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大學(xué)英語四級考試作文指導(dǎo)第一篇 四六級考試作文簡介基本規(guī)定《大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱》規(guī)定:大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的目的之一是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有一定的英語寫作能力。大學(xué)英語四級統(tǒng)考作文部分占15,規(guī)定學(xué)生,根據(jù)規(guī)定的題目或提醒,在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出120字以上的短文。請參看下面四級寫作評分原則和評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。評分原則四六級考試從內(nèi)容和語言兩方面對作文進(jìn)行綜合評估。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體。內(nèi)容規(guī)定思想對的,主題突出。內(nèi)容要考慮是否用英語清楚而準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)思想,也就是要考慮語言上的錯誤是否導(dǎo)致理解上的障礙,用詞和造句是否清楚而準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)思想。評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條理不清,思緒紊亂,語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤,且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯誤。5分基本切題。表達(dá)思想不夠清楚,連貫性差,有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯誤。8分基本切題。表達(dá)思想比較清楚,文字尚連貫,但語言錯誤較多,其中有少量的嚴(yán)重錯誤。切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語言分錯誤。切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字通順,連貫性好,基分本上無語言錯誤。[注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只要幾個孤立的詞而思想無法表達(dá),則給0分。]此外,為引起教師和學(xué)生對作文部分的重視,全國四級考試中心還實行作文最低分制度,最低為6分。如作文為0分,總分高于60分,成績報導(dǎo)時一律報59分不及格解決;若作文分大于0分小于6分時,最后報導(dǎo)分=原計總分--6分+實得作文分。作文命題形式及??碱}型分析縱覽歷年的作文試題,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)論說文占絕大多數(shù),但近年應(yīng)用文有上升的勢頭(01.6、02.1是書信體,91.6、02.6是圖表作文)。就話題而言,重要有三大類:社會熱鬧話題、校園話題和平常生活話題。以下是歷年作文題的匯總與記錄,建議大家研究一下它的出題規(guī)律并寫寫看。一、歷年四級考試作文題記錄社會熱門話題(87.9)Wo(hù)meninModernWorld(90.6)MakeOurCitiesGreener(91.1)Bicycle–AnImportantMeansofTransportinChina(91.6)ChangesinPeople?’sDiet(94.1)TheworldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller.(96.1)TheTwo-dayWeekend(96.6)GlobalShortageofFreshWater(98.1)HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities.校園話題(88.6)AnEarlyMorningWalk(記敘文)(92.6)HowIovercomeMyDifficultiesinLearningEnglish(94.6)MyIdealJob(95.6)AdvantageofJobInterview.(97.6)GettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsidetheCampus.(99.6)ReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?(00.1)HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.(00.6)IsATestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?(01.1)HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?(01.6)AlettertoaSchoolmate(02.1)ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus.(02.6)StudentUseofComputers.平常生活話題(89.1)TheTapeRecorder(90.1)WhatWouldHappenIfThereWereNoPower(92.1)IsFailureaBadThing?(93.1)PositiveandNegat(yī)iveAspectsofSport.(95.1)CanMoneyBuyHappiness?(97.1)PracticeMakesPerfect.(98.6)Do"LuckyNumbers"ReallyBringGoodLuck?(99.1)Don'tHesitatetoSay"NO".(03.1)ItPaystoBeHonest我們知道,四六級考試是一項大規(guī)模的考試,為提高其客觀性,以利評分,考試對作文的命題形式是這樣限制的:給出題目作文、規(guī)定情景作文、給出段首句續(xù)寫、書信作文、給出關(guān)鍵詞作文、看圖作文或根據(jù)所給文章寫出摘要或大意等。下面分析重要的幾種類型:1)提綱作文這類題型是四六級作文考試到目前為止最常見的。它給出作文的英文題目以及較為具體的提綱,提綱有時是英文的,但多數(shù)是用中文給出的。每段的提綱規(guī)定了文章每段的主旨,它規(guī)定考生圍繞這個中心制定主題句,再順著主題句展開段落,最后用一句總結(jié)句回應(yīng)主題句。1999年6月全國四六級考試作文題同為一個提綱類作文,題目規(guī)定完全同樣,只是字?jǐn)?shù)規(guī)定不同樣(四級為120字,六級為150字)。Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Youshouldwriteatleast120(150)words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇2有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書3我的見解主題句作文IntroductionThisisthemostcommoncompositionpracticedinCET-4.Usuallythetitleandthetopicsentencesofeachparagrapharegiven.Youarerequiredtowriteexactlyaccordingtothetitle.Youmustusethegiventopicsentences.作文題例:Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionabout“Television”inthreeparagraphs.Youaregiventhefirstsentenceofeachparagraphtodeveloptheideaincompletingtheparagraph.Yourcompositionshouldbeabout120words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.Television1)Televisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofus.__(dá)__(dá)____(dá)______(dá)__(dá)__(dá)___(dá)________(dá)________(dá)__2)Televisioncanalsoplayaneducationalroleinourdailylife.____(dá)____(dá)________(dá)____(dá)______(dá)______(dá)____(dá)______(dá)__(dá)__(dá)______(dá)___(dá)_____(dá)__(dá)______(dá)_3)However,televisioncanalsobeharmful._____(dá)__(dá)______(dá)___(dá)_______(dá)__(dá)___(dá)__(dá)___(dá)______3)圖表作文圖表作文是四六級作文考試??碱}型之一,也是考生覺得較難對付的作文形式。圖表形式:圖表題型重要分類:(1)曲線圖題型(Linechart);(2)餅狀圖題型(Piechart);(3)柱狀圖題型(Barchart);(4)表格圖題型(Table)。規(guī)定考生:通常還給出作文的標(biāo)題和一些提醒 (1)用文字來描述圖表,客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢;?(2)就圖表中所反映出某種趨勢或問題分析其因素或后果。(3)根據(jù)前面的分析得出你的結(jié)論或發(fā)表你的見解。一般規(guī)定寫成論說文。例11991年6月四級考試作文為登記表格題:Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionaboutChangesinPeople’Dietsaccordingtothefollowingoutlineinthreeparagraphs.Yourpartofthecompositionshouldbenolessthan120words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.ChangesinPeople ’sDiet1statethechangesinpeople?’sdietfiveintheyearspas2givepossiblereasonsforthechanges3drawyourownconclusionYear19861987198819891990FoodGrain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitand24%22%20%20%21%VegetableTotal100%100%100%100%100%看圖表作文一般可分三段寫。第一段說明該圖表反映的總情況,選擇能充足說明主題的典型數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行概述。第二段對數(shù)字進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析比較,歸納出增減速率,找出產(chǎn)生變化的因素。第三段寫讀圖表后的想法或評論,得出自己的結(jié)論。Generalintroduction——Analysis——Conclusion概要介紹—分析圖表和變化的因素—評論或總結(jié)2以下再舉一個曲線坐標(biāo)圖?(Graph)作文題例:Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthefollowinggraphshowingthegrowthoftheworlds’population.Theopeningsentenceisgivenandyouarerequiredtodevelopitintoafullcomposition.Yourpartofwritingshouldbenolessthan120words.Someusefulwordsandphrasesareprovided,butyoudonothavetoincludeallofthem.Graphshowingthegrowthoftheworld’populations.(Suggestedwordsandphrases:birthcontrol,deathrate,populationexplosion,foodshortage).Industrial?andAgricultural
7000million600019885000400019703000Emergenceofmodern1930RevolutionBegan-1650?medicine-1850?202310001000A.D 1500A.D?2023A.DTheProblemofHumanPopulat(yī)ionIthasbeenestimatedthatat(yī)housandyearsagotherewerelessthan400millionpeopleonearth.___(dá)_____(dá)____(dá)________(dá)__(dá)____(dá)___(dá)_____(dá)_____(dá)_____(dá)__(dá)_________(dá)___(dá)____(dá)___(dá)_____________(dá)__(dá)______(dá)____(dá)____(dá)_____(dá)__(dá)_______________(dá)__(dá)_______(dá)___(dá)__(dá)__(dá)___(dá)_______________(dá)___________(dá)______(dá)__(dá)__________(dá)__(dá)___(dá)__(dá)___(dá)_______(dá)___(dá)___(dá)_______(dá)__(dá)___(dá)__(dá)______(dá)___(dá)從曲線坐標(biāo)圖可以看到,過去人口增長速度的緩慢同現(xiàn)在人口的急劇增長形成了鮮明的對照。圖中文字表白,?IndustrialandAgriculturalRevolution和EmergenceofModernMedicine與人口的急劇增長不無關(guān)系。根據(jù)題目所提供的信息可制定以下提綱:人口增長的情況;過去人口增長的情況;b現(xiàn)在人口增長的情況;c未來人口增長情況的預(yù)測。人口爆炸的因素;人口爆炸帶來的問題。最后表達(dá)自己的見解。4)情景作文題中給定一個情景,規(guī)定考生在這個范圍內(nèi)充足發(fā)揮想象力,精心構(gòu)思出一篇符合情景規(guī)定、意思連貫的短文。這類作文限定條件比較少,考生自由發(fā)揮限度較大,我們預(yù)測以后會考這類題型的作文。例如題中說某國大學(xué)生代表團(tuán)要來你班交流聯(lián)歡,請你寫一篇歡迎辭在聯(lián)歡會上宣讀,這就規(guī)定寫篇情景作文。例Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofabout120words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingsituation.Remembertowriteclearly.Situation:ImaginethatyouarerequiredtowriteaWantAdfortheDean系(主).Youaresupposedtobasethisadontheoutlineshownbelow:Wanted:StudentConsultanttotheDeanDuties:?meetingwithstudents;presentingoralandwrittenreports;attendingsessionsRequirements:full-timestudentwithoneyearofstudentexperience;astrongsenseofdutySalary: $3,000anacademicyearTimeCommitment: 15h.WeeklyDeadline:?December15,2023;toElmerBorden800-2817標(biāo)題作文標(biāo)題作文是一種常見的傳統(tǒng)式命題作文。它只給出一個標(biāo)題,不附帶任何規(guī)定和說明,考生可取不同的角度確立主題并作闡述,文體類型也可根據(jù)自己審題和構(gòu)思寫成不同類型的作文。其優(yōu)點是考生可以充足發(fā)揮想象,考出水平;其缺陷是由于它沒有限制,考生容易寫成“千人千面”的作文,不利評分。寫這類作文時一方面要對標(biāo)題進(jìn)行審閱,限制寫作范圍,選取某一個面來寫,再擬定文章的體裁、主題和論述或描寫的角度。Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic“ShouldFirecrackersBeBanned?”Yourcompositionshouldbeatleast120words.Remembertosupportthemainideawithdetailsandmakeyourconclusion.Coherenceisalsoimportant.6)關(guān)鍵詞作文?KeyWo(hù)rdsCompositionInthiskindofcomposition ,aseriesofkeywordsaregiven?together?with?the title?.It requires?students'imaginat(yī)ion and?associat(yī)ion in?connecting?the?wordslogicallywithoutgoingastrayfromthemaintopic?.范例:指示:在30分鐘內(nèi)以“CityandCountryside”為題,寫一篇120詞左右的短文,必需涉及下列關(guān)鍵詞及表達(dá)方式,規(guī)定使用對的、恰當(dāng)。Key
Words
and
Expressions?:similarities
differences?environmenttransportation?education
entertainmentcolorful?boring
publichealthservicereduce
thegap1)Thecityandthecountrysidearesimilarinsomeways.2)Buttherestillexistgreat(yī)differencesinthefieldsofenvironment,transportation?,public?health?serviceeducationandentertainment .3)Wewilltrytoreduce?thegapbetweenThecityandthecountryside.?,第二篇?四級作文對策準(zhǔn)備的三個階段:1)寫好句子(練熟基本句型和常用句型,請看巔峰訓(xùn)練的58-60頁的寫作常用句型和英語作文和翻譯經(jīng)典句型100句)。2)寫好一個段落(英語段落的擴展、銜接與連貫)3)寫好一篇完整四級作文(盡量運用巔峰訓(xùn)練的33-47頁的各種作文模板和范文)在寫四級作文的四個環(huán)節(jié):審題和構(gòu)思審題有兩個目的:1)擬定寫作規(guī)定,明確要表達(dá)的觀點;2)擬定用什么方式表達(dá)主題,是敘述文、描寫文還是論說文?審好題后,就要開始構(gòu)思,精心選材。選材要典型、具體、生動、有趣,要有助于闡發(fā)主題。列提綱審題和構(gòu)思完后,就要根據(jù)其結(jié)果列出提綱,它好象為你寫作路上插上路標(biāo),以免丟掉要點。由于四六級考試時間僅30分鐘,又是寫一篇120/150字的短文,所以提綱應(yīng)盡也許簡樸些,片言只語都行,以自己看得懂為準(zhǔn)。選材擬定了文章的主題和輪廓之后,我們就開始考慮要選擇哪些要點來闡明主題。選材一定要圍繞主題句進(jìn)行,同時要考慮到全面性。4.動筆列好提綱后,就可以開始動筆寫作了。一般來說,首段為立意段,只要寫出三四個句子來即可(大約40個單詞),任務(wù)是亮出主題,不宜太過細(xì),否則接下來的主體段再反復(fù)一次就多余了。接下來是全文的主體段,是這篇文章的精華段,一般寫七八個句子為宜(大約60-70個單詞)。最后為總結(jié)段,也以三四個句子為好(大40個單詞),總結(jié)重申一下主題思想或闡發(fā)自己的觀點。在遣詞造句方面,要盡也許用你有把握的詞語和你熟悉的句型來表達(dá)思想。假如碰見單詞不會拼寫,意思不會用英語表達(dá),應(yīng)設(shè)法繞開,不要生拼硬湊。修改修改的重要任務(wù)是檢查一下?有無拼寫和語法方面的錯誤,同時注意是否用詞有過多的反復(fù)。第三篇 如何寫好一個段落一.英語段落的銜接與連貫1.?內(nèi)容上的連貫:這里所說的連貫有兩兩層含義。一是指文章在內(nèi)容上是連貫、統(tǒng)一的,文章中所有的句子都是為全文的中心服務(wù)的。就各段而言,其中的每一句話都要緊緊圍繞著該段的主題句進(jìn)行,不能說與主題句無關(guān)的東西。Sportsbenefitusinmanyrespects . (1)Whentakingpartinsports,wegetthechancetotrainalmost allpartsofourbody.Thereisnodoubtthat(yī)properlybalancedphysicalactivitieskeepusphysicallyfit. (2)Furthermore, sportscan?enrichourlifeandmaintain?our psychological?health. (3) Through?participation,everyonecanlearnthat(yī)ontheplayingfieldhenotonlycompetesfor?himself but also?for his?team. Sports teach us aboutconsideration,cooperationandoptimism,andhowtocopewithdifficulties.第一句是本段的主題句,接下來作者從體育運動對身體的好處說了兩句,第四句講述體育運動對心理方面的益處,第五句從團(tuán)隊的方面加以論述,最后一句既是論據(jù),同時也是對前面三點的概括。全段沒有一句話脫離主題句。2.連貫的第二層含義指的是表達(dá)上的連貫。文章的段落之間、段落中各句子之間要有一定的銜接。段落結(jié)構(gòu)和句與句之間的銜接應(yīng)遵照一定的順序;段落之間的連接也應(yīng)符合邏輯。這樣使文章連貫緊湊,自然流暢,層次分明,脈絡(luò)清楚。Theweatherhasbeenchangeable.?OnSunday wehadahighwindthat(yī)?blewdownsometrees. Mondaywassocold thatwehadtoturnontheheatandwearwintercoats.Anditremainedgloomy?the next?day. Toour pleasure, byWednesday?theweatherclearedandthesuncameout. ButThursdaytunedouttobeashotandhumidasanAugustday. Worsestill,itbegantorainthismorning,anditlooksasifwe?’lllhaveacold,steadywindforafewdays.時間上的連接(時間順序) 為藍(lán)色部分引導(dǎo);表達(dá)上和意義上的連貫為紅色部分引導(dǎo)。表達(dá)上的連貫常用代詞或故意地反復(fù)手段和是使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(或叫語義連接語)或一些修辭上的手法(如排比句或比方等)。二.?段落的展開方法列舉法和舉例法列舉事實或舉出實例來說明中心思想,是簡樸易行、具有說服力的寫作方法。Communicatingwithotherpeoplebytelephoneisveryconvenient,especiallywhenyouhavesomethingurgent.Forexample,ifoneofyourfamilymembersisseriouslyillatnight,andyoudon’tknowhowtodealwithitandwheretofindadoctor,whatcanyoudo?Atelephoneistheanswer.Dial120andyouwillgetservicesfromthehospitalverysoon.列舉的模式通常是主題句?----example1----example2----example3?舉例常用表達(dá)方式:for example,forinstance,?suchas,like,asproof,thus,take?,?asagoodexample,acaseinpointisthat??,toillustrat(yī)e列舉:first(1y) ,second(1y),third(1y) ,then,next,last(1y)?,finally ,foronething??foranother 表達(dá)添加:and,again,also,?besides?,?moreover
,?furthermore,?what’s?more,?inaddition
等詞語
.Nonverbalcommunicationor“bodylanguage”canbejustasimportanttounderstandingaswordsare.BecauseMisunderstandingsoftenamusingbutsometimesserious—canarisebetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultureiftheymisinterpretnonverbalsignals.Takeforexample,thedifferencesinmeaningofgestureverycommonintheUnitedStates:acirclemadewiththethumbandindexfinger食指.ToanAmerican,itmeansthateverythingisok.ToaJapanese,itmeansthatyouaretalkingaboutmoney.InFrance,itmeansthatsomethingisworthless,andinGreece,itisanobscenegesture.Therefore,anAmericancouldunknowinglyoffendaGreekbyusingthat(yī)particularhandsignal.分類法一般是在主題句之后,依次羅列段落指示詞所表達(dá)的幾個部分或幾個方面。然后,選用豐富的事例對所羅列的各個部分或各個方面進(jìn)行具體地說明或解釋。Therearethreebasickindsofmaterialsthatcanbefoundinanygoodlibrary.First,therearebooksonallsubjects,bothinEnglishandinmanyotherlanguages.Thesebooksareorganizedaccordingtosubject,title,andauthorinacentralfileinthecardcatalog.Bookscangenerallybecheckedoutofthelibraryandtakenhomeforaperiodoftwotofourweeks.Second,therearereferenceworks.whichincludeencyclopedias,dictionaries,bibliography,atlases,etc.,andwhichgenerallymustbeusedinthelibraryitself.Third,thereareperiodicals–magazines,newspapers,pamphlets–whicharefiledalphabeticallyinracks,orwhichhavebeenfilmedtoconservespace.Likereferenceworks,periodicalscannotusuallyberemovedfromthelibrary.,tostartwith,firstofall分類常用表達(dá)方式:tobeginwith,first,second,third,mostofall,next,moreover,inaddition,besides,furthermore,來表達(dá)。常用句型:Generally/broadlyspeaking,therearethreekinds/typesof?Sth.canbeclassifiedaccordingto/dependingon?Sth.canbeclassifiedonthebasisof?Sth.canbedivided/furtherdividedinto?因果關(guān)系在段落一開頭,就用主題句點明其因果關(guān)系,然后選用有關(guān)材料,客觀的羅列某些因素或結(jié)果,以證闡述的中心思想。因果關(guān)系的模式通常是:因素分析型:在主題句中先介紹某一事件,然后對該事件發(fā)生的1個或多個因素進(jìn)行分析。1)主題句(結(jié)果) ----因素1因素2因素3結(jié)果分析型:在主題句中先點明所要討論的事件,然后分析已經(jīng)或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的結(jié)果。2)----因素1因素2因素3→(結(jié)果)主題句3)因素(1)→(結(jié)果1/因素2)→(結(jié)果2/因素3)→(結(jié)果3)4)因素 →結(jié)果1結(jié)果2結(jié)果3Growingnumbersofwell-to-doAmericansaremakingthedecisiontomoveabroad.因素(1)TheyfinditimpossibleinAmericatowalkthestreetsatnightwithoutfearofbeingraped,mugged,ormurdered,因素(2)nordotheyseeawaytoescapethepoisonousairofthecities.因素(3)TheymaintainthatevenAmericanfoodhasbecomeincreasinglydangeroustoeat(yī).因素(4)Lastbutnotleast,theyinsistthattheyaresickofthepaceofAmericanlife,apacethatleavesnotimeforrelaxationorpleasure.因果關(guān)系常用語匯:becauseof,so,owingto,thanksto,thus,asaresultof,hence,forthisreason,consequently,causedby,leadto,resultin
is常用句型:BresultsfromA. BistheresultofA.AresultsinB.?AcausesB.Thecausesof/reasonsforBisthe??Thereasonsareasfollows:模式3)例證因-
果-因模式(?Cause-Effect-CausePattern
):Smokingtobacco→
nicotineinthebloodstreams
→thebloodvesselscontract ,,4.比較法主題句必須明確表白所要比較的對象和所要比較的范圍,事實上就是羅列兩個或兩個以上比較對象的相同點。兩項相似事務(wù)逐個比較:ThePCandMACaresimilarinseveralways,eventhoughusersofeithercomputerwouldrat(yī)herdiethanadmitevenasmallresemblance.Bothmachineswillrungraphicsinmuchthesameway.Eachemploysamouseandagraphicalinterface(面)orWindows-likeenvironmentinasimilarfashiontorunprogramssuchasPageMakerorMicrosoftWord.ThefinallikenessisthatboththePCandtheMACincorporate(合并)technologythatallowsthemto"talk"toeachother.Injustafewmoreyears,thePCandMACwillbecomeevenmorealike,anduserswillbelessadamant頑固的abouttheuniquequalitiesoftheircomputers.兩項不同事務(wù)逐個比較:ThepublictransportationsysteminParisconsistsofsubwaysandbuses.Parishasoneofthebestsubwaysystemsintheworld.Thesubway,ormetro,spanstheentirecityofParis,linkingoneendofthecitywithanother.MostpeopleinParistravelbymetrobecauseitisfast,economical,?andconvenient.ThebussysteminParisisalsoquitegood.?ForParisians,havingacarisaluxury,notanecessity.Ontheotherhand,?publictransportationinAmericancitiesleaves?alottobedesired. Subways,?canbeexpensive?andinconvenient—inconvenientbecauseonlyverysmallportionofacityareserved.Thebusremainstheonlytruemeansofpublictransportinmostcities,butonefindspoorconnections,indirectroutes,andhighprices.SoacarintheUnitedStatesisnotaluxury.類比法 (Analogy)Example1LearningEnglishislikebuildingahouse.Layingasolidfoundat(yī)ionisthefirstandmostimportantstep.Inotherwords,youshouldreadandspeakEnglisheveryday.Memorizingnewwordsandphrasesisalsohelpful.Likebuildingahouse,learningEnglishtakessometime.Sodon’tbeimpatient.Remember,Romewasn’tbuiltinaday.常用句型:~LikeA,Bis/v??~IncontrasttoA,Bis/v...~Bycomparison ....~Inspiteoftheirsimilarities/differences...~Tocompareto/with...~Aisnotexactly/entirely/quite/thesameas...~AistotallydifferentfromB.~AislikeBin...常用表達(dá)方式::similarly, similar?to,accordingly,bothshowadegreeofsimilarity,and
the?sameas,,too,inthesameway,inalikemanner表達(dá)對比或轉(zhuǎn)折:incontrast?,bycontrast?,contrastedwith?,ononehand?ontheotherhand
,onthecontrary?,but
,yet?,however,nevertheless ,instead?,meanwhile5.敘述和描述法?Description有些段落需要敘述一個事件或描寫一個事務(wù);基本上可以用準(zhǔn)時間順序、空間順序和環(huán)節(jié)順序來進(jìn)行敘述或描述。jumpedoffthebusbeforeitstoppedandbeganwalkingdownthestreet.AsIhadarrivedearly,Idecidedtolookattheshopwindowsbeforegoinghome.Theideamademequitehappy,butatthesametimeIhadtheunpleasantfeelingthatIhadforgottensomething.Istoppedinthemiddleofthepavementandbegansearchingmypockets.AllofasuddenIrememberedthatIwaswithoutmybriefcase!Ihadleftitonthebusanditwasfullofimportantpapers.Thethoughtwasenoughtomakemestartrunningdownthestreet,though,bynow,thebuswasoutofsight.表達(dá)時間和順序:earlier,lat(yī)er,afterwards,meanwhile,inthemeantime ,shortly,soon ,presently,currently ,recently,atpresent,inthefuture/past?,atfirst,more/mostimportantfirstofall?,inthefirstplace?,tobeginwith?,tostartwith
,first?,then?,next?,last
,at(yī)last
,finally6.論證法 Argument論證是通過擺事實、講道理闡明觀點,這是學(xué)術(shù)寫作和大學(xué)英語寫作中常用的方法。通常先研究關(guān)于某一論題已存在的各種觀點,對不同的觀點進(jìn)行比較和對照,然后予以評價分析,最后提出自己的觀點。議論文有時結(jié)合歸納和演繹兩種方法會更具有說服力。I,歸納法induction歸納法是一種邏輯推理方法。使用歸納法組織素材是從具體到抽象或從特殊到一般,由特定的事實到結(jié)論的思維過程。通常需借助具體事例得出結(jié)論,即把具體的內(nèi)容置于段落的前面,然后根據(jù)這些事實引申出一個符合邏輯的結(jié)論。TherearefourmajorethnicgroupsinNewYorkCity:Whites,Blacks,IndiansandChicanos.Inaddition,someneighborhoodshavelargeJapanese,Jewish,Chinese,VietnameseorKoreanpopulations.Thecityisaculturallydiversecommunity.這個段落的寫作運用了歸納法邏輯推理。2.演繹法?(Deduction)演繹法是與歸納法相對的此外一種邏輯推理方法,是從抽象到具體的思維過程,從一般到特殊。由結(jié)論到特定的事實的思維過程。在使用演繹法組織文章時,把帶有普通性或概括性的句子置于段首,即段首主題句。然后以此為依據(jù),通過具體事實加以說明和推理論證。NewYorkCityisaculturallydiversecommunity.Therearefourmajorethnicgroups:Whites,Blacks,IndiansandChicanos.Inaddition,someneighborhoodshavelargeJapanese,Jewish,Chinese,VietnameseorKoreanpopulations.此段落運用演繹法展開邏輯推理。其它類別的關(guān)聯(lián)詞:表達(dá)讓步:afterall,ofcourse,certainly,naturally,nodoubt,itistrue表達(dá)歸納和總結(jié):inconclusion?,toconclude ,tosummarizetosumup,inshort,inbrief,inaword,allinall,onthewhole
,,generallyspeaking第四篇 運用作文模板寫好一篇作文三段作文法作文一般涉及?引入段(introduction)、主體(body)和結(jié)尾段(conclusion)三個部分。在寫這三部分時都有什么技巧可以使用呢?1.引人段四級作文引入段的寫作通常涉及以下方法:1)對立法:提出兩種不同的觀點,指明自己偏向于哪一種見解;或者指出——般的見解,然后說明自己的觀點?。如:2)現(xiàn)象法:引出現(xiàn)象或者問題,然后評論 。如:3)比較法:通過對過去和現(xiàn)在兩種不同的傾向、觀點的比較,引出文章要討論的觀點。 如:4)問題法:用設(shè)問引出觀點。如:2.主體主體部分是文章的重要內(nèi)容,可以用因素法、舉例說明法、對比異同法、分類法等方法展開主體部分。3.結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾部分通常言簡意賅地突出主題,并且提出解決方案或建議。1)總結(jié)中心句2)建議句結(jié)尾3)盼望或者倡議或預(yù)測未來表達(dá)對將來的展望,或期待讀者投入行動,表達(dá)對未來情形的預(yù)測。四級作文的結(jié)構(gòu)與模式四級作文從內(nèi)容上大體可以分為闡述圖表型、對立觀點型、說明利弊型、解釋因素或理由型、解決問題型、解釋現(xiàn)象型及應(yīng)用短文七大類。一.圖表作文圖表作文是四六級作文考試??碱}型之一,也是考生覺得較難對付的作文形式。圖表形式:圖表題型重要分類:(1)曲線圖題型(Linechart);(2)餅狀圖題型(Piechart);(3)柱狀圖題型(Barchart);(4)表格圖題型(Table)。規(guī)定考生:通常還給出作文的標(biāo)題和一些提醒?(1)用文字來描述圖表,客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢; (2)就圖表中所反映出某種趨勢或問題分析其因素或后果。(3)根據(jù)前面的分析得出你的結(jié)論或發(fā)表你的見解。一般規(guī)定寫成論說文。例11991年6月四級考試作文為登記表格題:Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionaboutChangesinPeople’Dietsaccordingtothefollowingoutlineinthreeparagraphs.Yourpartofthecompositionshouldbenolessthan120words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.ChangesinPeople?’sDiet1statethechangesinpeople?’sdietintheyarspastfive2givepossiblereasonsforthechanges3drawyourownconclusionYear1981987198819891990Food6Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitand24%22%20%20%21%Vegetable100Total100%100%100%100%%看圖表作文一般可分三段寫。第一段說明該圖表反映的總情況,選擇能充足說明主題的典型數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行概述。第二段對數(shù)字進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析比較,歸納出增減速率,找出產(chǎn)生變化的因素。第三段寫讀圖表后的想法或評論,得出自己的結(jié)論。Generalintroduction——Analysis——Conclusion概要介紹—分析圖表和變化的因素—評論或總結(jié)表達(dá)數(shù)量關(guān)系的常用句型1)Thechartshowstherewasslight/small/steady/marked/dramaticincrease/rise/decline/decrease/dropintheperiodfrom?to?..2)Thereappearedastable/steadytendencytorise/increase/drop/fall/decreaseintheperiodfrom?to?.3)Thisyeartheproductshavebeendroppedtohalf/wascutinhalf/doubled/tripled(三倍)/quadrupled(四倍)4)Asistwice/threetimeslarger/higher/smallerthanB.Asistwice/threetimesaslargeasB.Asistwice/threetimes/halfthesize/height/ofB.模板:Ascanbeseenfromthetable,/Itisobviousinthechartthat(1)描述數(shù)量變化趨勢,,Whyaretherechangesin,,??/What(yī)arethereasonsfor(2)解釋因素,, ?(3)First/Firstofall, 因素1,,,,(4)Second/Moreover/Moreimportantly?因素2,,,?(5)Finally?因素3,,Fromtheabove,wecanseethat(6)?小結(jié),,,,,, Andwecanalsoexpectthat(yī)(7)?趨勢預(yù)測 ,,,,,?/AsfarasIamconcerned(7)?或我的想法或評論 ,,,,,范文:ChangesinPeople ’sDietAscanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople’dietsovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrainisdecreasingyearbyyear,whilethatofsomehigh-energyfood,suchasmilkandmeat(yī),isincreasingsteadily.Whyaretherechangesinpeople’sdiet?Therearetwomajorreasons,Ithink.First,nowadayspeoplecanaffordtobuymuchmoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutrition.Second,peoplenowpaymoreat(yī)tentiontothequalityofit,becausetheyknowitisofgreatbenefittotheirhealthtodietinascientificway.Thereforetheytrytheirbesttoimprovethestructureoftheirfood.Fromtheabove,wecanseethatpeople’slivinglevelhasbeenrisingmarkedlyinthepastfiveyears.AndwecanalsoexpectthatwiththerapiddevelopmentofChinatherewillbemoreprosperousfuturewaitingforus.二.問題解決型1.出題形式HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1.上大學(xué)的費用(tuitionandfees)可以通過各種途徑解決2.哪種途徑適合于我(說明理由)HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?1.面試在求職過程中的作用2.取得面試成功的因素:儀表、舉止、談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識、自信、實事求是,從以上的例子可見,解決問題型作文題重要有出題形式可以總結(jié)為:提出問題——因素——解決途徑型這種題型一方面提出某(些)需解決的問題/困難,然后規(guī)定我們解釋出現(xiàn)這——(些)向題/困難的因素,最后規(guī)定我們提出問題/困難的解決途徑。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)提出問題——因素——解決途徑型:第一段引言:指出出現(xiàn)的問題或提出一種錯誤的觀念第二段說明出現(xiàn)這一問題的因素或指出這一觀念錯誤的因素第三段 提出解決問題的各種途徑第四段 結(jié)論:表達(dá)我對問題能被妥善解決的信心或預(yù)測采用這些措施后的結(jié)果或我的打算。寫作模板①指出需解決的問題(的現(xiàn)狀)Nowadays???,whichhasarousedclosepublicat(yī)tention/great(yī)concern.Itiswidelyassumed/believedthat???,theythink_???because???_.②指出導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)狀有多種因素Thereareseveral/manyfactorsthat/whichmaycontributeto/haveledto???.Tobwith,③因素一???.Besides,④因素二???Lastbutnotleast,⑤因素三_???.⑥指出有多種解決途徑?Wecanresorttovariousways/Therearedifferentwaystotackletheproblem/copewiththesituation.Firstly,?⑦途徑一???.?Secondly,⑧途徑二_???.Finally/Lastly,⑨途徑三???.⑩結(jié)論(表達(dá)對問題能被妥善解決的信心或預(yù)測采用這些措施后的結(jié)果)With???,Ibelieve_???.Onlyinthiswaycanwe???_或⑩我的打算Asforme,Iplanto????..4.段落發(fā)展方法在寫解決問題型作文時,重要可采用列舉法來展開段落,列舉引起某一問題的因素或應(yīng)采用的解決問題的途徑。5.真題范文GettingtoKnowtheWorldoutsidetheCampus1.大學(xué)生了解社會的必要性2.了解社會的途徑(大眾媒介、社會服務(wù)等)3.我打算怎么做ItiswidelybelievedthatwearelivingintheinformationAgeandnothingismoreimportantthantokeeppacewiththefast-changingworldforcollegestudents.Withoutknowledgeoftheoutsideworld,itwillbemoredifficultforustosecureanidealjobaftergraduation,nottomentionsuccessinthefuture.Howcanweknowtheoutsideworld?Byreadingbooks?Orbysurfingtheinternet?Yes,weshouldbewellinformedaboutwhatishappeningarounduswiththehelp“massmedia:radios,televisions,newspapers,theInternet,andsoon.However,anotherthingthatcannotbeignoredispracticalsocialservices.Byservingthesociety,wecancultivateoursocialskills,widenoureyesightandenrichoursocialexperience.Asforme,Iplantoknowtheoutsideworldintwoaspects:first,studytohaveagoodcommandofknowledge.Meanwhile,Iintendtoholdatemporaryjobduringthesummervacationtoknowmoreabouttheoutsideworld.三.闡述對立觀點型在四級考試中,我們經(jīng)常會碰到要我們就兩種對立的觀點表白自己態(tài)度的題目。請看下面兩個例子;1.IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?1.很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語口語考試,理由是,2.也有人持不批準(zhǔn)見3.我的見解和打算 (2023年)2.ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?如何看待大學(xué)校園成為旅游熱點?1.名校校園正成為旅游新熱點2.校園是否應(yīng)對游客開放,人們見解不同3.我認(rèn)為, (2023年)2.中文提綱闡述對立觀點型作文的中文提綱則往往是這樣的:1.有(些)人認(rèn)為,2.也有(些)人認(rèn)為,3.我的見解/觀點3.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)第一段 引言:引出討論的主題(X),提出A方的觀點,可略提理由第二段提出B方的觀點,可略提理由。第三段正文:表白自己的見解,闡述理由第四段結(jié)論:總結(jié)全文,重申自己的觀點這種篇章結(jié)構(gòu)更接近原題的安排。4.寫作模板模板引出主題(X)WhenaskedaboutX,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeoplesay/think/be
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