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概要寫作Summarywriting高考新題型Whatisasummary?It'sa
shortstatement(陳述)thatcoversonlythemainpoints
ofsth,notthedetails《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》Warmingup&Leadingin概要:用簡短扼要(brief)的語言客觀(objective)全面(thoroughly)呈現(xiàn)要點(diǎn)。Example:Agroupofgreatteachersfromotherclasseshappilycametoourbeautifulandfriendlyclass.Teacherscame(toourclass)
Themainidea:Ignore:theunnecessarydetails
Read:agiven
passage(about350words)Write:
a
60-word
summary(一段60詞)
cover3-5points(3-5個要點(diǎn))
useyourownwords(自己的語言)
inthethirdperson(第三人稱)
usethebriefsentences(簡明扼要)
properconnection
(恰當(dāng)銜接)Part1Requests?(高考寫作要求)Whatisagoodsummary?概要寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔(21–25points):1.理解準(zhǔn)確,涵蓋所有要點(diǎn)2.準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯3.完全使用自己的語言。(60-80W)4.有效地使用了語句間的連接成分,使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊contents(內(nèi)容)languageskills(語言)structure(結(jié)構(gòu))Onceuponatime,industrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.Ifyouboughtacarorastove,itwasaonce-in-a-lifetimeinvestment.Youpaidgoodmoneyforit,andyoutookcareofit.Nowadaysindustryhaspersuadedusthatproductscouldn’tlastalongtime.Itischeapertothrowthemawaythantorepairthem.Thishasleddirectlytothe“throw-awaysociety”whichisagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.Justthinkofthecarsthataretradeddaily,justbecausetheyareoutofstyle.Thinkoftheexpensivepackagingmaterialthatisthrownawayeverytimeanewobjectisbought.Andweshoppershavetopayforthatmaterial!Ourindustrialsocietyhasturnedusintospoiledchildren.Thiswastefulnesshasgotusintothegreattroubleweareinnow.Whenwehavenoresourcesleft,thenwewillstarttotakecareofwhatwehave.Butwhycan’tweactbeforethishappens?Whycan’twetrytobuildasocietyinwhichthepreventionofwasteisavirtue?(182W)Step1.Understandthewholepassageandgraspthekeypoints.Onceuponatime,industrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.Ifyouboughtacarorastove,itwasaonce-in-a-lifetimeinvestment.Youpaidgoodmoneyforit,andyoutookcareofit.Nowadaysindustryhaspersuadedusthatproductscouldn’tlastalongtime.Itischeapertothrowthemawaythantorepairthem.Thishasleddirectlytothe“throw-awaysociety”whichisagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.Justthinkofthecarsthataretradeddaily,justbecausetheyareoutofstyle.Thinkoftheexpensivepackagingmaterialthatisthrownawayeverytimeanewobjectisbought.Andweshoppershavetopayforthatmaterial!Ourindustrialsocietyhasturnedusintospoiledchildren.Thiswastefulnesshasgotusintothegreattroubleweareinnow.Whenwehavenoresourcesleft,thenwewillstarttotakecareofwhatwehave.Butwhycan’tweactbeforethishappens?Whycan’twetrytobuildasocietyinwhichthepreventionofwasteisavirtue?概要寫作難點(diǎn)1Howtogetthekeypointsquicklyandcorrectly?(如何快速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉要點(diǎn))抓住主題句或關(guān)鍵信息,忽略次要信息Para1:Onceuponatime,industrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.Ifyouboughtacarorastove,itwasaonce-in-a-lifetimeinvestment.Youpaidgoodmoneyforit,andyoutookcareofit.detailedexample忽略具體事例topicsentence概要寫作難點(diǎn)2Howtoexpressthekeypointsbyusingyourownwordsproperly?(如何靈活詮釋,規(guī)避抄襲的嫌疑)characteristicsOnceuponatime,industrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.___________________,industrialgoodsweremade_____________________.Sometimeago;Inthepast;Decadesagotobeusedforalongtimetofunctionwellforalongtime;durable(耐用的)近義詞替換Youpaidgoodmoneyforit,
andyoutookcareofit.Decadesago,industrialgoodsweremadedurable.spentmuchmoneyontreasuretreatitkindlyYouspentmuchmoneyonitandtreasureit.Decadesago,industrialgoodsweremadedurableYouspentmuchmoneyonitandtreasureit.Para1.useitcarefullyNowadaysindustryhaspersuadedusthatproductscouldn’tlastalongtime.Itischeapertothrowthemawaythantorepairthem.Thishasleddirectlytothe“throw-awaysociety”whichisagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.Justthinkofthecarsthataretradeddaily,justbecausetheyareoutofstyle.Thinkoftheexpensivepackagingmaterialthatisthrownawayeverytimeanewobjectisbought.Andweshoppershavetopayforthatmaterial!topicsentencedetailedexamplescharacteristicsresult忽略具體事例Nowadaysindustryhaspersuadedusthatproductscouldn’tlastalongtime.Itischeapertothrowthemawaythantorepairthem.Thishasleddirectlytothe“throw-awaysociety”whichisagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.Justthinkofthecarsthataretradeddaily,justbecausetheyareoutofstyle.Thinkoftheexpensivepackagingmaterialthatisthrownawayeverytimeanewobjectisbought.Andweshoppershavetopayforthatmaterial!1.Nowadaysindustryhaspersuadedusthatproductscouldn’tlastalongtime.2.Itischeapertothrowthemawaythantorepairthem.3.Thishasleddirectlytothe“throw-awaysociety”whichisagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.ModernIndustrymadeusbelieveconvincednotpermanentModernindustryhasconvinced
usthatproducts
arenotpermanent.short-lived近義詞替換2.Itischeapertothrowthemawaythantorepairthem.Tothrowthemawayischeaperthantorepairthem.Itismoreexpensivetorepairthemthantothrowthemaway.改變主語(形式主語)正話反說、反話正說Thishasleddirectlytothe“throw-awaysociety”whichisagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.whichhasresultedinagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.改變句式resultinModernindustryhasconvinced
usthatproducts
arenotpermanent.Tothrowthemawayischeaperthantorepairthem,whichhasresultedinagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.Para2.Para3:提煉相關(guān)信息Ourindustrialsocietyhasturnedusintospoiledchildren.Thiswastefulnesshasgotusintothegreattroubleweareinnow.Whenwehavenoresourcesleft,thenwewillstarttotakecareofwhatwehave.Butwhycan’tweactbeforethishappens?Whycan’twetrytobuildasocietyinwhichthepreventionofwasteisavirtue?過渡句Weneedtosaveresourcesbeforeit’stoolateThiswastefulnesshascausedusalotoftrouble.Wearerunningoutofresourcesandweneedtotakeaction.Thiswastefulnesshascausedusalotoftrouble.Wearerunningoutofresourcesandweneedtotakeaction.Weneedtosaveresourcesbeforeit’stoolate.Para3.Thiswastefulnesshascausedusalotoftrouble.Wearerunningoutofresources.Weneedtosaveresourcesbeforeit’stoolate.Decadesago,industrialgoodsweremadedurable.Wespentmuchmoneyonitandtreasureit.Modernindustryhasconvinced
usthatproducts
arenotpermanent.Tothrowthemawayischeaperthantorepairthem,whichhasresultedinagreatwasteoftheearth’sresources.Thiswastefulnesshascausedusalotoftrouble.Wearerunningoutofresources.Weneedtosaveresourcesbeforeit’stoolate.(71W)Polishyourwriting有效地使用了語句間的連接成分,使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊19~21分However,Therefore,Step1:Step2:Step3:Step4:讀懂文章大意抓住主題句或關(guān)鍵信息,忽略次要信息Howtowriteagoodsummary?Conclusion靈活運(yùn)用語言,對關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行改編添加有效連接成分,使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊Thefoodweeatseemstohaveagreateffectonourhealth.Althoughsciencehasmadebigstepsinmakingfoodmorefittoeat,ithas,atthesametime,mademanyfoodsunfittoeat.Someresearchhasshownthatperhapseightypercentofhumanillnessisrelatedtofoodandfortypercentofcancerisrelatedtofoodaswell.Thatfoodisrelatedtoillnessisnotanewdiscovery.In1945,someresearchersrealizedthatthingscommonlyusedtokeepcolourinmeatsandotherfoodadditives(添加劑)causedcancer.
Yet,theseadditivesremaininourfood,anditisdifficulttoknowwhichthingsonthewrappings(包裝)offoodsarehelpfulorharmful.Theadditiveswhichweeatarenotallsodirect.Farmersoftengivepenicillintotheiranimals,andbecauseofthis,penicillinhasbeenfoundinthemilkofcows.Sometimessimilarthingsaresuppliedtoanimalsnotfortheirhealth,butjusttomakeaprofit.
Thefarmersaresimplytryingtofattentheanimalsinordertogetahigherpriceonthemarket.Althoughsomecountrieshavetriedtocontrolsuchthings,thepracticecontinues.(201W)Thefoodweeatseemstohaveagreateffectonourhealth.Althoughsciencehasmadebigstepsinmakingfoodmorefittoeat,ithas,atthesametime,mademanyfoodsunfittoeat.Someresearchhasshownthatperhapseightypercentofhumanillnessisrelatedtofoodandfortypercentofcancerisrelatedtofoodaswell.Thatfoodisrelatedtoillnessisnotanewdiscovery.In1945,someresearchersrealizedthatthingscommonlyusedtokeepcolourinmeatsandotherfoodadditives(添加劑)causedcancer.
Para1:
(1.)Thefoodweeatseemstohaveagreateffectonourhealth.(2.)Althoughsciencehasmadebigstepsinmakingfoodmorefittoeat,ithas,atthesametime,mademanyfoodsunfittoeat.(3.)Someresearchhasshownthatperhapseightypercentofhumanillnessisrelatedtofoodandfortypercentofcancerisrelatedtofoodaswell.1.Ourfoodaffectsourhealth.
2.Although
sciencehasgreatlyimproved
thequalityofourfoods,
someare
stillunsafe
toeat.(3.)Someresearchhasshownthatperhapseightypercentofhumanillnessisrelatedtofoodandfortypercentofcancerisrelatedtofoodaswell.3.Researchhasprovedthatmostofourdiseasesarecausedbyfood,includingcancer.
Ourfoodaffectsourhealth.
Although
sciencehasgreatlyimprovethequalityofourfoods,
someare
stillunsafe
toeat.Researchhasprovedthatmostofourdiseasesarecausedbyfood,includingcancer.
Para1:Para2:Yet,theseadditivesremaininourfood,anditisdifficulttoknowwhichthingsonthewrappings(包裝)offoodsarehelpfulorharmful.Theadditiveswhichweeatarenotallsodirect.Farmersoftengivepenicillintotheiranimals,andbecauseofthis,penicillinhasbeenfoundinthemilkofcows.Sometimessimilartingsaresuppliedtoanimalsnotfortheirhealth,butjusttomakeaprofit.
(1.)Yet,theseadditivesremaininourfood,anditisdifficulttoknowwhichthingsonthewrappingsoffoodsarehelpfulorharmful.(2.)Theadditiveswhichweeatarenotallsodirect.(3.)Sometimessimilartingsaresuppliedtoanimalsnotfortheirhealth,butjusttomakeaprofit.
1.Wecanhardlytell
whether
theadditivesinourfood
areharmfulornot.2.
Theyaffectourbodyindirectly.
(3.)Sometimessimilartingsaresuppliedtoanimalsnotfortheirhealth,butjusttomakeaprofit.
3.
Somefarmersraisetheiranimalswithadditivestoearnmoremoney.Wecanhardlytell
whether
theadditivesinourfood
areharmfulornot.Theyaffectourbodyindirectly.Somefarmersraisetheiranimalswithadditivestoearnmoremoney.Para2:Para3:Thefarmersaresimplytryingtofattentheanimalsinordertogetahigherpriceonthemarket.Althoughsomecountrieshavetriedtocontrolsuchthings,thepracticecontinues.Somecountrieshavetakenmeasurestostopsuchthings,butinvain.Ourfoodaffectsourhealth.
Although
sciencehasgreatlyimprovedthequalityofourfoods,
someare
stillunsafe
toeat.Researchhasprovedthatmostofourdiseasesarecausedbyfood,includingcancer.
Wecanhardlytell
whether
theadditivesinourfood
areharmfulornot.Theyaffectourbodyindirectly.Somefarmersraisetheiranimalswithadditivestoearnmoremoney.Somecountrieshavetakenmeasurestostopsuchthings,butinvain.(77W)it有效地使用了語句間的連接成分,使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊because∧Weightlossismostlikelytobesuccessfulwhenpeoplechangetheirhabits.Hereareseveralwaystomakethathappen.Regularphysicalactivityburnscaloriesandbuildsmuscles---bothofwhichhelpyoulookandfeelgoodandkeepweightoff.Walkingthefamilydog,cyclingtoschool,anddoingotherthingsthatincreaseyourdailylevelofactivitycanallmakeadifference.Onereasonpeoplegetlessexercisethesedaysisbecauseofanincreasein“screentime”---theamountoftimespentwatchingTV,lookingatthecomputer,orplayingvideogames.Limitrecreationalscreentimetolessthan2hoursperday.Whenyoureallygetawayfrom“screens”,suchasTV,computers,IPadormobilephones,youwillreallybenefitalot.Portionsizesarebiggerthantheyusedtobe,andtheseextracaloriescontributetoobesity.Anotherkeyfactorinweightgainisthatmorepeopledrinksugarydrinks,suchassodas,juicedrinks,andsportsdrinks.Sochoosesmallerportions(orsharerestaurantportions)andgoforwaterorlow-fatmilkinsteadofsoda.Peoplewhoskipbreakfastoftenfeelsohungrythattheyeatmorelateron.Sotheygetmorecaloriesthantheywouldhaveiftheyatebreakfast.Infact,peoplewhoskipbreakfasttendtohavehigherBIMsthanpeoplewhoeatbreakfast.Ifyoureallyputtheaboveintopracticeatonce,youwilldefinitelyreduceyourweightgradually.Andwishyouhaveagoodfigure.Weightlossismostlikelytobesuccessfulwhenpeoplechangetheirhabits.Hereareseveralwaystomakethathappen.Regularphysicalactivityburnscaloriesandbuildsmuscles---bothofwhichhelpyoulookandfeelgoodandkeepweightoff.Walkingthefamilydog,cyclingtoschool,anddoingotherthingsthatincreaseyourdailylevelofactivitycanallmakeadifference.
Changingsomehabitsmaybeagoodwaytoloseweight.Ifpeoplechangetheirhabits,theywillsurelysucceedinlosingweight.Whetherpeoplecanloseweightornotdependsontheirlivinghabits.Takingmorephysicalexercisewillmakemuchdifferencetopeople’shealth.Increasingtheamountofregularexercisewillbenefitpeoplealot.Onereasonpeoplegetlessexercisethesedaysisbecauseofanincreasein“screentime”---theamountoftimespentwatchingTV,lookingatthecomputer,orplayingvideogames.Limitrecreationalscreentimetolessthan2hoursperday.Whenyoureallygetawayfrom“screens”,suchasTV,computers,IPadormobilephones,youwillreallybenefitalot.Portionsizesarebiggerthantheyusedtobe,andtheseextracaloriescontributetoobesity.Anotherkeyfactorinweightgainisthatmorepeopledrinksugarydrinks,suchassodas,juicedrinks,andsportsdrinks.Sochoosesmallerportions(orsharerestaurantportions)andgoforwaterorlow-fatmilkinsteadofsoda.Itisnecessarytolimit“screentime”ifpeoplewanttoloseweight.Wearesupposedtoreduce“screentime”.Stickingtosmallerportionsandavoidingsugarydrinkscontributetoweightloss.Watchingoutforportionsizesanddrinkingwaterinsteadofsugarydrinksarealsoakeytoweightloss.Peoplewhoskipbreakfastoftenfeelsohungrythattheyeatmorelateron.Sotheygetmorecaloriesthantheywouldhaveiftheyatebreakfast.Infact,peoplewhoskipbreakfasttendtohavehigherBIMsthanpeoplewhoeatbreakfast.Ifyoureallyputtheaboveintopracticeatonce,youwilldefinitelyreduceyourweightgradually.Andwishyouhaveagoodfigure.Peopleshouldavoidskippingbreakfast.Skippingbreakfastisactuallynotawisewaytoloseweight.Peoplewillhaveagoodfigureiftheytaketheabovesuggestions.Changingsomehabitsmaybeagoodwaytoloseweight.Takingmorephysicalexercisewillmakemuchdifferencetopeople’shealth.Wearesupposedtoreduce“screentime”.Stickingtosmallerportionsandavoidingsugarydrinkscontributetoweightloss.Peopleshouldavoidskippingbreakfast.Peoplewillhaveagoodfigureiftheytaketheabovesuggestions.(58W)First,Meanwhile,BesidesFinally
Knowingthegenre,knowingtheoutline
narrative(記敘文)1.story(5w+1h):who,what,whenwhere,why,how)2.event(beginning-development-ending)exposition(說明文)1.介紹事物→描述性質(zhì)/功用2.問題→解決方法3.現(xiàn)象→原因→本質(zhì)
argumentation(議論文)thetopic→thesupportingevidence→writer’sviewStep1genre,topic,topic
sentences,points,formStep2.
RewritethekeyinformationofeachpartStep3.considertheoutlineanditslogicStep4.WritethefirstdraftStep5.RevisethesummaryStepsofSummaryWritingPracticemakesperfect!HomeworkReadthegivenpassageandthenwritea60-wordsummary.Ratseatourfoodormakeitsodirtythatitisn'tfitforpeopleatall.That'swhypeopleoftenkillthembylayingdownpoison.Afteradayortwo,theyfindthepoisonstillthere.Theratshaven'ttouchedit,eventhoughitisnearthefoodwhichtheyeat.Peoplethinktheymustbecleverandcunning.Somescientistshavebeentryingtofindthebestwaytopoisonrats.Theyhavewatchedtoseejustwhataratdoesdayandnight.Theyhavefoundoutthatratsaren'tsoclever.Theyarejustveryshy.
Ratsusuallyliveinholes.Theyrunfromtheseholestotheplaceswheretheyeatanddrink.Theyhavespecialpathsonwhichtheytraveleachtime.Sotheyknowtheirpathsquitewell.
Ifanythingnew,suchasstoneorwood,isputinthepath,theratswon'tgonearitatfirstastheyaretoofrightened.Itwilltakethemmanydaystogetoverthefear.Theyarealsofrightenedtogonearaplacethattheyknow,wheresomethinghasbeentakenaway.Ifapathgoesaroundarock,theratsfollowthesamepatharoundtherockeachtime.Iftherockistakenaway,theywillstillrunroundtheplacewheretherockwas!Theywon'tcrosstheemptyplace,whichisnowopentothem,eventhoughitwouldbequicker.
Ratswillalwayskeepawayfromanythingunusualtothem.That'swhytheywon'teatpoisononthefirstorsecondnight.Theyusuallywon'tgoanywherenearitforaboutfourdaysuntiltheygetusedtobeingthere.Eventhentheyonlyeatalittleatatime.Ifpeoplewanttokillratswithpoison,alltheyhavetodoistoleaveitoutforafewdays.Oncetheratshavegotusedtoit,theywilleatitanddie.(331W)THANKS(1).Ratseatourfoodormakeitsodirtythatitisn'tfitforpeopleatall.(2).That'swhypeopleoftenkillthembylayingdownpoison.(3).Afteradayortwo,theyfindthepoisonstillthere.(4).Theratshaven'ttouchedit,eventhoughitisnearthefoodwhichtheyeat.(5).Peoplethinktheymustbecleverandcunning.(6).Somescientistshavebeentryingtofindthebestwaytopoisonrats.(7).Theyhavewatchedtoseejustwhataratdoesdayandnight.(8).Theyhavefoundoutthatratsaren'tsoclever.(9).Theyarejustveryshy.Para1:(3).Afteradayortwo,theyfindthepoisonstillthere.(5).Peoplethinktheymustbecleve
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