歐洲文化入門知識(shí)點(diǎn)筆記全十章

23/23自考英語(yǔ)《歐洲文化入門》知識(shí)點(diǎn)筆記(全十章)

2006/09/0517:45北京自考熱線1,Therearemanyelementsconstituting(組成)EuropeanCulture.2,Therearetwomajorelements：Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.3,Therichness(豐富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.第一章1,The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.2,TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依靠)animmense(無(wú)限的)amountofslavelabour.3,Olympusmount，Revivedin1896(當(dāng)代奧運(yùn)會(huì))4,AncientGreece(古希臘)‘sepicswascreatedbyHomer.5,TheeventsofHomer‘sowntime.(錯(cuò))(TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime，probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)6,TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.7,Agamemnon，Hector，AchillesareinIliad.8,OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9,Odyssey(對(duì)其作品產(chǎn)生影響)—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses(描述一天的生活)。Inthe20thcentury.10,DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.11,三大悲劇大師①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→仿照式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》②Sophocles(之首)《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(戀母情結(jié))—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(勞倫斯)447頁(yè)③EuripidesA.《TrojanWomen》B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社會(huì)問(wèn)題劇)在肖伯納手中達(dá)到高潮，屬于存在主義戲劇的人物C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一個(gè)純粹的人)D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.Tobespecific(詳細(xì)來(lái)說(shuō))，Euripides.12,TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18頁(yè)Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主義湖畔派(Thelakers)華茲華茲13,History(Historicalwriting)史學(xué)創(chuàng)作新古典主義代表作家《格列夫游記》《大人國(guó)小人國(guó)》《溫柔的提議》用諷刺的寫作手法)※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博羅奔泥撒，3只是陳述史實(shí)，并沒(méi)有得出理論?！癟hegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以來(lái)最宏大的歷史學(xué)家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta，AthensandSyracuse)14,TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.15,受希臘文化影響的傳教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)16,希臘文化中的哲學(xué)被基督教所汲取17,①Euclid‘sElements解析幾何ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(歷史地位)②ArchimedesHisworknotonlyingeometry幾何學(xué)，butalsoinarithmetic算術(shù)，mechanics機(jī)械，andhydrostatics.流體靜力學(xué)選擇：Givemeaplacetostand，andIwillmovetheworld.誰(shuí)的理論(Archimedes)18,Architecture古希臘建筑三大風(fēng)格temple—→Parthenon巴臺(tái)農(nóng)神廟①TheDoricstyleisalsocalledmasculinestyle.(雄偉的)(陶立克式的〔純樸,古老的希臘建筑風(fēng)格〕)buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(單調(diào))issturdy(堅(jiān)毅的)，powerful,severe-looking(莊重肅穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.②TheIonicstyle(愛(ài)奧尼亞式的)isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(陰柔的)isgraceful(優(yōu)雅的)andelegant(優(yōu)美的)。TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(裝飾性)③TheCorinthianstyle((古希臘)科林斯(式)的)isknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)19,Thefamoustemples：TheAcropolis(雅典的衛(wèi)城)atAthensandtheParthenon.20,TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.21,ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(羅馬折服希臘的標(biāo)記)22,From146B.C.，LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.23,BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.24,TheRomanwriterHorace(賀拉斯〔公元前65-8年，羅馬詩(shī)人〕)said“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。25,Thedividingrange(分水嶺)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.26,Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods：republicandempire.27,TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.28,ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.29,north：Scotlandeast：Armenia(亞美尼亞)andMesopotamia(美索不達(dá)米亞)30,IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions(羅馬軍團(tuán))31,IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣羅馬帝國(guó))32,名解IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana33,TheRomanLawprotected(愛(ài)護(hù))therightsofplebeians(平民)。34,TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.35,After395，theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantine拜占廷的,東羅馬帝國(guó)的Empire)andWest.36,Cicero西賽羅hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁語(yǔ)用詞describedasCiceronian.西賽羅式的anenormousinfluence(巨大影響)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)37,JuliusCaesarcommentaries指責(zé)論“Icame，Isaw，Iconquered.”38,VirgilAeneid阿尼德39,Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.(古希臘,羅馬供奉眾神的)萬(wàn)神殿Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室內(nèi)場(chǎng)所40,TheColosseum(大理石像)isanenormous.露天的環(huán)形影劇院41,Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)42,TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希臘民主的表現(xiàn)形式43,TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希臘民主的詳細(xì)形式論述簡(jiǎn)答一,Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece？(名解簡(jiǎn)答)(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece？Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy？)答：①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”，butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.②Women，children，foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.二,HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop？答：①Probablyaround1200B.C.，awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience，philosophy，literature，artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.，GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander，kingofMacedon.Whereverhewentandconquered，whereverGreekculturewasfound.⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.，theRomansconqueredGreece.三,HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop？答：(1),Threefounders1,Pythagoras畢達(dá)哥拉斯〔580？-？500B.C.,希臘哲學(xué)家,數(shù)學(xué)家〕①Allthingswerenumbers.②Scientificmathematics.③Theoryofproportion.比例的理論2,Heracleitue①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是萬(wàn)物之源②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.沖突的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一3,Democritus德謨克利特(460？-370？B.C.)古希臘哲學(xué)家①theatomictheory.第一個(gè)原子理論開(kāi)拓者②materialism.唯物主義(2),Threethinkers1,Socrates①Hehadn‘tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.2,Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyPlato.②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues，Apology，SymposiumandRepublic.3,Aristotle①TheLyceum(亞里斯多德講學(xué)的)萊森學(xué)園；亞里斯多德派的哲學(xué)isthesecondschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyAristotle.②Aristotleisahumanist.(3),Fivecontendingschools(contend1.爭(zhēng)奪，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；斗爭(zhēng)，戰(zhàn)斗2.爭(zhēng)論，爭(zhēng)論)1,TheSophists詭辯派①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.諸神論③Hisdoctrine教義is“manisthemeasureofallthings”。人是衡量一切的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2,TheCynics犬儒派①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.提奧奇尼斯〔住在桶中白晝點(diǎn)燈找尋正人君子的古希臘哲學(xué)家，紀(jì)元前412-323〕②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.③Heproclaimed宣揚(yáng)hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.權(quán)利3,TheSceptics置疑學(xué)派①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon古希臘-伊皮魯斯②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可獲得的，anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.4,TheEpicureans享樂(lè)派①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus伊比鳩魯〔公元前342？-270，古希臘杰出的唯物主義和無(wú)神論者〕.選擇：依據(jù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的名字直接命名②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.肉欲享樂(lè)Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通過(guò)實(shí)行道德獲得Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子5,TheStoics斯多葛派①UndertheleadershipofZeno.芝諾②Hethoughtdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艱難andmisfortune不幸withcourage.志氣DevelopedintoStoics‘duty.Hewasalsoamaterialist.四,WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished？(WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic？DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive綜合的systemofphilosophy？)答：1,Itdealtwith，amongotherthings，theproblemofhow，inthecomplex，ever—changingworld，menweretoattain獲得knowledge.2,Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.3,Idealisticofphilosophy.4,ManyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.(汲取到基督教的思想中)五,What‘sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？答：1,Foronething，Aristotleemphasized(強(qiáng)調(diào))directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.(理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際)ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘sreliance(依靠)onsubjectivethinking.(萬(wàn)物依靠主觀思維)2,Foranother，hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(詳細(xì)的)individual(個(gè)別的)realities.(物質(zhì)與意識(shí)共同構(gòu)成的客觀事實(shí))Here，too，hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意識(shí)高于物質(zhì))3,Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense，butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason，goodnessandcontemplation.(和善和期盼)一句話簡(jiǎn)答題Whatshouldbeman‘saiminlife？Aristotle‘sanswerwas：happiness.六,WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment？(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert運(yùn)用ontheworldcivilization文化？)答：Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement興奮aboutclassical經(jīng)典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere別處。RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.1,Spiritofinnovation創(chuàng)新精神TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy；Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反對(duì)tomere純粹的annals歷史記載；Theyspeculated思索freelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife生命的輪回，withoutbeingboundinthefetters束縛ofanyinheritedorthodoxy.繼承的習(xí)俗2,SupremeAchievement至高無(wú)上的成就TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour努力：Philosophy，science，epicpoetry，comedy，historicalwriting，architecture，etc.3,Lastingeffect持續(xù)的影響①Countless多數(shù)的writershavequoted舉例，borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer‘sepics，thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides，Aristophanes’scomedies，Plato‘sDialogues，ect.②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury，inEnglandalone，threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics經(jīng)典之作：Byron‘sIslesofGreece，Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats‘sOdeonaGrecianUrn.③Inthe20thcentury，thereareHomericparallels與…平行intheIrishman愛(ài)爾蘭JamesJoyce‘smodernistmasterpiece代表作Ulysses.七,WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture？答：1,similarity①Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.②Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeities(神)tobereadily(簡(jiǎn)單的)identified(一樣)，andtheirmyths(崇拜的神)tobefused.(融合)③Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways，bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.2,difference①TheRomansbuiltupavast(巨大的)empire；theGreeksdidn‘t，exceptforthebrief(短暫的)momentofAlexander’sconquests，whichsoondisintegrated.(瓦解)②TheRomanswereconfident(自信的)intheirownorganizationalpower，theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.(管理國(guó)家的實(shí)力)八,WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground？答：1,ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods：Beforetheyear27B.C.，Romehadbeenarepublic；fromtheyear27B.C.，Octaviustooksupreme(最大的)powerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.2,Twocenturieslater，theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax，markedbylandarea‘sextension：Encircling(環(huán)繞)theMediterranean.(地中海)3,Strongmilitarypower：thefamousRomanlegions.4,IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana.5,AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.6,Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.選擇①Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul)。②After395(分裂時(shí)間)，theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest③In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.④TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsed(崩潰)whenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.(英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束)第二章1,ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.在西方最具影響力的宗教2,Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture：JudaismandChristianity.3,TheJewishtradition，whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(猶太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine，whichwasknownasCanaan.迦南4,TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.猶太人的祖先是希伯來(lái)人5,Theycalled“Hebrews”，whichmeans“wanderers”。商旅6,About1300B.C.，theHebrewscametosettle(定居)inPalestine.7,TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.8,TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.9,TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.上帝與上帝的教義10,TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教義)ofJesusChrist.11,TheNewTestamentis，inessence(實(shí)質(zhì)上)，thefouraccounts(四福音書)，writtenbythefourdisciples.弟子12,Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.13,BibleisrepresentativeofChristianityand新舊約14,TheOldTestament名詞說(shuō)明TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.15,TheNewTestament名詞說(shuō)明TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教義)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.16,TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.摩西五經(jīng)17,Pentateuch名詞說(shuō)明TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks：Genesis(創(chuàng)世記)，Exodus(出埃及記)，Leviticus(教義記)，Numbers(逃亡記)，Deuteronomy(摩西遺言記)。18,Genesis名詞說(shuō)明GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople，includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman，thecareer(經(jīng)驗(yàn))ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.19,Exodus名詞說(shuō)明ExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligious(宗教的)historyoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt，theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod‘sLaw.Joshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktocanaan.20,TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.21,Noah‘sArkwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.22,TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections：？①BooksofJoshua②BooksofJudges③BooksofSamuel④BooksofKings⑤BooksoftheChronicles⑥BooksofEzra⑦BooksofNehemiah.23,ThecontentofhistoricalBooks：1200B.C.586B.C.DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.，tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.24,TheHistoryBooks的內(nèi)容①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主專制③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.兩大王國(guó)的初步形成④(略看)Thesettlementinthehighlands⑤(略看)AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul，DavidandSolomon.25,JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.26,ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasSaul.27,Davidestablishedreligiouscapital，JerusalemtoPalestine.28,TheProphets(先知)名詞說(shuō)明宣揚(yáng)教義并受神靈庇佑的人FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.(分為大小先知)29,TheBookofDaniel名詞說(shuō)明TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.30,TheformerbodyofchurchwasknownasSynagogues.猶太教的會(huì)堂是教堂的前身31,ThePentateuchisthebookofDanielisalsocalledtorah.摩西五經(jīng)的別稱32,ThestoryaboutGod‘sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，theBible，whichwasknownasNoah’sArk.33,By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownasapriest.34,Severalparishesweregroupedtogetherintoalargeunitcalleddiocese，whichwasheadedbyabishop.35,Themostimportantbishopswerecalledarchbishops.(紅衣大主教)36,TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament，whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.37,TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(馬塞福音書)38,AllthegenerationsfromAbrahamtoDavidarefourteengenerations.為什么十四在西方吉利39,TheLastSupperwasrecordedinJohn.40,TheLastSupperwasputintoanoilpaintingbyDaVinciinthehighrenaissanceinItaly.文藝復(fù)興以人為本的標(biāo)記-蒙娜麗莎41,TheLastSupperadaptedfromSt.John，theNewTestament，theBible.42,ThestoryaboutJesusbeingbetrayedbyJudaswasknownasTheLastSupper.43,ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinned(釘死)inthecrosstodeathwasknownasTheLastSupper.44,ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.45,Wycliff與Tyndale的區(qū)分是：語(yǔ)言來(lái)源不同Reformation(宗教改革)為了againsttheLatinlanguage.46,WilliamTyndale‘sversionwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.來(lái)源論述簡(jiǎn)答一,WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions？(WhataretheforcefulbeliefsofChristianity？)答：Christianitybaseditselfontwoforceful(劇烈的)beliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.1,OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod，andthatGodsenthimtoearth(世界)toliveashumanslive，sufferashumanssuffer，anddietoredeemmankind.(挽回人類)2,TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson(唯一的兒子)，sothatwhosoever(whoever的強(qiáng)調(diào)型)believesinhimshouldnotperish，buthaveeverlastinglife.(獲得永生)加爾文主義也有這樣的觀點(diǎn)二,HowdidChristianityoriginateanddevelopintheEuropeancontinent(洲)？☆(HowwasChristianityspreadtoEuropeandbecametheofficialreligion？統(tǒng)治性宗教)答：1,ThedisciplesofJesustriedtospreadhisgospel，firstamongtheJewsinPalestineandthenintheMediterraneanregion.2,Duringatimeofgreatunrestandupheaval動(dòng)蕩不安intheEuropeancontinent，thepoorandhumblefoundcomfortintheChristianGospel.福音(書)3,ChristianitybegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesinEurope.TheRomansgrewtiredofwarandfeared(膽怯 )thecollapse(崩潰)oftheempire.AndtheyadmiredthecourageoftheChristianmissionaries.傳教士4,ConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle(戰(zhàn)役)andissued(發(fā)出)theEdictofMilan米蘭特令(選擇)in313.Itgranted(許可)religiousfreedomtoall，andmadeChristianitylegal.合法化5,In392A.D.，EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.其他宗教不合法6,NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppression(壓迫)toaweaponinthehandsoftheruling(管理)classtocrushtheiropponents(粉碎對(duì)手)。TheLatinlanguagebecametheofficiallanguage.三,WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible？答：1,Theoldestextant(現(xiàn)存的)GreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.2,ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition，whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople‘slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.3,ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.4,AfterJohnWycliff‘sversion，appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.來(lái)源5,TheGreatBible(大圣經(jīng))orderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale‘swork.6,ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”(官方版圣經(jīng))or“KingJames”version，firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames.Withitssimple，majestic(高雅的)Anglo-Saxontongue，itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.7,TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885，andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)版)8,TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.四,Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible？(WhatarethegreatinfluencesthattheEnglishBiblehasontheAmericanandBritishliterature？)答：1,ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirs(水庫(kù))ofModernEnglish.2,Miltion‘sParadiseLost(失樂(lè)園)，Bunyan’sPilgrim‘sProgress，Byron’sCain，uptothecontemporary(同時(shí)期的)Hemingway‘sTheSunAlsoRises，andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.

中世紀(jì)文化,文藝復(fù)興與宗教改革chapter3-4第三章1,theMiddleages名詞說(shuō)明InEuropeanhistory，thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2,Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific(詳細(xì)說(shuō)來(lái))，fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.3,Thetransitional(過(guò)渡時(shí)期)periodiscalledthemiddleages，betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.4,Thetransitional(過(guò)渡時(shí)期)periodiscalledthe17thcentury，betweenthemiddleagesandmoderntimes.5,In476A.D.aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.西羅馬476滅，東羅馬1653年滅6,Feudalism名詞說(shuō)明FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地全部)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice(軍事力氣)。Theword“feudalism”wasderived(來(lái)源)fromtheLatin“feudum”，agrant(許可的)ofland.7,fiefs(次劃分)名詞說(shuō)明InFeudalism，therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(獎(jiǎng)賞)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.8,vassals(占有fiefs的人)名詞說(shuō)明InFeudalism，therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(獎(jiǎng)賞)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswascallvassals.9,codeofchivalry(騎士制度)名詞說(shuō)明Asaknight，hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak，tofightforthechurch，tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry，fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.10,dubbing(騎士頭銜加冕儀式)名詞說(shuō)明Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrainedandtournaments，therewasalwaysaspecialceremony(選擇)toawardhimwithatitle，knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.11,knighttrainedforwarbyfightingeachotherinmockbattlescalledtournaments.(模擬戰(zhàn)場(chǎng))12,ThecrusadesendedupwiththevictoryofMoslems.(穆斯林)13,TheManor(領(lǐng)地全部制)名詞說(shuō)明Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords(農(nóng)場(chǎng)主)。Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.14,After1054，thechurchwasdividedintotheRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.15,TheCatholicChurchmadeLatintheofficiallanguageandhelpedtopreserve(保留)andpassontheheritage(傳統(tǒng))oftheRomanEmpire.16,Theword“catholic”，meant“universal”。(廣泛的，無(wú)處不在的)17,St.Jerome，whotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.Vulgate(拉丁語(yǔ)圣經(jīng))18,EarlyMonasticism(早期修道院制)名詞說(shuō)明Between300and500A.D.，manymenwithdrewfrom(放棄了)worldlycontactstodesertsandlonelyplaces.Thismovementdevelopedintotheestablishmentofmonasteries(男)andconvents(女)formonksandnuns.Someofthehermits(隱士)weregreatscholarsknownas“FatheroftheChurch”，whoseworkisgenerallyconsideredorthodox.(東正教)19,Augustine—→“Confession”(坦白)and“TheCityofGod”(上帝之都)20,St.Benedict—→foundedBenedictineRuleabout529A.D.(特地給清修的人制定的法律)21,TheInquisition(問(wèn)訊廳)tostampoutso-calledheresy.異教22,ThemostimportantofallcourseswasJerusalem.(耶路撒冷)23,Crusadeswentonabout200years.24,TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusades.25,(結(jié)束)By1291theMoslems(穆斯林)hadtakenoverthelastChristianstronghold.TheywonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethattheCrusadershadfoughttocontrol.26,CarolingianRenaissance名詞說(shuō)明CarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne‘snameinLatin，Carolus.Themostinterestingfacet(一面)ofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacle(有見(jiàn)解)ofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilate(汲取)therichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.27,RogerBacon‘sworkwastheOpusmaius.28,NationalEpics(民族史詩(shī)運(yùn)動(dòng))名詞說(shuō)明TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis，thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族國(guó)家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.29,Chaucer(喬叟)的詩(shī)歌特點(diǎn)：①powerofobservation(視察)②piercingirony(敏銳的諷刺)③senseofhumour④warmhumanity(暖和的人性)與狄更斯相像30,Gothic名詞說(shuō)明①TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthrougha