高中英語重慶大學(xué)版Unit1PlantWorld 竹與中國精神

竹與中國精神Thebambooplant,fargesiaspathacea,isthestaplefoodofthegiantpandaandaculturaliconinChinesehistory.竹子，箭竹spathacea，是大熊貓的主食和中國歷史文化標(biāo)志研究。Insharpcontrasttootherplants,thebambooonlyblossomsevery60to80years,andperishessoonafter.與此形成鮮明對比的其他植物，只花竹每60至80歲，和滅亡后不久。Ittakesonetothreedecadesforitsseedstogrow.它需要它的種子成長為一至三個(gè)十年。Inthepast3millionyearsbambooshaveundergonemorethan50,000extensiveblooms.在過去的3百萬年的竹子都發(fā)生超過50,000廣泛的花朵。Pandassurvivedbymigrating,butthisisnolongeranoptionowingtothesharpdecreaseofbambooforests.Thelasttwobloomingsofbamboocaused250giantpandastostarvetodeath.大熊貓生存的遷移，但這已不再是一個(gè)選項(xiàng)由于竹林急劇減少。InancientChinabamboowasafeatureofvariousaspectsofdailylife.Itwasusedforfood,clothing,housingandtransportation.在古代中國竹子是日常的生活特色的各個(gè)方面。它是用于運(yùn)輸糧食，衣服，住房和。China'sfirstbookswerecraftedfrombamboostripsstrungonstring,andalmostallancientmusicalinstrumentsweremadeofbamboo.中國首個(gè)從書籍制作的竹條串成串，幾乎所有的古樂器有竹制成。Bambooalsohadassignedroleswithinfeudalethics.竹子也已指派在封建倫理的作用。Chineseancientsdesignatedtheplum,orchid,bambooandchrysanthemumas"fourgentlemen,"andpine,bambooandplumasthe"threefriendsinwinter."中國古人指定，竹，菊為“四君子梅，蘭，”和松樹，竹，梅冬為“三友”。RenownedTangpoetBaiJuyi(772-846)summedupthemeritsofbambooaccordingtoitscharacteristics:itsdeeprootdenotesresoluteness,itstall,straightstemrepresentshonorability,itshollowinteriormodestyanditscleanandspartanexteriorexemplifieschastity.唐代著名詩人白居易（772-846）總結(jié)了竹子的優(yōu)點(diǎn)根據(jù)其特點(diǎn)：它的深根表示，有決心，它的高大，直干代表honorability，其內(nèi)部中空謙虛和簡樸的外觀干凈，純潔的例證。Hethusconcludedthatbamboolivesuptothetitle"gentleman."因此，他的結(jié)論是，竹子的生命最多的標(biāo)題是“紳士”。Besidesbeingasymbolofvirtue,bamboowasbelievedtobeendowedwithsoulandemotion.除了是一種美德的象征，竹子被認(rèn)為是賦予了靈魂和情感。Themottledbambooisthe"bambooofimperialconcubines."ThisepithethasitsoriginsinastoryaboutEmperorShun,whodiedofoverworkduringaninspectiontourofthesouth.斑駁的竹妃是“竹?！边@稱號有其南部起源于一個(gè)故事，誰順皇帝，死于勞累過度考察期間。HewasburiedinwhatisnowHunanProvince,andashiswivesEhuangandNuyingmournedhimbytheXiangjiangRiver,theirtearsfellonandstainedbamboogrowingonitsbank.他被安葬在現(xiàn)在的湖南省，并作為他的妻子娥皇和Nuying悼念他的湘江河，他們的眼淚落在和染色竹銀行在其成長。ATangpoetwrote:"Thetraceoftearsonbamboogivesexpressiontobitteryearning."阿唐代詩人說：“眼淚的痕跡竹體現(xiàn)了苦澀的渴望?！盇notherbreedofbamboo,Mengzong,honorsadutifulson.另一個(gè)品種的竹子，Mengzong，榮譽(yù)一個(gè)孝順的兒子。MengZongwasastudentduringtheThreeKingdomsPeriod(220-280).孟宗是一）學(xué)生在三國時(shí)期（220-280。Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasaninfant,andhismotherwaslaterstrickenwithaseriousillnessthatdidnotrespondtoconventionalmedicine.他的父親去世時(shí)，他是一個(gè)嬰兒，他的母親后來遭受了嚴(yán)重的醫(yī)學(xué)疾病，沒有回應(yīng)傳統(tǒng)。Thedoctorsuggestedthatsoupmadefrombambooshootsmighthelp,buttheywereimpossibletofindinwinter.醫(yī)生建議可能有助于從竹筍湯了，但他們不可能找到冬天。DesperationandgriefreducedMengtotears.絕望和悲痛減少孟落淚。Hissinceritymovedtheheavens,andseveralbambooshootsbrokethroughthesoil.他的誠意感動天，天數(shù)竹筍土壤突破。Aftertakingthesouphismotherrecovered,andwordofMeng'sfilialpietysoonbecameknownacrossthestate.湯后到他的母親恢復(fù)，虔誠字孟的孝心很快成為全國聞名的狀態(tài)。FilialpietyisacardinalprincipleoftraditionalChinesemorality.AccordingtoConfucius,itistheessenceofallbenevolence.孝道是中國傳統(tǒng)道德的基本原則。根據(jù)孔子，它的本質(zhì)是善所有。Insomedynasties,"ruleofpiety"wassetastatepolicy.在某些朝代，“規(guī)則的虔誠”成立一個(gè)國家的政策。IntheHanDynasty(206BC-AD220)theLawofFealtyandHonestywaspromulgated,stipulatingthatpietywasakeycriterioninevaluatingofficials,asitwaswidelybelievedthatthedutifulhavelovinghearts,andthehonestareincorruptible.在漢朝（公元前206年，公元220年）孝親法的頒布和誠實(shí)，是一個(gè)虔誠規(guī)定評價(jià)官員的關(guān)鍵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因?yàn)槿藗兤毡檎J(rèn)為，有愛的心盡職，廉潔和誠實(shí)的。AlterEgoofLiterati改變自我的文人AncientChineseliteratiheldbambooinprofoundesteem.中國古代文人舉行的深刻自尊竹子。Thisexplainswhytherearesomanywritingsandpaintingsdedicatedtoitthroughouthistory.這就解釋了為什么有那么多的著作和歷史畫它致力于各地。Phoenixtrees,bamboosandhut:theidealcombinationforanancientliteratiresidenceasdepictedinaworkbySongpainterXiaGui(1194-1224)鳳凰樹，竹子和小屋：文人居住的理想組合，作為一個(gè)古老的描繪在1194年至1224年（宋畫家作品夏圭）Onmovingtoanewresidence,EasternJin(317-420)calligrapherWangHuizhihadbambooplantedinthecourtyardbeforefurnishinganyoftherooms,saying:"HowcanIendureadaywithoutthisgentleman?"SongauthorSuShi(1037-1101)expressedhistalentnotonlyinhispoemsbutalsoinpaintingsofbamboo.在移動到一個(gè)新的居住地，東晉（317-420）書法家汪揮支了庭院種植竹子裝修房前的任何，他說：“我怎么能忍受一天沒有這位先生？”的作者宋蘇軾（1037-1101）表達(dá)了他的才華不僅竹子在他的詩歌作品，但也研究。AstudentofcelebratedbamboopainterWenTong,Suheldthattheconsummateportraitofbambooisonederivedfromcloseobservationoftheplantandminutecomprehensionoftheethositincarnates.阿童學(xué)生對著名畫家竹文，蘇認(rèn)為，完善的竹畫是民族精神的一個(gè)理解的密切觀察和來自分鐘植物它體現(xiàn)。Hewasquotedassaying:"Icanlivewithoutmeat,butnotwithoutbamboo."他被引述說：“我生活中可以沒有肉，但不無竹。”Hisremarks,"Whilepaintingbamboooneshouldhaveafinishedimageofitinmind,"gaverisetothepopularidiomxiongyouchengzhu,theconceptofhavingawell-thought-outplan.考慮到他的話：“雖然畫竹子的，完成一個(gè)形象應(yīng)該有”，引起了廣受歡迎的成語xiongyouchengzhu，該計(jì)劃的概念有一個(gè)良好的深思熟慮的。Ofallthepaintersinhistory,ZhengBanqiao(1693-1765)oftheQingDynastyisbelievedtohavebeenthebestatdrawingbamboo.在所有的歷史畫家中，鄭板橋（1693年至1765年時(shí)期）清代相信已在最好的竹畫。OneoftheYangzhouEightEccentrics,Zhengwaslaudedbothforhisartisticaccomplishmentandmoralcharacter.揚(yáng)州八怪之一的揚(yáng)州八怪，鄭性格都稱贊他的藝術(shù)修養(yǎng)和道德。Bornintoapoorbutintellectualfamily,Zhenglosthismotheratthree,andlearnedtheartofpaintingfromhisfather.出生于一個(gè)貧窮但知識分子家庭，失去了他的母親鄭為3人，并從他父親學(xué)繪畫藝術(shù)的影響。Hepassedimperialexaminationsatcounty,provincialandnationallevelsinhisyouth,butwasnotgrantedanofficialpostuntilreachingage49.他通過科舉考試在縣，省和國家各級在他的青年，但沒有獲得一官半職，直至達(dá)到49歲。WhileservingasmagistrateofWeixianCountyinShandongDuringaseverefaminehedecidedpersonallytodispensethegovernmentgrainreservetothestarvingpeople,andwassubsequentlyremovedfromhischarge.發(fā)生了一場嚴(yán)重的饑荒，他決定親自向政府免除饑餓的糧食儲備，以人，負(fù)責(zé)拆除，后來從他的。Ratherthanbeingangry,Zhengwrotethepoem:"Orchidssequesterinremotemountainsandprecipices,bamboosswaytomakecoolshade.Ishouldgiveupthisofficialpostassoonaspossible,sothatIcanliedownamongthemwithalightheart."而不是生氣，鄭寫的詩：“幽蘭在深山懸崖峭壁和隔離，使竹子搖下乘涼。我應(yīng)該放棄這個(gè)官職盡快，好讓我能以輕松的心情躺在他們中間有“。ZhenglaterreturnedtohishometownofYangzhou,andmadealivingbysellingpaintings.鄭后來回到他的家鄉(xiāng)揚(yáng)州，并通過出售畫為生。ZhengBanqiaoreveledinpaintingbambooallhislife.鄭板橋畫竹子沉迷在他的生命。Asateenager,heputwhitepaperonalatticewindow,andobservedtheshadowsofbamboo.Hispaintingsfocusedonthevitalityoftheplant,portrayingitasspareandaloofyetsturdyandproud.作為一個(gè)少年，他把格子窗上的白皮書，觀察竹子的陰影。他的畫集中在植物的活力，描繪它作為備用和冷漠而堅(jiān)固和自豪。Aninscriptionononeofhisbamboopaintingsreads:"Firmlycleavetothemountain,takerootinafracturedbluff;growstrongeraftertribulations,andwithstandgalesfromalldirections."安竹畫題詞，他就一讀：“牢牢粘在山區(qū)，采取虛張聲勢根骨折;增長強(qiáng)勁磨難后，經(jīng)受住來自各方向的大風(fēng)?！盜twasnotonlymenthatreveredbamboo.這并不是說只有男性竹尊敬。Tang(618-907)femalepoetXueTaoremainedsi