現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(二)present perfect

PresentPerfectTense現(xiàn)在完成時（用法二）現(xiàn)在完成時1.過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。和already，never,ever,just,before,yet等狀語連用。2.過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，常與for或since引起的一段時間狀語連用。謂語動詞構(gòu)成：have/has+v過去分詞havebreakfastIhavejusthadmybreakfast.(現(xiàn)在我不餓)I’mnothungrynowmovedherein2004IstilllivehereIhavelivedherefortenyears.=Ihavelivedheresince2004/tenyearsago.nowpast句式的變化：have/has+v過去分詞助動詞否定haven’thasn’t疑問Haveyou…?Hashe…?肯定一、用法:1.

表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常和already,yet,just,ever,never,beforerecently,等連用。

e.g.–Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?

–Yes,Ihave.I’vejusthadit.(現(xiàn)在我不餓了。)

Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.現(xiàn)在完成時

already,just多用于肯定句中，ever,yet,never多用于疑問句和否定句中。如：I

have

already

finished

my

homework．我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。

He

has

just

had

his

meal．他剛吃過飯。

Have

you

ever

sung

this

English

song？你曾唱過這首英文歌嗎？

They

haven't

started

yet.他們還沒有身。

We

have

never

heard

of

it．我們從來沒有聽說過這件事。2.在現(xiàn)在完成時中

ever,

never,

just,

already,

yet在用法和意思上有什么區(qū)別？

everjustalreadyyete.g.Haveyou_____beentoJapan?Ihave_____finishedmyhomework.Ihavefinishedmyhomework______.

Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomework____.注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語already,yet,just,before，ever,never，，recently,sofar,次數(shù)twice等。有此類副詞時,常強調(diào)動作完成,不強調(diào)動作的持續(xù).2.某些動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可表示從過去某一時刻開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。（包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)）注：可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用：如thesedays,sofar,uptonow,tillnow,inthepast/lastfewyeas,for/since等短語.表示持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)的動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞。e.g.I’veknownBobforthreeyears.

Theyhavelivedheresince1996.現(xiàn)在完成時二、謂語動詞構(gòu)成:“助動詞have/has+v.的過去分詞（done）”三、過去分詞：一）、規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成與過去式相同：1.一般在動詞詞尾直接加ed2.以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞后面加d3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動詞，變y為i，再加-ed4.詞尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞，要雙寫輔音字母，再加-ed。二）、過去分詞之不規(guī)則變化：（一）過去分詞和過去式相同的：１.以不變應(yīng)萬變（A-A-A式）。如：let→let→letset→set→set

put→put→putcut→cut→cut

read→read→readhurt→hurt→hurthit→hit→hitshut→shut→shutcost→cost→cost２.若中間有雙寫e，則去掉一個e，單詞末尾再加一個t

。（A-B-B式）如：feel→felt→felt

keep→kept→kept

sleep→slept→sleptsweep→swept→swept３.把結(jié)尾的字母d/l變?yōu)閠。（ABB式）如：

lend→lent→lent

build→built→built

send→sent→sentspend→spent→spent

spell→spelt→speltsmell→smelt→smelt4.在原型后加d或t。（ABB式）如：

learn→learnt→learnt

hear→heard→heard

mean→meant→meant

5.變?yōu)橐?ought或-aught結(jié)尾,（ABB式）如：buy→bought→boughtthink→thought→thought

bring→brought→broughtfight→fought→fought

catch→caught→caught

teach→taught→taught

6.原型中的一個元音字母有變化。（ABB式）如：

sit→sat→satwin→won→won

dig→dug→dug

shine→shone→shone

hold→held→heldmeet→met→metlead→led→ledhang→hung→hungfeed→fed→fedmeet→met→met

7.其它變化,ABB式如：sell→sold→soldtell→told→toldpay→paid→paidsay→said→saidstand→stood→stoodunderstand→understood→understood④其它lose→lost→lostfind→found→foundleave→left→lefthave→had→had（二）過去分詞和過去式不同的：1.在原型中只變化一個元音字母（ABC式）如：ring→rang→rungsing→sang→sungdrink→drank→drunkswim→swam→swumbegin→began→begun2.在原型后加-en（ABC式）如：eat→ate→eatenfall→fell→fallenride→rode→riddenwrite→wrote→writtenbe→was/were→been3.在過去式上加-en（ABC式）如：

get→got→gottenforget→forgot→forgotten4.在原型后加-n（ABC式）如：see→saw→seengive→gave→givendrive→drove→driventake→took→takendraw→drew→drawnthrow→threw→thrownmistake→mistook→mistakengrow→grew→grownknow→knew→knownblow→blew→blownshake→shook→shakenshow→showed→shownrise→rose→risen5.在過去式上加-n（ABC式）如：

break→broke→brokenchoose→chose→chosenspeak→spoke→spokenwake→woke→waken6.（ABA式）如：come→came→comebecome→became→becomerun→ran→run

7.各不相同（ABC式）如：do→did→donefly→flew→flowngo→went→gonelie→lay→lain★★★少數(shù)動詞有兩個過去式和過去分詞，一個為規(guī)則變化，一個為不規(guī)則變化learn→learned→learned

→learnt→learntshine→shined→shined

→shone→shonesmell→smelled→smelled

→smelt→smeltspell→spelled→spelled

→spelt→speltburn→burned→burned

→burnt→burnt★★★少數(shù)動詞有兩個過去式和過去分詞，一個為規(guī)則變化，一個為不規(guī)則變化dream→dreamed→dreamed

→dreamt→dreamtlight→lighted→lighted

→lit→litspeed→speeded→speeded

→sped→sped

★★★注意：1.beat的過去式與原形同形：beat（打擊）beat（過去式）beaten（過去分詞）2.lie有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種，含義不同lie→lied→

lied（說謊）

→

lay→

lain（躺，位于）3.hang有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種，含義不同hang→

hanged→

hanged（處絞刑）

→

hung→

hung(掛，吊)四、句式：1.肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞(+其他)2.否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞(+其他)3.一般疑問句：have/has+主語+過去分詞(+其他)4.

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞(不是句子主語)+have/has+主語+過去分詞(+其他)2)特殊疑問詞(是句子主語)+have/has+過去分詞(+其他)

現(xiàn)在完成時：表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或保存的狀態(tài)，強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用（如：in1990，lastSunday等）。

一般過去時：一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系（即動作或狀態(tài)在現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束），它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。注意1:現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：have/has+V過去分詞注意注意 1:

現(xiàn)在完成時不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用(如:yesterday,last,year,in1976,twodaysago,justnow,whenshecamein等)連用，但可以和不明確指出時間的狀語(如:already,yet,ever,never,sometimes,always,often,before,once,twice,recently,lately等)連用；也可以和表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時間狀語(如：today,thismorning,thisweek,thisyear等)連用。1have/hasbeento+地名:

曾去過某地（已回來）

可與just,

ever,

never

等連用,后可接次數(shù)2have/hasgoneto+地名:

去了某地（還沒回來，不在說話現(xiàn)場）3have/hasbeenin+地名:

在某地呆了有多久（常和一段時間狀語連用）★★如地點為副詞，則介詞in/to必須省略。Havebeento/in和havegoneto的區(qū)別Summary注意2:

HehasgonetoHongKong.他到香港去了。

Hehas

been

toHongKong.

他曾到過香港。

Mr.

Brown

has

been

in

HongKong

for

three

days.

布朗先生來香港已經(jīng)有三天了。

1.—Where

is

Tom？湯姆在哪里？

—He

has

gone

to

the

bookshop.他到書店去了。2.They

have

been

in

Canada

for

five

years.

他們到加拿大有五年了。3.Wherehaveyoubeen,John?I'mlookforyoueverywhere?John你去哪了？我到處找你。

1.

表示從過去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示“從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間狀語”連用。2.這一時間狀語有：①

for+時間段

②

since+過去時間點

③

since+過去時的從句

④since+一段時間+ago

⑤inthelast/pastfewyearsPresentPerfectTense現(xiàn)在完成時（用法二）注意★★①含有for，since的現(xiàn)在完成時的用法歌訣:

過去的動作或狀態(tài)，

一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，

for、since把時間帶。

②且for與since引導的時間狀語可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換：for+一段時間=since+一段時間+ago

Hehasbeenhereforfiveweeks.=Hehasbeenheresincefiveweeksago.Ihaveworkedatthisfactoryfortenyears.=Ihaveworkedatthisfactorysincetenyearago.現(xiàn)在完成時（用法二）

I

haven’t

seen

him

for

three

years.

我三年沒有看見他了。I’ve

lived

here

since

1990．自從1990年以來我就住在這里。

She’s

been

at

this

school

since

five

yearsago.自從五年前她就在這個學校。

HehastaughtheresincehecametoChina.自從他來到中國就在這兒教書。Wehavebeenfriendssincewemetinschool.我們從在學校見面起就成為了好朋友。3.句中動詞的特點：現(xiàn)在完成時（用法二）

①

此種用法中表示持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)的動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞(否定句除外)。

②非延續(xù)性動詞come,go,leave,arrive,begin,finish,buy,

lose,join,die,marry,borrow,receive等，不能與for、since等表示一段時間的狀語連用。非延續(xù)性動詞需轉(zhuǎn)化為對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞才能與for、since等表示一段時間的狀語連用

1.這本書我買了5年了。

Ihaveboughtthebookforfiveyears.()Ihavehadthebookforfiveyears.()×√現(xiàn)在完成時（用法二）

2.你哥哥參軍多長時間了？

Howlonghasyourbrotherjoinedthearmy?(

)Howlonghasyourbrotherbeeninthearmy/beenasoldier?()×√不能說:

*Hehascome

toBeijingfor

two

years.但可以說：HehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.不能說:

*Hehasboughtthatbookfor

three

weeks.但可以說：Hehashadthatbookforthreeweeks.不能說:

*HehasjoinedtheArmyforoneandahalfyears.但可以說：Hehasbeeninthearmyforoneandahalfyears.★★★for、since可以與非延續(xù)性動詞的否定式連用。如:Ihaveboughtthiscomputersincefouryearsago.(×)Ihavehadthiscomputersincefouryearsago.(√)Ihaven’tboughtanythingfortwomonths.(√)Ihaven'theardfromhimfor3weeks.(√)①轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞（用于現(xiàn)在完成時用法二）borrow—keep

buy—havecome/go/become---becatch/getacold—haveacoldputon—wear/beon4.非延續(xù)性動詞和延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

非延續(xù)性動詞：come,go,leave,arrive,buy,start，reach，die，open，close，finish，lose,receive,join,die,marry

②.轉(zhuǎn)化為“be+名詞”gotoschool--beastudentjointhearmy--beasoldier/beinthearmyjointheParty--beaPartymember③.

轉(zhuǎn)化為“be+形容詞/副詞”begin/start—beongoout—beoutclose—beclosedopen—beopen/keepsth.open

die—bedeadleave—beaway(from)finish/end—beoverfallill(asleep,sick)—beill(asleep,sick)

join—bein

/

beamemberof…

makefriends—befriendscome/go/—be+相應(yīng)的介詞短語getmarried—bemarried等getup---beup④轉(zhuǎn)化為“be+介詞”getto/arrive/reach—be(in)moveto---liveingotoschool---beinschooljointhearmy---beinthearmygetup---beup⑤去掉短語中的結(jié)束性性動詞，用于現(xiàn)在完成時。gettoknow—know

gettosleep—sleepcometowork--workbegintostudy---study

1.Theoldmandied4yearsago.

?Theoldmanhasbeendeadfor4years.

=Itis4yearssincetheoldmandied.=Fouryearshaspassedsincetheoldmandied.

2.HejoinedtheParty2yearsago.?HehasbeeninthePartyfor2years.3.Iboughtthebook5daysago.?Ihavehad/ownedthebookfor5days.如：現(xiàn)在完成時常用句型：①Itis/hasbeen+時間段+since短語或從句ItisfourdayssincelastFriday.從上周五到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)四天了。IthasbeentwoyearssinceJimcametoBeijing.吉姆來北京已經(jīng)兩年了。現(xiàn)在完成時常用句型：②時間段+haspassed+since短語或從句ThreeyearshaspassedsinceIlivedhere.Halfanhourhaspassedsinceshefinishedherhomework.③Thisisthefirst(second…)timethat+從句句型中的that從句通常使用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：ThisisthefirsttimethatJennyandDannyhavebeentoChina.這是珍妮和丹妮第一次來屮國。ThisisthethirdtimethatIhaveseenKaren.這是我第三次見到Karen。1.I________heardofthatstorybefore.A.don’thaveB.nothaveC.havenotD.nottohave2.She’sneverbeentothatfactory,_________?A.issheB.wassheC.doessheD.hasshe3.Haveyoumadedumplings__________?No,Ihaven’t.A.justnowB.yesterdayC.agoD.before4.Tom________illsincelastnight.A.wasB.isC.hasbeenD.be5.Howlonghaveyou_________Nanjing?A.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wenttoCDDCC一同義句6.HowmanytimeshasJim_______thatpark?Twice.A.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wentto7.I’ve______thisdictionaryforhalfayear.A.boughtB.hadC.lendedD.borrowed8.Shewon’tgotothecinemathiseveningbecauseshe________thefilmbefore.A.hasseenB.sawC.seesD.isseeingBBA1.她成為一名護士已經(jīng)三年了。2.我五年前就認識李雷了。3.那些相片我已經(jīng)寄給他了。（post）4.我來到這個學校后，他就一直教我。5.我剛丟了我的歷史書。Shehasbeenanurseforthreeyears.IhaveknownLileisincefiveyearsago.Ihavealreadypostedthephotostohim.HehastaughtmesinceIcametotheschool.Ihavejustlostmyhistorybook.二翻譯1.Iborrowedthelibrarybooktwodaysago.I______________thelibrarybook________twodays.2.Themeetingstartedtenminutesago.A.Themeeting___________________________________tenminutesago.B.Themeeting____________________________________tenminutes.havekeptforhasbeenonhasbeenonsincefor三同義句3.MybrotherjoinedthePartylastyear.A.Mybrother__________________________thePartysincelastyear.B.Mybrother_________________________partymembersincelastyear.4.HeleftNanjingtwoyearsago.He__________________________________Nanjingfortwoyears.hasbeeninhasbeenahasbeenawayfrom5.Thatdogdiedlastmonth.Thatdog_______________________sincelastmonth.6.Hehashadthebikefortwoyears.A.Twoyears_____________sincehe________thebike.B.It’s________________sincehe_________thebike.C.He_______thebiketwoyears__________.hasbeendeadhaspassedboughttwoyearsboughtboughtago二選用for和since填空:1.Wehaven’tseeneachother______alongtime.2.Hisfatherhasbeeninthefactory______10yearsago.3.Thefilmhasbeenon______20minutes.4.MrGreenhasworkedhere______hecametoChina.5.Hisgrandparentshavebeendead______severalyears.6.It’sfiveyears_______wemetlasttimeforsinceforsinceforsince選擇for或since填空：Ihavebeenhere_____fivemonthsago.2.Hehasbeenasoldier____abouttwomonths.3.Greatchangeshavetakenplace_____youleft.4.Hisgrandpahasbeendead____tenyears.5.IhavestudiedEnglish______I

was12yearsold.6.Itistwoyears_________Ibecameapostgraduatestudent.sinceforsinceforsincesince即學即練

1.Both

his

parents

look

sad.Maybethey

________what's

happened

to

him.

Ａ.

knew

Ｂ.

haveknown

Ｃ.

mustknow

Ｄ.willknow2.He

has

_____been

to

Shanghai,has

he?Ａ.

already

Ｂ.never

Ｃ.ever

Ｄ.still一、單項選擇。BBExercises3.Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyearＡ.is

writing

Ｂ.was

writing

Ｃ.wrote

Ｄ.has

written4.--Ourcountry

______alotsofar.

--Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.

Ａ.has

changed;well

Ｂ.

changed;good

Ｃ.has

changed;betterＤ.

changed;betterDC

5.ZhaoLan______already

______inthisschoolfortwoyears.

Ａ.was;studying

Ｂ.will;studyＣ.has;studied

Ｄ.are;studying6.We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.

Ａ.know

Ｂ.

had

known

Ｃ.have

known

Ｄ.

knewCC7.HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_______ittwice.Ａ.

will

see

Ｂ.

have

seen

Ｃ.

saw

Ｄ.see8.–ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.

–Really?When_____

there?Ａ.will

they

go

Ｂ.

did

they

goＣ.

do

they

go

Ｄ.

have

they

goneBB9.--______you___your

homework

yet?

--Yes.I_____

it

a

moment

ago.Ａ.

Did;do;finished

Ｂ.

Have;done;finishedＣ.

Have;done;have

finished

Ｄ.

will;do;finishB10.His

father

______the

Party

since

1978.Ａ.

joined

Ｂ.

hasjoined

Ｃ.

wasinＤ.

has

been

in11.--Doyouknowhimwell?

--

Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.Ａ.

were

Ｂ.havebeen

Ｃ.havebecome

Ｄ.havemadeDB12.--Howlonghaveyou

____here?

--Abouttwomonths.Ａ.

been

Ｂ.

gone

Ｃ.

com