主語it或there時，有時有作狀語的分詞短語可以與先行主語不一致：Havingsolittletime,therewasnotmuchthatIcoulddo.由于時間很少，我能做的事很有限。BeingFrench,it’ssurprisingthatshe’ssuchaterriblecook.她是法國人，但她做飯做得那么糟真是令人感到驚奇。當分詞已轉化為介詞或連詞，此時也無需考慮主語一致問題：Supposingshedoesn'tcome,whatshallwedo?要是她不來我們怎么辦?(supposing為連詞，意為“假若”)Giventheirinexperience,they’vedoneagoodjob.考慮到他們沒有經驗，這工作已做得很不錯了。(given為介詞，意為“考慮到”)(4)當分詞暗含的邏輯主語為表示泛指意義的one或you時，也無需考慮主語的一致性問題：Indoingsuchwork,patienceisneeded.做這種工作需要耐心。(=Whenonedoessuchwork,patienceisneeded.)分詞的獨立主格結構在通常情況下，分詞作狀語時它的邏輯主語應與句子主語一致，若不一致，則應改用其他句型，如：誤：Crossingtheroad,acarknockedhimdown.正：Crossingtheroad,hewasknockeddownbyacar.過馬路時他被車撞倒了。正:Whenhewascrossingtheroad,acarknockedhimdown.他過馬路時車子把他撞倒了。解決狀語分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分詞前加一個名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱分詞的獨立主格結構：Thejobfinished,wewenthome.工作結束后我們就回家了。Theweatherbeingfine,wewentswimming.天氣很好，我們就去游泳了。Hebeingabsent,nothingcouldn’tbedone.由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。以上各句的thejob,theweather,he等不能省略。練習一、選擇Anyonebags,boxes,orwhatever,wasstoppedbythepolice.A.seencarryB.seencarryingC.sawtocarryD.sawcarryingTheplanecrashed,all200peopleaboard.A.killedB.havingkilledC.killingD.hadkilledWesolvedtheproblembyreducingourcostsandmoremoney.A.borrowedB.borrowingC.wouldborrowD.hadborrowedIaskedthebossforamonth’sholidayand,itornot,heagreed.A.believeB.tobelieveC.believingD.believedThenewmanagerstartedlastweek,withhimplentyofnewideas.A.bringingB.broughtC.tobringD.tohavebroughtAnystudentwillbedisqualifiedfromtheexam.A.catchingcheatingB.catchingtocheatC.caughtcheatingD.caughttocheatShereadtheletterthroughbeforesendingit,forspellingmistakes.A.checkedB.tobecheckingC.checkingD.havingcheckedBeforeyoudecidetoleaveyourjob,considertheeffectitwillhaveonyourfamily.A.considerB.consideringC.toconsiderD.consideredIfyou’regoingonalongcarjourney,surethevehicle’singoodcondition.A.makingB.tomakeC.makeD.havingmadetheroadroundtotherightandyou’llfindhishouse.A.FollowB.FollowingC.TobefollowingD.HavingfollowedHearrivedattheofficeearly,agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingsetHepushedhiswaythroughthecrowd,“Excuseme.”A.tosayB.saidC.sayingD.havingsayingThefilmstarwalkedtohiscar,acrowdofjournalists.A.followedbyB.followingbyC.tofollowD.tobefollowedby—WhereisDavid?—Heisupstairsreadytogoout.A.togetB.gettingC.tobegettingD.havinggotIfyougotherealoneafterdarkyoumightbeget.attackedandrobbedB.attackingandrobbingtoattackandrobD.tobeattackedandrobbedShegetsaboutquitealot,foraninternationalcompany.A.workingB.worksC.havingworkedD.tobeworking17.himenoughtimetogethomebeforeyoutelephone.17.A.GiveB.TogiveC.GivingD.GivenA.GiveB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given18.Shedidn’twantto18.Shedidn’twanttoasecretaryallherlife,soshewentbacktocollege.goonbeinggoontobe19.Hewasreadinghisbook,completelygotobe___totheworld.gobeingA.lostB.losingC.toloseD.tohavinglost20.Don’tsitthere—goonbeinggoontobe19.Hewasreadinghisbook,completelygotobe___totheworld.gobeingA.lostB.losingC.toloseD.tohavinglost20.Don’tsitthere—comeandhelpme!A.watchB.watchingC.towatchD.tobewatching21.IfoundIcouldeasilymakemyself21.IfoundIcouldeasilymakemyselfbyusingsignlanguage.A.understoodB.understandC.tounderstandD.beingunderstoodA.understoodB.understandC.tounderstandD.beingunderstood22.Donotleavethebuildingunless22.Donotleavethebuildingunlesstodoso.A.toinstructB.instructedC.beinginstructedD.instructingIfyoudon’tsucceedthefirsttime,A.tryB.totryHe’dwalkedthestreetsallnightA.lookedlookedfor_again.tryingA.toinstructB.instructedC.beinginstructedD.instructingIfyoudon’tsucceedthefirsttime,A.tryB.totryHe’dwalkedthestreetsallnightA.lookedlookedfor_again.tryingsomewheretostay.C.lookingtobetryingD.lookedfor25.Lookatthatlittleboy25.Lookatthatlittleboyabout—perhapshe’slosthismother.A.wanderB.wanderingC.tobewanderingD.beingwanderingA.wanderB.wanderingC.tobewanderingD.beingwandering二、用適當?shù)姆侵^語動詞形式填空Shecaughtthestudent(cheat)inexams.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundhim(repair)farmtools.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundthefarmtools.(repair)Justthenheheardsomeone(call)forhelp.Heworkedsohardthathegothispay.(raise)Themissingboyswerelastseen(play)neartheriver.(compare)withtheoldone,thenewbuildinglooksmorebeautiful.Theworkershadthemachines(run)allnightlongtofinishtheworkontime.Peopleinthesouthhavetheirhouses(make)ofbamboo.(lose)inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.三．聽力Directions:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheend

ofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.A.Husbandandwife.C.Customerandwaitress.A.Husbandandwife.C.Customerandwaitress.A.WatchtheprogramonTV.B.Guestsandhostess.D.Bossandemployee.B.Lookforcatsattheman.C.Meetthemanatthecatexhibition.D.Inanoffice.A.Borrowthetypewriter.B.Visitthewoman.C.Gohomesoon.D.Readthewoman’spaper.A.Theman.B.Both.C.Thewoman.D.Neither.A.Thebookstherearetooexpansive.Shewon’tbeabletogetthebookbeforetheclass.Thetextbooksheneedisn’tinyet.Shehopestogetagooddealonsomesecond-handbook.A.Takethebustotheairport.B.MeettheBrownsattheairport.C.MakeaphonecalltotheBrowns.D.AccompanytheBrownstotheairport.A.ThemanwillhaveatestThemanwillprobablygotothemovie.Themanwillhavetositforaexam.Thewomanwishesshecouldgototheclasswiththeman.A.Theresulthasn’tcomeyet.B.TheresultswerecheckedagainlastnightC.Thewomanneedsanothertesttomorrow.D.Thedoctorhasn’tcomebackfromthelab.A.Mostneighborsareasnoisyasthewoman.Talkingtotheneighborspolitelymightbethebestway.He’dliketoknowwhythewomanisangry.ThewomanistoopoliteforherneighborsA.Heneedstobutanotherumbrella.B.Itwillrainmuchlaterintheweek.C.ItwillprobablyraintomorrowD.Theweatherforecastalmostneveragree.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedthreequestionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion，readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhavehe