法律英語-侵權(quán)法教案資料

法律英語-侵權(quán)法IntroducedmyselftoMomagaintoday.今天我又一次向媽媽介紹了自己。（阿茲海默癥）。Strangers,friends,bestfriends,lovers,strangers.陌生人，朋友，好朋友，愛人，陌生人。2023/2/7法律英語22023/2/7法律英語3LessonTenTortLawDelict/Tort

Whatisatort?侵權(quán)行為是民事主體違反民事義務(wù)，侵害他人合法權(quán)益，依法應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的行為。WhatisTortiousLiability?侵權(quán)責(zé)任是指民事主體因?qū)嵤┣謾?quán)行為而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的民事法律后果。2023/2/7法律英語4WhatarecomponentsofTortLiability?(a)illegalbehavior(b)damages(c)causality(d)fault2023/2/7法律英語5Whataremethodsofbearingtortliability?(a)

cessation

of

infringement(b)removal

of

obstruction(c)elimination

of

danger(d)

return

of

property(e)restoration

to

the

original

status2023/2/7法律英語6(f)compensation

for

losses(g)apology(h)elimination

of

consequences

and

restoration

of

reputation2023/2/7法律英語7doctrineofliabilityfixationA.DoctrineofLiabilityforWrongsArticle6,Para1----TortLaw“行為人因過錯(cuò)侵害他人民事權(quán)益，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任”BurdenofProof?Plantiff----原告（受害人）負(fù)舉證責(zé)任證明被告（加害人）主觀上有過錯(cuò).2023/2/7法律英語8doctrineofliabilityfixationB.DoctrineofpresumptionArticle38教育機(jī)構(gòu)的~Article58醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的~【conditional】Article75高度危險(xiǎn)物非法占有管理的~Article81動(dòng)物園的過錯(cuò)推定責(zé)任Article85墜落懸掛物的所管使人~Article88堆放物2023/2/7法律英語9doctrineofliabilityfixationArticle90折斷林木的所管人的~Article91窨井管理人的~Burdenofproof?Defendant----被告（加害人）負(fù)舉證責(zé)任證明自己主觀上無過錯(cuò)2023/2/7法律英語10doctrineofliabilityfixationC.DoctrineofStrictLiablity

Article41產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者銷售者的~Article65環(huán)境污染者的~Article69高度危險(xiǎn)經(jīng)占使者的~Article78動(dòng)物的飼養(yǎng)管理者的~BurdenofProof？Defendant——加害人證明行為與損害無因果關(guān)系2023/2/7法律英語112023/2/7法律英語12Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求賠償mostcivilsuits

大多數(shù)民事訴訟tortlaw

侵權(quán)法1.Automobileaccidents2023/2/7法律英語13ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事訴訟的原告通常會(huì)向陪審團(tuán)提出索賠主張，這主要是出于人道的考慮而不是法律的考慮。兒童受傷2023/2/7法律英語14ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

補(bǔ)償費(fèi)和損害賠償金Actualloss實(shí)際損害Intangibledamage無形損害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪審團(tuán)的人性反應(yīng)2023/2/7法律英語15Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美國允許律師分享原告所獲得的賠償金（勝訴酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金達(dá)到法院判付金額的25-33%。2023/2/7法律英語16Atortaction侵權(quán)訴訟Alengthyproceeding訴訟程序時(shí)間長Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代價(jià)大（專家證人的酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判決金額非常大（10萬美元以上）2023/2/7法律英語172.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有財(cái)產(chǎn)Personalinjury

人身傷害Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身傷害Breachofwarranty

違背保證諾言Recoveryofintangibledamage2023/2/7法律英語183.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每個(gè)人都要對(duì)其侵權(quán)行為負(fù)責(zé)，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限的情況下兒童亦然（但是，父母僅當(dāng)其作為該兒童的代理人或未能按照其監(jiān)護(hù)義務(wù)行事時(shí)才負(fù)此責(zé)），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但國家不在此列，除非法律明文規(guī)定取消了國家的豁免權(quán)。2023/2/7法律英語19TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA

）2023/2/7法律英語204.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每個(gè)人包括胎兒都受保護(hù)，免遭侵權(quán)行為的傷害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator

(wrongfuldeathaction)繼承人或近親屬可以對(duì)他們親屬或立遺囑人因故意或疏忽侵權(quán)造成的死亡（非正常死亡之訴）提出損害賠償要求。2023/2/7法律英語21“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令A(yù)partyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasor

hasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作為侵權(quán)行為人醉酒之結(jié)果而受到傷害的當(dāng)事人有權(quán)向造成該侵權(quán)行為人醉酒的人提出索賠請(qǐng)求。2023/2/7法律英語22“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving2023/2/7法律英語23Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵權(quán)行為Battery毆打Assault侵犯他人身體Conversionofproperty非法侵占財(cái)產(chǎn)Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占動(dòng)產(chǎn)、不動(dòng)產(chǎn)Defamation誹謗Invasionofprivacy侵犯隱私權(quán)Productsliability產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量責(zé)任2023/2/7法律英語24Part3:LiabilityforNegligence過失侵權(quán)的責(zé)任NegligentactInjuryCausality2023/2/7法律英語25Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.如果一個(gè)人沒有盡到“照看義務(wù)”，沒有象“一個(gè)理性且謹(jǐn)慎的人”那樣行事。過失2023/2/7法律英語26要考慮到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵權(quán)者的特別專業(yè)資質(zhì)ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker2023/2/7法律英語27DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必須對(duì)特定的原告負(fù)有照看義務(wù)Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是對(duì)廣大公眾負(fù)有照看義務(wù)（某人）對(duì)侵犯財(cái)產(chǎn)者的照看義務(wù)比對(duì)被邀請(qǐng)客人的照看義務(wù)小2023/2/7法律英語28Gueststatutes賓客法規(guī)Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.

汽車司機(jī)對(duì)于他免費(fèi)搭載的乘客不負(fù)照看責(zé)任。2023/2/7法律英語29Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.2023/2/7法律英語30Noclaimforcompensation不能要求賠償Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同過失hasassumedtherisk

預(yù)計(jì)到有危險(xiǎn)2023/2/7法律英語31Contributorynegligence共同過失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident./2023/2/7法律英語32Comparativenegligence比較過失共同過失辯護(hù)的嚴(yán)格性……已經(jīng)因?yàn)橐恍┲莶捎昧恕氨容^過失”原則而得到減弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.

要求確定當(dāng)事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此確定補(bǔ)償金。2023/2/7法律英語33ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident./2023/2/7法律英語34ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery./ThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“l(fā)astclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同過失的原告如果能證明被告“有最后明顯機(jī)會(huì)”避免傷害，那么該原告就可以獲得賠償。2023/2/7法律英語35Lastclearchance最后明顯機(jī)會(huì)Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.2023/2/7法律英語36Theextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligence2023/2/7法律英語37TodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

嚴(yán)格責(zé)任Nofault

無過錯(cuò)責(zé)任InconsistentPart4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability

嚴(yán)格責(zé)任Strictliability

isalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,

regardlessofany"fault"

ontheirpart.2023/2/7法律英語38ForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals飼養(yǎng)危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物Defamation誹謗Arebuttablepresumption可反駁的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原則2023/2/7法律英語39StrictliabilityDeduced

faultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.從事情或行為本身的特性可以推斷出存在過錯(cuò)或過失2023/2/7法律英語40Defectiveconstruction

有缺陷的設(shè)計(jì)Negligentuse

過失使用productliabilityDangerousproducts危險(xiǎn)的產(chǎn)品Theproductionitself產(chǎn)品本身、Itspackage包裝InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.對(duì)使用者或消費(fèi)者及其財(cái)產(chǎn)造成過度危險(xiǎn)2023/2/7法律英語41“defective”Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.

“缺陷”是指產(chǎn)品未達(dá)到一般消費(fèi)者關(guān)于該產(chǎn)品安全性能的合理期望標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2023/2/7法律英語42b.“No-fault”Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一個(gè)改革努力試圖尋求對(duì)過失侵權(quán)普通索賠要求的更公正的解決方案。2023/2/7法律英語43automobileaccidentsProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw試圖消除侵權(quán)法中的過錯(cuò)原則；Toawardcompensation

withoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保險(xiǎn)原則，在不要過錯(cuò)證明的情況下給予賠償。2023/2/7法律英語44No-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpractice2023/2/7法律英語45GrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamageNo-fault的優(yōu)點(diǎn)Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商的責(zé)任有限Requirearelativelylesserin