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授人以漁
北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)中國(guó)外語(yǔ)教育研究中心
王文斌
2014年7月長(zhǎng)沙
I.授人以漁
授人以魚,不如授人以漁——《老子》英語(yǔ):1.Itisbettertoteachonetheskilloffishingthantoofferhimfish.2.Giveamanafish,andyouhavefedhimfortoday.Teachamantofish,andyouhavefedhimforalifetime.主旨:(1)Toteachastudenthowtofishismuchmoreimportantthantogivehimfish.
(2)Toteach“how”ismuchmoreimportantthantoteach“what”.
1.唐代韓愈《師說(shuō)》:“古人學(xué)者必有師,師者,
所以傳道授業(yè)解惑也?!眰鞯溃簜魇诘览硎跇I(yè):教授學(xué)業(yè)解惑:解釋疑難2.傳道授業(yè)解惑新解道:方法、辦法、技術(shù),如門道、醫(yī)道、生財(cái)有道等?;螅盒囊刹欢?;對(duì)方法感到疑惑。如智者不惑。
惑常緣于不得要領(lǐng)。業(yè):學(xué)習(xí)的功課。如學(xué)業(yè)、畢業(yè)、業(yè)精于勤等。
教師的要責(zé):傳學(xué)業(yè)之法,授學(xué)業(yè)之精,解學(xué)業(yè)
之惑。
II.為人師者,傳道乎?解惑乎?
III.外語(yǔ)教師的學(xué)業(yè)功力
教與學(xué)的關(guān)鍵,就是要“教要領(lǐng)”、“學(xué)要領(lǐng)”;專業(yè)的教與學(xué)同樣需要“教專業(yè)要領(lǐng)”、“學(xué)專業(yè)要領(lǐng)”,而“得專業(yè)要領(lǐng)”就是“得專業(yè)能力”。教外語(yǔ),主要還是要教語(yǔ)言。在此主要談?wù)劷處熢谡Z(yǔ)言方面的功力,涉及9個(gè)方面:1.音系知識(shí)co-:col-
com-con-cor-col-:
以“l(fā)”為首字母的詞或詞根時(shí),“co-”遂變成“col-”,如
“collocate”等com-:
以“m”、“b”或“p”為首字母的詞或詞根,這一前綴遂變?yōu)?/p>
“com-”,如“community”、“combine”和“compete”等。con-:粘附于以“n”、“c”、“d”、“f”、“g”、“j”、“q”、
“s”、“t”或“v”為首字母的詞或詞根,那么就變?yōu)椤癱on-”,
如“connect”、“concours”、“condense”、“confirm”、
“congenial”、“conjoin”、“conquest”、“consolidate”、
“context”和“conversation”等;cor-:粘附于以“r”為首字母的詞或詞根,那就變?yōu)椤癱or-”,如
“correlation”等;co-:
在以其他任何字母為首字母的詞或詞根前,這一前綴保持“co-”這
一形式,如“cooperate”和“co-author”等。1.音系知識(shí)
“U”字母的添加:fable+ous →fabulous(極好的)
scruple+ous→scrupulous(有顧忌的)angle+ar →angular(有角的)
triangle+ar →triangular(三角的)particle+ar →particular(特定的)
spectacle+ar →spectacular(壯觀的)
與語(yǔ)音相關(guān)的漢譯英(漢語(yǔ)的雙音化):長(zhǎng)江:theYangtzeRiver,theChangjiangRiver國(guó)名:泰國(guó)、英國(guó)、越南、瑞典縣名:保定市:易縣、雄縣;邯鄲市:涉縣、邱縣、魏縣;滄
州市:滄縣、青縣、獻(xiàn)縣
2.詞匯知識(shí)
(1)及物動(dòng)詞+-abletrain → trainableaccept →acceptableoperate →separate →educate →eradicate →differentiate→
2.詞匯知識(shí)
單調(diào)的:monotonous:mono-tone-ous荒謬的:nonsensical:non-sense-ical自傳作家:autobiographer:auto-bio-graph-er自行車:bicycle獨(dú)輪車:monocycle三輪車:tricycle
3.詞義知識(shí)
仰臥:臉朝上tolieonone’sback俯臥:臉朝下tolieonone’sstomach側(cè)臥:以身體一側(cè)躺著tolieonone’sside電話:tele+phone(遠(yuǎn)聲);彩虹:rain+bow(雨弓)Story:
(1)Thewarhasbecomethemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.(事件)
(2)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.(內(nèi)情)
(3)He’llbeveryhappyifthatstoryholdsup.(說(shuō)法)
(4)AyoungmancametoScotti’sofficewithastory.
(案情)3.詞義知識(shí)反義詞:
贏敗英國(guó)隊(duì)打贏了美國(guó)隊(duì)。英國(guó)隊(duì)打敗了美國(guó)隊(duì)。4.句法知識(shí)(1)JohnthinksthatWilliampraiseshimself.(2)小李認(rèn)為小張表?yè)P(yáng)了自己。(3)JohnwantsWilliamtorespecthimself.(4)小李要小張尊重自己。
wantto=wanna?(5)Theywanttogo.→Theywannago.(6)Whodoyouwanttobeat?Whodoyouwannabeat?(7)Whodoyouwanttogo?*Whodoyouwannago?
4.句法知識(shí)(8)動(dòng)詞FIND的句法行為:(8.1)find+NP(8.2)find+thatclause(8.3)find+NP+(tobe)+NP(8.4)find+NP+(tobe)+AP(8.5)find+NP+(tobe)+PP(8.6)find+NP+(tobe)+pastparticiple(8.7)find+NP+(tobe)+presentparticiple4.句法知識(shí)(9)praisesb.forsth.類似的動(dòng)詞有:blame,criticize,scold,reproach,thank,punish,reprimand,excuse,forgive,reward,等(10)begratefulthankful)tosb.forsth.
(11)besymbolicofsth.beindicativeofbesuggestiveofbeemblematicofberepresentativeof
(1a)Theyloadedhayontothetruck.(1b)Theyloadedthetruckwithhay.(1a)的同義替換:Theyputaloadofhayontothecart.Aloadofhaywasputontothecart.Thecartwasputontoaloadofhay.
(1b)的同義替換: Theyfilledthecartwithhay. Thecartwasfilledwithhay. Thecartwasloadedwithhay.5.句法語(yǔ)義5.句法語(yǔ)義(2)ItaughtEnglishtoWilliam.ItaughtWilliamEnglish.(closer,moredirect.)(3)Ifoundthatthechairwascomfortable.Ifoundthechaircomfortable.(closer,moredirect.)
(4)DRINKHedrankhimselfsleepy.5.句法語(yǔ)義(5)KICKThehorsekicked.Thehorsekickedtheball.Thehorsekickedtheballintothebasket.Thehorsekickedmetheball.Thehorsekickedhiswayoutoftheplayground.(6)LAUGHWelaughedheroutoftheclassroom.(7)TICKTheclocktickedthebabyawake.5.句法語(yǔ)義
(8)HIT,BREAK
(8a)Johnhitthebottle.
(8b)Johnbrokethebottle.
(8c)Thebottlehit.
(8d)Thebottlebroke.
(8e)Johnhitmeonthenose.
(8f)Johnbrokemeonthenose
HIT:strike,punch,pat
BREAK:crash,smash,shatter
6.文體知識(shí)(1a)Hisbelovedfatherhasjoinedtheheavenlychoir.(1b)Hisdearfatherhaspassedaway.(1c)Hisfatherhasdied.(1d)Hisoldmanhaskickedthebucket.
(2a)Thenatureofhisstatementwasnotinaccordancewiththefacts.(2b)Hisstatementwasnottrue.(2c)Thefactsdisprovedhisstatement.
6.文體知識(shí)(3a)Idesiretoexploreyourfeelingsconcerningthelecture.(3b)I’dliketohaveyourideasaboutthetalk.(3c)Whatdoyouthinkofthetalk?Howdoyoulikethetalk?
6.文體知識(shí)(4a)Expectorationisforbidden.(4b)Pleasedonotspit.
(5a)Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenthome.(5b)Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewenthome.7.句型轉(zhuǎn)換
Isawacarmovingrapidly.(1)Isawtherapidmovementofacar.(2)WhatIsawwastherapidmovementofacar.(3)TherapidmovementofacarwaswhatIsaw.(4)ItwasacarthatIsawmovingrapidly.(5)Isawthemovementofacarwasrapid.(6)Isawacarmoveswithrapidity.(7)ItwastherapidityofthemovementofacarthatIsaw.(8)WhatIsawwastherapidityofthemovementofacar.(9)ItwasIwhosawtherapidmovementofacar.(10)Therapidityofthemovementofacarwasseenbyme.7.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(11)Therapidmovementofacarwasseenbyme.(12)ThethingthatIsawwasacarmovingrapidly.(13)AcarthatIsawwasmovingrapidly.(14)AcarthatIsawwasinarapidmovement.(15)AcarthatIsawwasmovingwithrapidity.(16)ThemovementofacarthatIsawwasrapid.(17)Isawthewayacarmovedwasrapid.(18)Thewaythatacarmovedrapidlywasseenbyme.(19)Acarmovingrapidlywasseenbyme.(20)Acarseenbymewasmovingrapidly.(21)Acarseenbymewasinarapidmovement.8.英漢互譯
8.英漢互譯
8.英漢互譯8.英漢互譯(1)憑本券用餐,隔日作廢。Withthislistmeals,thenextdaycanceled.(Thecouponisrequiredwhentakingmeal.Itexpiresifitisnotusedtoday.)(2)老弱病殘?jiān)袑Wpecialforoldsickweakorpregnant.(3)請(qǐng)講普通話PleaseMandarin(4)禁止下水、戲水Forbidwatertolaunch,playwith.(5)請(qǐng)帶好自己的物品,到室外整理。Pleasetakeyourbelongingsoutsideforpackup.
8.英漢互譯
漢語(yǔ)句子喜短不喜長(zhǎng)。(1)我們的干部基本上是好的,或者是比較好的。*Ourgovernmentofficersarebasicallygood,orbetter.(2)你不能這樣做,老師看見會(huì)說(shuō)的。Youcan’tdoitthisway.Ourteacherwillblameyouifheseesit.
(3)Ifyoudon’tdoit,I’lldoit.
如果你不做,那么我做。
你不做我做。
(4)道路是屈折的,前途是光明的。
(5)你早到等我,我早到等你。(4)Herfaceburntwithshame.
她的臉因羞愧而發(fā)燒。
她羞得臉上發(fā)燒。8.英漢互譯(5a)他很高興地玩兒。(5b)Heisplayingveryhappily.(6a)他玩兒得很高興。(6b)Heisveryhappyfromplaying.
8.英漢互譯(7)Pricesaresubjecttovariationwithoutnotice.
價(jià)格若有變動(dòng),不再另行通知。(8)Shegazedruefullyinthemirrorforhergrayinghair.
她凝視著鏡子中自己日漸花白的頭發(fā),不禁感慨萬(wàn)千。(9)他激動(dòng)得兩眼閃光。 Hiseyesshonewithexcitement.(10)從山頂俯瞰,城市美麗的景色盡收眼底。 Thetopofthemountainoffersabeautifulpanoramaofthecity.(11)他好逞強(qiáng),所以人緣不好。Hemadehimselfunpopularbybeingpushy.9.認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)
概念隱喻(conceptualmetaphor)EMOTIONISFIRE/HEAT(1)Hewasonfirewithemotion.(2)Theywerehotwithemotion.(3)Theeventskindledseveralemotionsinhim.(4)Iamburningwithemotion.
ANARGUMENTISAJOURNEY(1)Wehavesetouttoprovethatbatsarebirds.(2)Whenwegettothenextpoint,weshallseethatphilosophyisdead.(3)Sofar,we’veseenthatnocurrenttheorieswillwork.(4)Wewillgooninastep-by-stepway.(5)Ourgoalistoshowthatcognitivelinguisticsiseffectiveinanalyzinglanguages.(6)Thisobservationpointsthewaytoanelegantsolution.(7)Wehavearrivedatadisturbingconclusion.9.認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)ANARGUMENTISACONTAINER(1)Yourargumentdoesn’thavemuchcontent.(2)Thatargumenthasholesinit.(3)Youdon’thavemuchofanargument,buthisobjectionshaveevenlesssubstance.(4)I’mtiredofyouremptyarguments.(5)Yourargumentwon’tholdwater.
9.認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)IDEASAREFOOD(1)Whathesaidleftabadtasteinmymouth.(2)Allthispaperhasinitarerawfacts,half-bakedideas,andwarmed-overtheories.(3)Therearetoomanyfactshereformetodigestthemall.(4)Ijustcan’tswallowthatclaim.(5)Thatargumentsmellsfishy.(6)Letmestewoverthatforawhile.(7)Nowthere’satheoryyoucanreallysinkyourteethinto.(8)Weneedtoletthatideapercolateforawhile.(9)That’sfoodforthought.(10)He’savoraciousreader.(11)Wedon’tneedtospoon-feedourstudents.(12)Hedevouredthebook.(13)Let’sletthatideasimmeronthebackburnerforawhile.(14)Thisisthemeatypartofthepaper.Letthatideajellforawhile.
(15)Thatideahasbeenfermentingforyears.9.認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)IDEASAREPEOPLE(1)Thetheoryofrelativitygavebirthtoanenormousnumberofideasinphysics.(2)Heisthefatherofmodernbiology.(3)Whosebrainchildwasthat?(4)Lookatwhathisideashavespawned.(5)ThoseideasdiedoffintheMiddleAges.(6)Hisideaswillliveonforever.(7)Cognitivepsychologyisstillinitsinfancy.(8)That’sanideathatoughttoberesurrected.(9)Where’dyoudigupthatidea?(10)Hebreathednewlifeintothatidea.
9.認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)IDEASAREPLANTS(1)Hisideashavefinallycometofruition.(2)Thatideadiedonthevine.(3)That’sabuddingtheory.(4)Itwilltakeyearsforthatideatocometofullflower.(5)Heviewschemistryasamereoffshootofphysics.(6)Mathematicshasmanybranches.(7)Thatseedsofhisgreatideaswereplantedinhisyouth.(8)Shehasafertileimagination.(9)Here’sanideathatI’dliketoplantinyourmind.(10)Hehasabarrenmind.9.認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)IDEASAREFASHIONS(1)Thatideawentoutofstyleyearsago.(2)Ihearsociobiologyisinthesedays.(3)MarxismiscurrentlyfashionableinwesternEurope.(4)Thatideaisoldhat!(5)That’sanoutdatedidea.(6)WhatarethenewtrendsinEnglishcriticism?(7)Old-fashionednotionshavenoplaceintoday’ssociety.(8)Hekeepsup-to-datebyre
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