美國(guó)人力資源管理-福利管理-教學(xué)課件12

GLOBALEMPLOYEEBENEFITSATAGLANCEChapter12McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright?2011TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.LEARNINGOBJECTIVESDifferencesbetweenbenefitsintheUSandaroundtheworldPaidtime-offbenefitsinvariouscontinentsandcountriesProtectionbenefitssuchasretirement,healthcare,andsocialsecurityinvariouscontinentsandcountriesLegalandregulatoryinfluencesonemployeebenefitspracticesOtherpracticesthatdistinguishcountriesbenefitsprogramsTheWorldIsFlat?AccordingtoThomasFriedmaninhisbestseller,TheWorldIsFlat,recenttechnologicalglobalizationhasincreasedthe“interconnectedness”betweeneconomiesinvariouspartsoftheworld.ThismeansthatthatU.S.economymustbecomemoreglobally-agileandwithitU.S.companiesmustemployH.R.professionalwhocannavigateandunderstandlegalandcomplianceissueswithintheglobalcontextandspecifically,withinthecountrieswheretheircompanyhasestablishedaeconomicpresence.NORTHAMERICA-NAFTANAFTA(NorthAtlanticFreeTradeAgreement)allowedtradeandinvestmentflowstoskyrocketinNorthAmerica,withInternationalMonetaryfundestimatingthattradetripledbetweenMexico,Canada,andtheUSbetween1993and2002.ThelaborsideofNAFTAistheNorthAmericanAgreementonLaborCooperation(NAALC)andwascreatedinordertopromotecooperationbetweentradeunionsandsocialorganizationsinordertochampionimprovedlaborconditionsCANADAThebasicruleofCanadianlawholdsthatlaborandemploymentlawfallwithintheexclusivejurisdictionoftheprovinces8and9annualpaidholidays;2weekspaidvacation2statepensionplans,oneforQuebecresidentsonlyandonefortherestofCanadaMedicalandbasichospitalcarepaidforbyprovincialmedicalinsuranceplanswithcompulsorycoverageforallresidentsPercapitaexpenditureforhealthin2006was$3,672.MEXICOPaidtime-offduringpublicholidaysordoubletimepay6weeks’leavepriortogivingbirthand6weeks’leaveafterbirthonfullsalarySocialsecurityprogramsinMexicoareadministeredbytheMexicanSocialSecurityInstituteMedicalservicesprovideddirectlytopatientsthroughthehealthfacilitiesoftheMexicanSocialSecurityInstituteMexicoisafederalrepublicandMexicanlaborlawisbasedontheMexicanFederalLaborLaw.SOUTHAMERICAAccordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund,Brazil,Argentina,Columbia,andChilearethelargesteconomiesinSouthAmerica.Othercountriesareexperiencingeconomicdevelopmentaswell.Thetwolargesttradeblocksmergedin2004intoTheSouthAmericanCommunityofNationswhichplanstomodelitselfaftertheEuropeanUnion.

Brazilisafederalrepublicwitha100.9million-strongworkforceandapercapitaGDPof$10,100.ItisthestrongesteconomyinSouthAmerica.

ConsolidationofLaborLawshighlyregulatesemploymentpracticesAlthoughtheoreticallyemployeesareprotectedbyprincipalofcontinuity,employersdischargeemployeesarbitrarilybecauseofthesubstantialsupplyofreadyworkerswillingtoacceptlowerpayBrazilianlaborlawstipulatesa30daypaidannualvacationwitha1/3monthbonusaswellasapaid120daymaternityleave.ComprehensivesocialsecuritybenefitsforallworkersPensionsareprovidedforindustry,government,andtheself-employed.Voluntarycoverageisofferedforstudents,housewives,andtheunemployed.Employersarerequiredtocontribute20%oftheirpayrollwithnomaximummonthlyearnings.MedicalservicesareprovideddirectlytopatientsinruralandurbanareasthroughtheUnifiedHealthSystemARGENTINA14daysofpaidannualvacation;morewithover5yearsofseniorityAlsoentitledto3-6monthsofsickleavebasedonseniorityMaternityleavefor45daysbeforebirthand45daysafterbirthThereisamandatoryretirementandpensionsystem(bothemployerandemployeepay11%coveredearnings)EmployeehealthinsurancemandatedbystatuteTheCIAFactbookreportsthatArgentina,ademocraticrepublic,enjoysahigheducationlevelandrichnaturalresources.WithacurrentGDPof$14,500andalaborforceof16.27million,Argentinahasexperiencedareboundineconomicgrowthsinceadownturninthe1990’s.Recently,thegovernmentnationalizedprivatepensionfunds.EuropeanUnionUniqueinternationalorganizationhopingtoelevateparticipatingEuropeancountriestobecomeaneconomicpowerhouseLimitedauthorityinemploymentmatters;memberstatesmustgiveemployeesawrittenemploymentdocumentLaborlawwasdesignedwiththeaimofensuringthatthecreationoftheSingleMarketdidnotresultinaloweringoflaborstandardsordistortionsincompetitionTheconceptof“employmentatwill”doesnotexistintheEUasintheUnitedStatesFRANCE5weekspaidleaveafteroneyearofemploymentSocialsecuritybenefitsgrantedtoemployeescontainthreecomponents:healthinsurance,unemploymentinsurance,andretirementinsuranceOrganizationofmedicalservicesforemployeesistheresponsibilityoftheemployerEmployeesmustbeinformedinwritingregardingthetermsandconditionsoftheiremployment(orchangesregardingthesame)Asademocraticrepublic,France’sGDPis$32,700anditslaborforceis28.5millionstrong.Franceismovingtoaneconomicmodelwithlessgovernmentcontrolandinterventioninlarge,Frenchcompanies.GERMANY4weekspaidvacation;cannotberequiredtoworkonholidaysStatutorypensionsystemanalogoustotheSocialSecuritysystemintheUnitedStatesGermanlawsstipulateguidelinesforminimalhealthwelfareofworkersGermanyisafederalrepublicwiththe5thlargesteconomyintheworld(GDPis$44,800)perCIAFactbookwithaworkforceof43.2millionworkers.Germanyhassufferedhighunemploymentratesandhasrecentlybeenpushingforlaborreformregardingwomenandtheolderworker.TheGermanCivilCodeprovidesnumerousstatuteswhichdealwithindividualemploymentaswellascollectivebargainingagreements.SPAINStatuteofWorkersdefinestheemployer/employeerelationshipGuaranteed30daysofpaidtimeoffeachyearLeaveofabsenceforupto3yearsfrombirthWorker’scompiscoveredunderthepensionsystem.PensionfundsareregulatedundertheSocialSecuritysystemMedicalservicesprovidedtopatientsdirectlythroughtheNationalHealthManagementInstituteAccordingtotheCIAFactbook,Spainhasaparliamentarymonarchyandamixedcapitalisticsystem.ThecurrentGDPis$34,600andtheworkforcesizeis2.1million.UnitedKingdom4weekspaidannualleaveincludingholidaysEmployerscanrecoverspecificemployeesickleavecostswhenconditionsoftheNationalInsuranceContributionsActaremet26weeksmaternity,whichmaynotbeginpriorto11weeksbeforebirthAllemployeeswiththerequisiteNationalInsuranceContributionsareentitledtobasicstatepensionWorkers’CompisalsorequiredMedicalservicesareprovidedbytheNationalHealthServiceTheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchywithalaborforceof31.2millionandapercapitaGDPof$46,600.Mostrecently,theLaborgovernmentinstitutedtheEmploymentRelationsActof1999.Generallytheemployer/employeerelationshiphasfewgovernmentalrestrictions.THENETHERLANDSTheEmploymentAgreementActprovidesspecificrulesfortheemploymentrelationship.PaidleaveforworkscouncildutiesPregnancyandchildbirthleaveof16weekswithfullpaySocialsecuritysystem–employeeandnationalinsuranceandsocialassistanceschemesHealthbenefitsareprovidedbetweentheinsurerandtheinsured.StateOldAgePensionsActprovidesoldagebenefitsTheNetherlandsisaconstitutionalmonarchywithPercapitalGDPof$41,300and7.5millionworkers.ITALYTheCivilCodeenactedin1942andalegislativelyimplementedEUDirectivecoversemploymentEmployeesentitledto3to5weeksofpaidvacationForIllnessoraccidentsemployeesreceivefullpayfor1monthand?payforthefollowing2monthsPaidmaternityleave-mandatory2monthsbeforebirthand3monthsafterbirthTwotypesofpensionplans:compulsoryandcomplementaryTherepublicofItalyhasadiversifiedindustrialandagriculturaleconomy.TheGDPpercapitais$31,000andthelaborforceis25.09millionstrong.POLANDPolandisanexampleofarepublicwithagrowingeconomy.Ithasalaborforceofalmost17millionandapercapitaGDPof$17,300.TheemploymentrelationshipiscontainedinthePolishLaborCodeandbenefitsareprovidedunderanewConstitution.20dayspaidvacationiflessthan10yearsofservice;26daysif10+Allemployeesentitledto18-20weeksofmaternityleave;withadditionalunpaidleaveaswellThree-pillarsystemofpensionsMedicalservicesareprovideddirectlytopatientsbyprivatehealthcareprovidersundercontracttotheNationalHealthFundSWEDEN1600hoursworkyear–shortestintheworld14weeksofmaternityleave(80%wages)TwostatutorypensionplansWorkers’medicalbenefitsincludefreemedical&dentalchildrentoage20;percapitalimitperindividualperyearof1,800kronorTheCIAFactbookreportsthatSweden’sconstitutionalmonarchycharacterizedbycapitalismwithextensivesocialwelfarebenefitshasalaborforceofalmost5millionandapercapitaGDPof$38,500.RUSSIA28dayspaidleaveEveryoneguaranteedsocialinsuranceGovernmentpensionsarepaidoutofafederalbudgetCompulsorymedicalinsurancecoversmedicalservicesprovideddirectlytopatientsbypublicandprivatehealthprovidersTheFederationofRussiahasalaborforceof75.7millionandapercapitaGDPof$15,800.TheConstitutionoftheRussianFederationPEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINAPRCLaborLawwasestablishedin1995establishesindividualworkcontractsMedicalbenefitsaredeterminedbyageandlengthofservice;homeleaveisgrantedforemployeesworkingfarfromhomePensioncharacterizedbysocialinsuranceandmandatoryindividualaccountsUnderaunifiedmedicalinsurancesystem,healthinsuranceconsistsofbothPooledFundandPersonalAccountsChinaisexperiencingrapideconomicgrowthwhileshiftingfromacentralizedtoamoremarket-orientedeconomy.TheGDPhasbeengrowingatarateof10%peryearforthelaborforceof807.7millionworkerswithacurrentGDPof$6,000.HongKongHongKongbecamealimiteddemocracyunderPeople’sRepublicofChinarulebeginningJuly1,1997.Althoughthelaborforceisrelativelysmall(3.6million);theGDPexceedsthefourlargestEUeconomies.ThegoverningconstitutionisknownastheBasicLaw,theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionhastheauthoritytomakeemploymentlawsandtheEmploymentOrdinanceprovidesminimumlaborstandards.Employee’swhoselengthofserviceisoveroneyearareentitledtoupto14daysofpaidleave.Publicinstitutionsobserveadditionalholidaysaswell.Employeesget80%oftheirpayforregularsickdaysandthereisaprovisionforsickleaveaccrual.Maternityleaveis10weeksat80%pay.Worker’scompensationexistsforon-the-jobinjuries.Universaloldageanddisabilitypensions,mandatoryoccupationalbenefits,andsocialassistancesystemsarekeyelementsofretirementprotection.Freemedicalcareinpublichospitalsisavailableforqualifiedsocialassistanceparticipants.

JAPANAnnualpaidleavebeginsat10daysandcapsat20daysperyearbasedonlengthofserviceMaternityandfamilyleavesystemsarebaseduponboththeindividualemploymentcontractandnationally-providedemploymentinsurancebenefitsPensionsareprovidedforallresidentswithadditionalbenefitsfortheemployedThenationalhealthinsuranceplancoversmedicalcareandtreatmenttypicallycontractedwiththeinsurancecarrier.Costsharingisbasedonageandthereisnobenefitdurationlimit.Japanisaconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliamentarygovernment,alaborforceof66.15millionandapercapitaGDPof$34,200.Theemploymentrelationshipisbasedonthetraditionalnotionoffreedomofcontract;however,somebasicemploymentprovisionsexistintheCivilCodeof1896whichhasbeenrecentlyupdatedwithlawsregardingallaspectsoftheemployer-employeerelationship.SOUTHKOREA10dayspaidleaveforfulltimeemployeesFemaleemployeesareentitledtomaternityleaveandarecompensatedbyanunemploymentfundSickleaveisrequiredonlyforoccupationalinjuries/accidentsPensionscovermostworkers;boththeemployerandemployeecontributetoretirementbenefitsandemployeesareeligibleafter20yearsofserviceEmployeehealthinsurancesubscriptionisrequiredatarateofapproximately5%ofannualbasesalary.MedicalservicesareprovidedbyclinicsandhospitalsundercontractwiththeNationalHealthInsuranceCorporation(NHIC).SouthKoreaisaRepublicwhichhasexperiencedconsiderablehigh-technologyglobalgrowth.SouthKorea’slaborforceis24.35millionandtheGDPis$26,000.Manylaborprovisionsaregovernment-mandatedandviolationsaretreatedasacriminaloffense.INDIAUpto30dayspaidleavebaseduponnumberofdaysworkedinpreviousyear;thereisnostatutorymaternityleaveorbenefitPension-relatedlawspassedinbeginningin1952culminatingina2004lawenactingoldage,disability,andsurvivors’benefits.Thereisalsoaprivatepensionoptionwhichmaybeexercisedinsteadofthegovernmentbenefit.Thereisgovernment-sponsoredHealthcarethroughEmployees'StateInsuranceCorporationIndiaisademocraticfederalrepublicwithadiverseeconomy.India’sworkforceiscomposedof23.5millionindividualswithapercapitaGDPofonly$2,800.TheDirectiveofStatePolicyaffectsvariousaspectsofemployment.SAUDIARABIAIslamicShari’alaw15-21dayspaidvacationbasedonlongevityEidAl-Fitr–10dayholidayMaternityleave-4wee