大學(xué)高級英語語法PPT第一章

ModernEnglishGrammar現(xiàn)代英語語法ModernEnglishGrammarIntroduction自學(xué)考試英語專業(yè)《英語語法》科目是一門理論性和實(shí)踐性都非常強(qiáng)的課程，旨在考核考生能否熟練掌握現(xiàn)代英語語法的基本理論和概念，掌握詞的形態(tài)變化和用詞造句的規(guī)則，以及組句成篇的一般形式和規(guī)律?？荚囶}型客觀試題為主，主觀試題為輔，分為十個題型：問答題名詞解釋多項(xiàng)選擇詞匯分類填空題句型轉(zhuǎn)換題雙項(xiàng)選擇題改錯題選擇正確形式題聯(lián)句成篇課程命題考試的規(guī)定閉卷百分制（六十分及格）考試時間：150分鐘學(xué)習(xí)方法：學(xué)習(xí)語法是為了加強(qiáng)語言基本功和提高語言表達(dá)能力，不是為了記住規(guī)則。應(yīng)以句法為主，詞法為輔，把句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化放在學(xué)習(xí)的主要位置。語法知識是通過大量的實(shí)踐積累起來的，要結(jié)合自己的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，輔以大量的練習(xí)，在語言實(shí)踐中掌握語法。要自覺地、有意識地觀察、分析、記憶各種語言現(xiàn)象，通過實(shí)踐領(lǐng)會基礎(chǔ)知識和基本規(guī)則，提高辨別正誤、造句和理解能力。學(xué)習(xí)方法：5.語法規(guī)則不是停滯不前，脫離語言實(shí)際的僵死條文，而且長期以來語法界眾說紛紜，各有所長，所以學(xué)習(xí)語法應(yīng)采用靈活的、比較的、批判的方法。6.語法教材種類繁多，所用術(shù)語不盡相同，學(xué)習(xí)時要注意術(shù)語所代表的實(shí)質(zhì)，不要糾纏于術(shù)語的異同。7.理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，在學(xué)習(xí)理論的同時，要注意操練鞏固。8.要認(rèn)真研讀本教材，因?yàn)槭谡n和命題圍繞本教材進(jìn)行。ChapteroneTheStructureofEnglishSentence本章學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：從語篇到詞素各語言組成部分的層次關(guān)系構(gòu)詞法術(shù)語解釋，如：nounphrase,complexsentence等1.IntroductionWhatisanEnglishsentence?Traditionalgrammar:blems:ImpracticaltotellwhereacompletethoughtbeginsandwhereitendsFailtoaccountforincompletesentencesModerngrammarfocusesontheinternalstructureofasentence.Asentenceisthelargestunittowhichagrammaticalstructurecanbeassigned.(句子是一個最大的可分配語法結(jié)構(gòu)的語言單位）Asentenceiscomposedofsmallerunits:clauses,phrases,words,etc.whichbuildupahierarchicalstructure.Sentencescouldcometogethertoformatextsoastoconveyacompletemessage.AtextconsistsofoneormoresentencesAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphemesA

morpheme

Thegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder:(P3)

Higher↓Lower1.1Morphemes(p3-4)e.g.unmentionables→un-mention-able-s

unforgettable

unreliable

mentions

mentionedcomparable

advisable

desks

bedsTerms(p4):Morpheme（詞素）istheminimalmeaningfulunitinalanguage.Morph(詞素變體）isaforminwhichamorphemeisrealised.Allomorph（詞素變體、同詞詞素）isaphonetically,lexicallyorgrammaticallyconditionedmemberofasetofmorphsrepresentingaparticularmorpheme.（受語音、詞匯和語法限制）Forexample:

OrthographicformPhonologicalformMeaningmeanings[-z]Mapmaps[-s]Watchwatches[-iz]Thealternates[-z][-s][-iz]areallmorphsofthesamemorpheme{s}.Eachcanbesaidtobeanallomorphofthepluralmorpheme.Terms(p4):Freemorpheme:Amorphemethatcanoccurinisolationistermeda“freemorpheme”.（自由詞素）Boundmorphemes:Amorphemethatcanonlyoccurinconjunctionwithatleastoneothermorphemeistermeda“boundmorpheme”（粘著詞素，粘附詞素）e.g.freemorpheme:boy/girl/do/go

boundmorpheme:loving/impolite/workerFreemorphemeisalsocalled

contentmorpheme(實(shí)義詞素).Boundmorphemeisalsocalled

grammaticalmorpheme(語法詞素).Afreemorphemecanbeasimplewordortherootofaderivative（派生詞的詞根）.e.g.house,red,write,love,un-mention-able-s,self-ish,im-polite

Aboundmorphemeisanaffix(詞綴),eitherinflectionalaffix(變化的詞綴、曲折詞綴)orderivationalaffix(派生詞綴).e.g.inflectionalaffix:boy-s,work-ed,go-ingDerivationalaffix:kind-ness,in-appropriate1.2Words

Wordsareclassifiedintermsofthreefactors(p5):theenvironmenttheinternalstructurethemeaning1.2.1Wordsclasses(詞類）(p6)

Openclasses(開放性詞類):noun,adjective,adverb,verb

theirmembershipisfairlyopen-endedbecausewecanreadilycoinnewwordstoaddtothem.Closedclasses(關(guān)閉性詞類):determiner,pronoun,preposition,conjunction,auxiliary

TheyhavefairlyfixedmembershipMarginalclasses:numerals,interjections(感嘆詞）

Numbers,bothcardinalsandordinals,donotacceptnewcoinagesbutnumberitselfknownolimits.Thereareanumberoffixedformslikeoh,wowandJesus,buttheoreticallyanysoundutteredinaspecialwaycanbeaninterjection.

Wordsintheopenclassesaredeterminedonthebasisofthreecriteria:(p6)meaning

(semanticornotionalangle)Helpfulonlytoalimitedextent.form(morphology)e.g.oneclassofword(noun)generallyinflectsforpluralnumberandforgenitive屬格(girls,girl’s)Anotherclass(verbs)inflectsforpasttense,-ingparticipleand–edparticiple(showed,showing,shown)function(syntactic)Wordsaregroupedintoclassesaccordingtotheiroperationinsyntacticstructure(詞在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的功能）e.g.It’sdangeroustogoaroundwithalotofcash

inyourpocket.I’mgoingtothebanktocashthecheque.

1.2.2word-formation:(p7)Awordconsistsofoneormoremorphemes.Aone-morphemewordiscalledasimpleword

(簡單詞)oramorphemeword(詞素詞)Awordthatismadeupoftwoormoremorphemesiscalledeitheraderivative(派生詞)

orcomplex(i.e.acombinationofarootandoneormoreaffixes)oracompound(復(fù)合詞)(i.e.acombinationoftwoormorefreemorphemes)Word-formations:(1)Affixation詞綴法:(p7-11)Affixationisakindofword-formation

approachthatitattachesalessermorpheme(affix)toamajorelement

(abase),whichmayalreadyhaveoneormoreaffixesincorporatedinit.AmajortypeofderivationThegeneraltermincludes:prefixes,infixesandsuffixes.(p8-9)infixation(中綴)aminortypeofaffixation(詞綴法),attachinganinfixinsideabase.e.g.thermometer,pesticide

Terms:(p8)Root:

Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisnotfurtheranalyzableinmorphologicalterms.(詞根)e.g.enforce,untouchablesStem:

Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.(詞干)e.g.chairs,worked,untouchablesBase:

Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.(詞根或詞干)是可以加任何詞綴的形式e.g.touchable,untouchable,untouchablesThefunctionofaprefixtendstobesemanticallyoriented,i.e.,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.(p9)Thereareprefixesthatareclass-changing,ofwhichthreearethemostcommon:

a-:formsadjectivesfromnounsorverbs

e.g.:ablaze,asleep,astir,awash

be-:formsverbsfromadjectivesornouns

e.g.:becalm,befriend,bewitch,bemoan

em-/en-:formsverbsfromadjectivesornouns.

e.g.:embitter,empower,embody,enlarge,encourage,endangerSuffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes.(P10-11)(2)

Composition復(fù)合法:(p11-12)Acompound,theproductofcomposition,isalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.

ThemajorityofEnglishcompoundscomprisetwobasesonly.E.g.girl-friend,snowfall,drawback,world-famous,overwork(3)Conversion轉(zhuǎn)化法、轉(zhuǎn)類構(gòu)詞法:(p13)Conversionisthederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclass

withouttheadditionofanaffix.

e.g.answer,love,smell(v.→n.)hand,empty,calm(n.→v.)Othertypesofconversion,chieflyusedininformalEnglish.

e.g.Hisspeechcontainsalotofifsandbuts.(4)Blending拼綴法、混成構(gòu)詞法:(p13-14)Blendingisakindofword-formationthatanewwordisformedfrompartsoftwootherwords.

e.g.motel(motor+hotel)smog(smoke+fog)cheesebuger(cheese+hamburger)medicare(medical+care)(5)Back-formation逆生法、逆向構(gòu)詞法:(p14)

Manynounsareformedfromverbs,suchasworkerfromwork,andadvisorfromadvise.Back-formationreferstoasimilarprocessonlyreversed.

e.g.babysitter→babysitchain-smoker→chain-smokehouse-keeper→house-keep(6)Shortening縮略法:(p14)Shorteningisaprocesswherebypartofawordisclippedsothattheoriginalwordisshortenedtoasmallerword.

e.g.ad(advertisement)phone(telephone)exam(examination)lab(laboratory)

(7)Acronyms首字母縮略法:(p15)Anacronymisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.

e.g.c/o

(in)careofUFO

unidentifiedflyingobjectUN

theUnitedNationsFBIFederalBureauofInvestigation

NATOTheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationUNESCOTheUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization1.3Phrases:(p15-19)

(1)Definition:Aphraseconsistsofoneormorethanoneword,alwayswithaheadword(中心詞)whichdeterminestheclassandthestructuredwayofthephrase.Itcanbeclassifiedintofiveclasses:nounphrase(NP),verbphrase(VP),adjectivephrase(AdjP),adverbphrase(AdvP),andprepositionphrase(PrepP).

(2)Fivephraseclasses:

Nounphrase:(p16)consistsofaheadword(anoun)andoneormoreoptionalmodifiers.e.g.Shakespearewrotetheplay.(headword)Idon’tlikethebook.(determiner+headword)

Thegirlsittingonmyleftismysister.(determiner+headword+-ingparticiple)

Verbphrase:(16-17)Theheadofaverbphraseisthemainverb.Twokindsofelementsinviewofthestructureofaverbphrase:themainverbandauxiliaries.TheSimpleverbphrase簡單動詞詞組:Averbphrasethatgoeswithoutauxiliaries(amainverbormodifier+mainverb)e.g.Johnenjoysbeingflattered.IfullyappreciateyourgenerosityThecomplexverbphrase復(fù)合動詞詞組:withauxiliariese.g.Ihaveneverbeenthere.Evenexpertscanmakemistakes.

Verbphrase:(16-17)Verbphraseisdividedintotwotypesbasedontheforms:thefiniteverbphraseandthenon-finiteverbphrase.（a）thefiniteverbphrase限定動詞詞組：中心詞或第一個成分為限定動詞，有時態(tài)變化，要與主語保持一致。e.g.Suelikesblackcoffee.Marycouldspeaktwoforeignlanguageswhenshewasten.

（b）Thenon-finiteverbphrase非限定動詞詞組：第一個成分是非限定動詞，它不像限定動詞詞組那樣受限制。e.g.Ididn’texpectyoutobehere.(動詞不定式）Shehatesbeingcalledbythewrongname.(現(xiàn)在分詞）Thereweretwentypeoplekilledintheaccident.(過去分詞）Adjectivephrase:(p18)consistsofanadj.asitsheadwordandoptionalmodifiers.E.g.Shelookspale.(headword)Thegamewasveryexciting(adverb+headword)Adverbphrase:(p18)consistsofanadverbasitsheadwordthatcantakeoptionalmodifiers.e.g.Hedoesn’tworkhard.(headword)Hedoesn’tworkveryhard.(adverb+headword)Hedoesn’tworkveryhardindeed.

(adverb+headword+adverb)

Prepositionalphrase:(p18-19)Atypicalprepositionalphrase:apreposition(theheadword)+anounphrase

(thecomplement)(介詞+介詞賓語，介詞為中心詞）

e.g.Thatmanisdressedlikeawoman.(headword+nounphrase)Thecomplementcanbeanadverb,asinsomefixedcollocationslikefromhere/there,beforelong,untilnow,byfar,etc.oranotherprepositionalphrase.e.g.Theydidn’tcomebackuntilafterthree.(headword+prepositionalphrase)

1.4Clauses:(p19-22)Aclauseisaconstructionofasubjectandapredicate（一個分句是主語和謂語的合成）Inviewofgrammticalrelations,clausesaredividedintotwobroadcategories:themainclause(主句)andthesubordinate

clause(從句)Subordinateclausemayfunctionasa

nominalclause(名詞從句),arelativeclause(關(guān)系從句),oran

adverbialclause(狀語從句).(1)ClausepatternsSevenbasicclausepatterns(asthestructureisconcerned根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)):SV:subject+verb

e.g.Thesoliderhasrecovered.

SVC:subject+verb+complement

e.g.Iamhappy.

SVO:subject+verb+objective

e.g.Sheforgotthekey.

SVOO:subject+verb+objective+objective

e.g.Hegavemeapresent.

Sevenbasicclausepatterns(根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)):SVOC:subject+verb+objective+complement

e.gHecallsherlittlesister.

SVA:subject+verb+adverbial

e.gThesunriseseachday.

SVOA:subject+verb+ob