第三講從非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞到非正常語(yǔ)序

從非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞到非正常語(yǔ)序非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：1.充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞的名詞化表達(dá)）2.充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)（代替定語(yǔ)從句）3.充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)（將具有共同主語(yǔ)的句子寫(xiě)成一個(gè)句子）Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.（主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)）awomanpickingtheblackberry=awomanwhoispickingtheblackberryHereadscarefully.Heforgetsthetimeforlunch.Becauseheisreadingcarefully,heforgetsthetimeforlunch.Heisreadingcarefully,andheforgetsthetimeforlunch.Readingcarefully,heforgetsthetimeforlunch.

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)（伴隨、因果和條件）Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan.Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem,Wearefacedwithdifficulties.Wemusttrytoovercomethem.Be動(dòng)詞——beingDo動(dòng)詞——doing被動(dòng)態(tài)——doneInthesunshinestandsaflower.Itgrowsvigorously.Inthesunshinestandsaflower,growingvigorously.Iamateacher.Igiveclasses.Beingateacher,Igiveclasses.I,ateacher,giveclasses.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.

Fedupwithincreasingrates,customers,notablychemical,coal,andagribusinesscompanies,arecomplainingthattheseareevidencethattherailroadsareabusingtheirmarketpower.(Economist,July,2013)

Observersdoubtthatthisaggressivetargetthatsome40%ofPrada’srevenuesinAmericawillcomefromtheinternetin5yearsisrealistic,notingthatitcurrentlysellsonlybags,walletsandotheraccessoriesonline,notitsmainclothingandfootwearcollections.(Economist,July,2010)

Theassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.

Foundedin1694,thebankofEnglandhascenturiesofexperienceindealingwithfinancialtroubles.獨(dú)立主格：語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔，狀語(yǔ)Itishottoday.Istayathome.Itbeinghottoday,Istayathome.1.表示時(shí)間Themeetingbeingover,allofuswenthome.(whenthemeetingwasover)Herworkdone,shesatdownforacupoftea.2.表示條件Theconditionbeingfavorable,hemaysucceed.3.表示原因Therebeingnotaxis,wehadtowalk.Hewrappedherupwithgreatcare,thenightbeingdarkandfrosty.4.表示伴隨Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,silverbeingthebestofall.5.表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.

倒裝句動(dòng)詞在句子中的位置或者相對(duì)位置發(fā)生改變部分倒裝和完全倒裝識(shí)別和還原1.部分倒裝系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞被置于主語(yǔ)前（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞位置不變）還原被前置的系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞Nordidheletthediseasestophimfromlivingthekindoflifehehasalwaysdreamtabout.

InnocountryotherthanBritain,ithadbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.

Hardlydidanypeoplehavingbeeninvitedwentthere.

1）As引導(dǎo)的倒裝Hardasheworked,hedidnotpasstheexam.讓步Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.原因Sheworkedhard,so/asdidherhusband.“也，也是”2）so+adv./adj.+that;suchthatSofardoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.Sosuddenlywastheattackthatwehadnotimetoescape.Soloudlydidhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.2.完全倒裝動(dòng)詞前后的成分完全倒置主系表到裝為表系主能夠在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的成分狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：be持續(xù)性系動(dòng)詞：keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand“看起來(lái)像”：seem,appear,look感官系動(dòng)詞：feel,smell,sound,taste變化系動(dòng)詞：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run終止系動(dòng)詞：prove,turnout1.形容詞性的詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、方位副詞+系動(dòng)詞2.doing+復(fù)數(shù)系動(dòng)詞3.doing+單數(shù)系動(dòng)詞+名詞性的詞PlayingbasketballismycousinwhoisfromNewYork.Hereinlaythebeginningofturnfromignorancetodenialofthevalueofnutritionaltherapiesinmedicine.

Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals,sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.

WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.

AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.

Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystems,tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being.

Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.

Allwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationismandevolutiondebate.

強(qiáng)調(diào)句Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+句子其他成分還原被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分Itwasjustadecadebeforethisthatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyrocketingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitaminsandliteratureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavarietyofhealth-relatedconditions.

Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,whopublishedthefirstofficialcopiesoftheDeclaration,thefirstcopiesthatincludedthenamesofitssignersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteencolonies.

Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.

處理句子的流程1.動(dòng)詞位置：正常or非正常2.非正常：倒裝or強(qiáng)調(diào)3.倒裝：部分or完全4.還原動(dòng)詞位置正常語(yǔ)序5.正常語(yǔ)序：簡(jiǎn)單or非簡(jiǎn)單句6.非簡(jiǎn)單句：拆分為簡(jiǎn)單句7.簡(jiǎn)單句：確定簡(jiǎn)單句的定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)還原為五大基本句型相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)：1.itisnotthat…butthat…這不是說(shuō)…,而是說(shuō)…Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterismuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthattheformer.

2.nothingelse完全是，實(shí)在是Whatthemansaidwasnothingelsethannonsense.3.as引導(dǎo)的特殊狀語(yǔ)從句，當(dāng)做定語(yǔ)從句處理Wehopethemeasurestocontrolprices,astheyhavebeentakenbythegovernment,willsucceed.

4.名詞+or+名詞：or后面的是同位語(yǔ)Moreover,technologyincludestechniques,orwaystodothings,aswellasthemachinesthatmayormaynotbenecessarytoapplythem.

5.more…than…:than連接肯定形式從句：該從句譯為否定句Thecomplexityofthehumansituationandinjusticeofthesocialorderdemandfarmorefundamentalchangesinthebasicstructureofsocietyitselfthansomepoliticiansarewillingtoadmitintheirspeeches.Than表示的是在比較的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的選擇時(shí)：與其說(shuō)…不如說(shuō)Itseemsthatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependent,andthattheso-calleddivisionbetweenthepurescientistandtheappliedscientistismoreapparentthanreal.

Than進(jìn)行同類(lèi)比較時(shí)：比…更Therearemorecarsontheroadsinsummerthaninwinter.

6.nomore…than與not…anymorethan同類(lèi)否定比較：不必…更；都…同樣不ThefoodontheshipwasnobetterthanonanyothershiponwhichBillyhadsailed.

表示比喻關(guān)系：正如…不，….也不Thearchaeologists’effortsarenotdirectedat“proving”thecorrectnessoftheBibleanymorethanbeliefin

Godcanbescientificallydemonstrated.

Noonecanholdbackthetideofrevolutionanymorethanamanwithabroomcanholdafloodthathasburstthedam.

7.notsomuchas與其說(shuō)…不如說(shuō)…Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.

8.thesame…as與…相同Youhavemadethesamemistakeaslasttime.

9.nolessthan(noless..than)不但…而且；不亞于；簡(jiǎn)直是；實(shí)在是Chinainsistsalwaysontheneedforself-reliance,nolessineconomicpolitiesthaninmakingrevolution.

Therewerenolessthanonethousandpeopleatthemeeting.

Itisnolessthanblackmailtoasksuchahighprice.

10.moreotherthan…不是…正是；除了…外，不會(huì)是…Reactionotherthanthedesiredoneoftenoccurwhenreactantsarebroughttogether.

OtherwomenthanSallywouldhavesaidnothing.11.nothingbut=nothingelsethan=nothinglessthan不是別的…正是Geniusisnothingbutlaboranddiligence.

Herfailurewasduetonothingelsethancriminal.

12.muchless=stillless更不，更無(wú)Icouldnotagreeto,muchlessparticipateinsuchproceedings.

Heistooshytoaskastrangerthetime,stilllessspeaktoaroomfullofpeople.

InoldChina,therewashardlyanymachine-buildingindustry,tosaynithingofelectronicindustry.

13.anythingbut根本不；allbut幾、幾乎，差一點(diǎn)，除…意外其余都是;butfor要不是；butthat+從句：若不是…Aloneinadesertedhouse,hewassobusywithhisresearchworkthathefeltanythingbutlonely.

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.

14.notnearly相差很遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthegrowthofpopularity,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.

15.cannot…too…再…也不過(guò)分,應(yīng)該Wecannotbetoofaithfultoourduties.

Youcannotattachtoomuchimportancetothematter.

16.aswellas=inaddition也，和…一樣，除了…之外Thesocialistrevolutionrequiresachangeofthesuperstructureaswellasachangeoftheeconomicbasis.

RevolutionintheMarxistsciencemeansamoralaswellasamaterialchange.

17.morethan+從句(謂語(yǔ)含有can或者could)實(shí)在不能SomemathproblemsinthatbookaremorethanIcanworkout.

18.nor…because不是因?yàn)椤璑ordoIteachbecauseIthinkIknowanswers,orbecauseIhaveknowledgeIfeelcompelledtoshare.

19.（therebe）no+主語(yǔ)+but+謂語(yǔ)+其他雙重否定，肯定Thereisnomanbuthashisfaults.人皆有過(guò)。20.not…but不是…而是…;butnot是…而不是…Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthe