1991年考研英語試題及答案

1991年入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試SectionIStructureandIneachsentence,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Theylosttheirwayintheforest,and wasthatnightbegantofall. myreturn,IlearnedthatProfessorSmithhadbeenattheMuseumandwouldnotbebackforseveralhours.Anyonewhohasspenttimewithchildrenisawareofthedifferenceinthewayboysandgirlsrespondto Thereisnotmuchtimeleft;so lyouabout ininininInthisfactory,suggestionsoftenhavetowaitformonthstheyare asuddenloudnoise.beingshouldtheretheretherehavingBytheyear2000,scientists acureforwillbearewillhavehaveJim

,buthedidbadlyinthefinalexamsTheboyslippedoutoftheroomandheadedfortheswimmingwithouthis He onthearatherstrongratherstrongratherthestrongtheratherstrongWhenJanefelloffthebike,theother werenotabletohelpcouldnothelpbutcouldnothelpcouldnothelptoItisbettertodieonone’sfeet livingonone’sliveonone’sonone’stoliveonone’sThemostimportant wholeheartedlyforthepeople.Thiswatch toalltheotherwatchesontheInatyphoon,winds theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastInspiteButBecauseAs myletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforehasoughttohavecouldn’thaveshouldn’thavetospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedHardlyhadheNosoonerhadheNotuntilheScarcelydidheAnnawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,compley theoutsideworld.beinghavingThemenwentinto theyheardtheThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound inthewoodsofftheDress you’llcatchontheororinnoOurresearchhasfocusedonadrugwhichisso tochangebrainchemistry.Bobwas bytherobber’stakentakentakentakenDifficultiesandhardshipshave younggeologist.broughtbroughtbroughtbroughtOurmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofas periodoftime.beingtohavebeenhavingbeentobeifnotmoreexpensivethan, attheotherstore.thetheThebankmanageraskedhisassistantifitwaspossibleforhimtotheinvestmentplanwithinaweek.workputmakesetHeknowslittleofmathematics, ofevenstillnostillThestudentsexpectedthere thefinalexam.havetoSectionIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30points)TextAwisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asaofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.ItmeansthateveryresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirOfthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honesty,kindness,andsoon--accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw--and,ultimay,nosociety.Myjobasaofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverymanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandFortunaytherearestillcommunities--smallertowns,--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:“Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,weeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperayneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthewhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Whatthewisemansaidsuggests it’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatit’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromAccordingtotheauthor,if isfoundguiltyofa.societyistobeheldmoderncivilizationisresponsibleforthecriminalhimselfshouldbearthethestandardsoflivingshouldbeComparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecities.lessself-bettersenseofmoremutuallesseffectiveThewriterissorrytohavenoticed peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusepeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandtoday’ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleinpeopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalThekeypointofthepassageis stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletomorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople’smorepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofTextTheperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageafterstatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineperiodofadolescence.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocieties thedefinitionofmaturityhastheindustrializedsocietyismoreceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceFormersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto graduationsfromschoolsandsocialsocio-economiccertainbehavioralNoonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilhe elevenyearssixteenyearstwenty-oneyearsbetweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsStartingfrom onewillobtainmorebasictheolder es,themorebasicrightshewillonewon’tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheisonewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbyAccordingtothepassage,itistrue inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexistedageoftwenty-oneoneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasdriver’soneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmyTextMostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Barneshassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars--thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined--inthepresenceofchlorophyll(葉綠素)andwithenergyderivedfromlighttoformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintraceties(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleafat80saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydratesAgrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowing formingsustainingwoodykeeproducingcarbon.toformtoderiveenergyfromtopreservetocombinecarbondioxidewithThesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialidea.aplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritcarbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantaplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitsthestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporThemineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot.ThewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheAirexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobeOnlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantsisThispassageismainly thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandtheroleofwaterinagrowingtheprocessofsimplesugarthesynthesisofwaterwithcarbonSection ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Whenevisionfirstbegantoexpand,veryfewofthepeoplewhohadefamousasradiocommentatorswereabletobeequallyeffectiveonevision.Someofthedifficultiestheyexperiencedwhentheytryingto46themselvestothenewmediumweretechnical. radio,forexample,theyeseeingonoftheThis49ofseeingforothersmeansthatthecommentatorhastobeverygoodattalking.50all,hehastobeableto51acontinuoussequenceofvisualimageswhich52meaningtosoundswhichthelistenerhears.Inthe53ofevision,however,thecommentatorseeseverythingwiththeviewer.Hisrole,therefore,is54different.Heistheretomake55thattheviewerdoesnotmisssomepointofinterest,tohelphim56onparticularthings,andto57theimagesontheevisionscreen.58hisradiocolleague,hemustknowthe59ofsilenceandhowtouseitatthosemoments60thepicturesspeakforthemselves.[A][A]compleSectionIVError-detectionandEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofsentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TheseisA

delicatebalanceofnatureB

manysquareoceanandvegetationandcleanairareC

tomaintainarelativelyfew

humanTheideaA

learningisB

lifelongprocesshasexpressedCphilosophersandeducationalistsD

theNobodyA

childrenC

thatatripbybusDJustA

theruinsB

aC

buildingsurroundedDtallIntheteachingA

mathematics,thewayofinstructionistraditional, presentingC

lecturesstudentsD

TheteacheraskedA

whohadB

theirteststoC

roomasD

asHewantedmoreoutoflife,notjustworkingathigh-paidjobs spendingnightsonthestreetsplayingDA

hasusedmetalsforcenturiesinB

butitwasnotuntiltheIndustrialRevolutionC

cametobeemployed

inreal Ifyouwantyourfilmtoproperlyprocess,you’llhavetowaitApickitup

onFriday,which

thedayafterAmanA

bereallyhappyifB

heenjoysngisignoredCsocietyasD

novalueorSectionVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatethesentencesintoChinese.(15Thefactisthattheenergycrisis,whichhassuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced,hasbeenwithusforalongtimenow,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornot,itiscleartoeveryonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase.(71)Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.Newsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon,mankindisgoingtoadvancecautiously,andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.Tomakethesituationworse,thereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingoftheworld’spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirth-ratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingtheUnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonab