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[模擬]考研英語閱讀模擬186

多項(xiàng)選擇

Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopment

ofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedto

keepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunits(stateandstatisticscome

fromthesameLatinroot,status)andagentlemanlygamblingfatherwho

reliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingames

ofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,is

representedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,

andthetakingofcensus一allofwhichledtomoderndescriptive

statistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemoderninferential

statistics,whichisbasedsolidlyontheoriesofprobability.

Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating,depicting,and

describingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybequantitative,suchas

measuresofheight,intelligence,orgradelevel-variablesthatare

characterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuum一orthedatamayrepresent

qualitativevariables,suchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytype.

Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarization

orreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsis

atoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtoacomprehensibleform

thepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.

Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsfor

solvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesforthe

unaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristically

involvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.For

example,aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionof

childreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfast,

havebeenvaccinatedforflu,orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeof

statistics,thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryand

inefficienttoquestioneachchild:theproportionfortheentiredistrict

couldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100

children.Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictor

estimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthe

characteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.(337words)

注:tabulate[vt.]將...制成表;continuum[數(shù)]閉聯(lián)集;unwieldy

難控制的。

[聽力原文]

1

早期的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法曾受到兩種截然不同的影響。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)有一位獻(xiàn)身于保持政府單位

有序記錄的母親(國家和統(tǒng)計(jì)兩詞都來自同一個(gè)拉丁語詞根一一status),還有一

位紳士風(fēng)度的父親依靠數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算來提高他在賭博中獲勝機(jī)會(huì)的賭技。來自母親對

其后代即統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的影響,表現(xiàn)為計(jì)算、測量、制圖、列表、排序和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字抽樣

—所有這些形成了現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。來自父親的影響形成了現(xiàn)代推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),

正好建立在概率原理基礎(chǔ)上。

描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)包括對搜集的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行列表、描繪和描述。這些數(shù)據(jù)可能是數(shù)

量性的,如對高度、智力或等級(jí)的測定一一是由基礎(chǔ)性閉聯(lián)集所描繪的變量,一

—或者這些數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)代表性質(zhì)的變量,如性別、大學(xué)專業(yè)或性格類型。大量的數(shù)據(jù)

在被理解以前一般必須經(jīng)歷一個(gè)概括或簡化的過程。描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是一種工具,它

被用來把大量難以控制的數(shù)據(jù)的性質(zhì)通過描述、概括或簡化而成為能理解的形

式。

推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是為解決另一類給單一個(gè)人的思考帶來巨大困難的問題而確

定的大量方法。這一大類問題各自涉及到試圖使用觀察所得的樣本來進(jìn)行預(yù)測。

例如,學(xué)校管理者想要確定一所學(xué)校中那些上學(xué)不吃早飯、種過流感疫苗或其它

情況的孩子們的比例。只要有一點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)知識(shí),他就會(huì)知道,去詢問每一個(gè)學(xué)生

是既無必要又效率低下,因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)地區(qū)的比例只要根據(jù)100個(gè)孩子的抽樣調(diào)查就

能得到相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。因此,推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的目的就是僅從了解一個(gè)樣本人口的

特點(diǎn)來預(yù)測或估計(jì)全部人口的特點(diǎn)。

第1題:

Theword“divergent”inline1ofthefirstparagraphmostprobably

means.

A.different

B.distributed

C.recorded

D.prominent

參考答案:A

答案解析:

[答案]A.different[注釋]詞匯釋義題。本題問:第1段第1行中“divergent”

最可能表示什么含義?解詞匯釋義題的方法是注意上下文中,尤其是下文中表明

其含義的隱含信息?,F(xiàn)看下文中的隱含信息:"Statisticshadamotherwhowas

dedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunits(stateand

statisticscomefromthesameLatinroot,status)andagentlemanly

gamblingfatherwhoreliedmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplaying

theoddsingamesofchance.v劃線部分中,通過“mother”和ufatherv兩

詞及其修飾語來說明早期的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法受到兩種截然不同的影響。故應(yīng)選Ao

第2題:

Accordingtothe1stparagraph,countingandcensus-takingareassociated

with_____.

A.inferentialstatistics

B.descriptivestatistics

C.unknownvariables

2

D.qualitativechanges

參考答案:B

答案解析:

[答案]B.descriptivestatistics[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)類比題。本題問:根據(jù)第1段,

計(jì)數(shù)和人口統(tǒng)計(jì)是與下面哪一項(xiàng)目有關(guān)?第1段第3句寫道「Theinfluenceof

themotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,

measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensus-all

ofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics."(來自母親對其后代即統(tǒng)

計(jì)學(xué)的影響,表現(xiàn)為計(jì)算、測量、制圖、列表、排序和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字抽樣-所有這些

形成了現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。)由此可見,計(jì)數(shù)和人口統(tǒng)計(jì)與描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)有關(guān)。

第3題:

Theauthormentionsthe,mother"and“father”inthefirstparagraphin

orderto_____.

A.introduceinferentialstatisticsinavividway

B.explainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables

C.pointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics

D.presentthebackgroundofstatisticsinahumorousand

understandablefashion

參考答案:D

答案解析:

[答案]D.presentthebackgroundofstatisticsinahumorousand

understandablefashion[注釋]邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題。本題問:為什么作者在第1段中

提到“mother"和"father”?第1段第2句寫道:^Statisticshadamother

whowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunits(state

andstatisticscomefromthesameLatinroot,status)andagentlemanly

gamblingfatherwhoreliedmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplaying

theoddsingamesofchance.”可見作者用形象幽默而又容易理解的方式來描

述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)產(chǎn)生的背景。故應(yīng)選D。

第4題:

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdescriptivestatisticsisbest

supportedbythepassage?

A.Itsummarizesnumerousdataaftertheybecomecomprehensible.

B.Itreduceslargeamountsofdatatoamorecomprehensibleform.

C.Itisbasedonprobabilityandmeasuresonlyqualitative

differences.

D.Itisthemaintaskfordescriptivestatisticstotabulate,describe

andpredictlargemassesofdata.

參考答案:B

答案解析:

3

[答案]B?Itreduceslargeamountsofdatatoamorecomprehensibleform.

[注釋J細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題問:有關(guān)描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),本文最支持下列哪一表述?第2

段最后一句寫道:^Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingor

summarizingorreducingtoacomprehensibleformthepropertiesofan

otherwiseunwieldymassofdata.”(描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是一種工具,它被用來把大

量難以控制的數(shù)據(jù)的性質(zhì)通過描述、概括或簡化而成為能理解的形式。)故應(yīng)選

Bo選項(xiàng)A之所以不能入選是因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤地使用連詞after,造成概念顛倒。注意:

在連詞上做手腳是考研閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)的常用手段,考生務(wù)必仔細(xì)識(shí)別。選

項(xiàng)C必須排除,因?yàn)槠渲杏衞nly一詞,使選擇項(xiàng)無概括性。選項(xiàng)D不能入選是

由于其中有predict一詞,predict是推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的任務(wù)之一,而不是描述統(tǒng)計(jì)

學(xué)的任務(wù)。

第5題:

Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleof

apopulation?

A.Tocomparedifferentgroupsindetail.

B.Tocompilemoreaccuratedatainrealearnest.

C.Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation.

D.Todetectdifferencesnotobservableinthewholepopulation.

參考答案:C

答案解析:

[答案]C?Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation.[注釋]

細(xì)節(jié)瞿解題。本題問:根據(jù)本文,考察一個(gè)人口樣本的目的是什么?本文最后一

段最后一句寫道:“Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredict

orestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthe

characteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.v(因此,推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)

的目的就是僅從了解一個(gè)樣本人口的特點(diǎn)來預(yù)測或估計(jì)全部人口的特點(diǎn)。)可見,

依靠推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),考察一個(gè)人口樣本的目的是預(yù)測或估計(jì)全部人口的特點(diǎn)。因此

答案非C莫屬。

IntheUnitedStatesintheearly1800's,individualstategovernments

hadmoreeffectontheeconomythandidthefederalgovernment.States

charteredmanufacturing,banking,mining,andtransportationfirmsand

participatedintheconstructionofvariousinternalimprovementssuch

ascanals,turnpikes,andrailroads.Thestatesencouragedinternal

improvementsintwodistinctways:first,byactuallyestablishingstate

companiestobuildsuchimprovements;second,byprovidingpartofthe

capitalformixedpublic一privatecompaniessettingouttomakeaprofit.

Intheearly19thcentury,stategovernmentalsoengagedina

surprisinglylargeamountofdirectregulatoryactivity,including

extensivelicensingandinspectionprograms.Licensingtargetsreflected

bothsimilaritiesinanddifferencesbetweentheeconomyofthe19th

centuryandthatoftoday:inthe19thcentury,stateregulationthrough

4

licensingfellespeciallyonpeddlers,innkeepers,andretailmerchants

ofvariouskinds.Theperishablecommoditiesoftradegenerallycameunder

stateinspection,andsuchimportantfrontierstaplesaslumberand

gunpowderwerealsosubjecttostatecontrol.Finally,stategovernments

experimentedwithdirectlaborandbusinessregulationdesignedtohelp

theindividuallaborerorconsumer,includingsettingmaximumlimitson

hoursofworkandrestrictionsonprice-fixingbybusinesses.

Althoughthestatesdominatedeconomicactivityduringthis

period,thefederalgovernmentwasnotinactive.Itsgoalswerethe

facilitationofwesternsettlementandthedevelopmentofnative

industries.Towardtheseendsthefederalgovernmentpursuedseveral

coursesofaction.Itestablishedanationalbanktostabilizethebanking

activitiesinthecountryand,inpart,toprovideasupplyofrelatively

easymoneytothefrontier,whereitwasgreatlyneededforsettlement.

Itpermittedaccesstopublicwesternlandsonincreasinglyeasyterms,

culminatingintheHomesteadActof1862,bywhichtitletolandcould

beclaimedonthebasisofresidencealone.Finally,itsetupasystem

oftariffsthatwasbasicallyprotectionistineffect,although

maneuveringforpositionbyvariousregionalinterestsproducedfrequent

changesinratesthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.(338words)

注:setouttodosth.試圖做某事;staple主要產(chǎn)品;peddler小

販;culminatein終于獲得某種結(jié)局,達(dá)到頂峰;tariff關(guān)稅;maneuver調(diào)遣;

熟練而巧妙地引導(dǎo)某人某事。

[聽力原文]

在19世紀(jì)初期的美國,各州政府對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響比聯(lián)邦政府大。各州特許建立了

制造業(yè)、銀行業(yè)、礦業(yè)和運(yùn)輸公司,并且參與建設(shè)各種內(nèi)部的改進(jìn)設(shè)施,如運(yùn)河、

收費(fèi)高速公路和鐵路。這些州采用兩種不同的方式促進(jìn)內(nèi)部的改進(jìn)設(shè)施建設(shè):首

先,通過建立州立公司來建造上述項(xiàng)目;其次,給那些試圖獲利的公私合營企業(yè)

提供部分資金。

在19世紀(jì)早期,各州政府還從事大量直接管理活動(dòng),包括廣泛頒發(fā)營業(yè)

執(zhí)照和監(jiān)督巡視措施。對經(jīng)營者頒發(fā)營業(yè)執(zhí)照,既反映了19世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和現(xiàn)今經(jīng)

濟(jì)中的相同之處,同時(shí)也反映了它們之間的差別:在19世紀(jì),通過頒發(fā)執(zhí)照來

實(shí)施州的法規(guī)尤其是針對小販、旅店店主和各種零售商。易壞易腐(爛)商品的交

易一般也由各州監(jiān)督檢查,并且木材和火藥之類的邊境地區(qū)的重要產(chǎn)品也由各州

管理。最后,各州政府試點(diǎn)實(shí)施直接的勞務(wù)和商務(wù)法規(guī)以便幫助個(gè)體戶或消費(fèi)者,

其中包括確定工作時(shí)間的最大限度和限制企業(yè)制定價(jià)格。

雖然在這一時(shí)期各州政府主管著經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),但是聯(lián)邦政府也并不是袖手旁

觀。它的目標(biāo)是方便西部移民定居和發(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)毓I(yè)。為了達(dá)到這些目標(biāo),聯(lián)邦政

府采取了幾項(xiàng)行動(dòng)。它建立了一家國家銀行來穩(wěn)定國內(nèi)金融活動(dòng),并且部分地提

5

供相對寬松的貸款給急需資金進(jìn)行移民定居的新開發(fā)地。聯(lián)邦政府以越來越優(yōu)惠

的條款允許公眾使用西部公共土地,這在1862年的“墾地法”頒布后達(dá)到高潮。

根據(jù)“墾地法”,單憑居住期就有資格申請獲得一份土地。最后,在整個(gè)19世

紀(jì),雖然各種地方利益精心策劃爭取有利地位曾使關(guān)稅率頻繁變動(dòng),但是聯(lián)邦政

府最終還是建立了一套實(shí)際上是貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的關(guān)稅體系。

第6題:

Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatinthenineteenthcentury

canalsandrailroadswere.

A.sometimesbuiltinpartbystatecompanies

B.locatedpredominantlyinthewesternpartofthecountry

C.muchmoreexpensivetobuildthantheyhadbeenpreviously

D.builtpartlywiththemoneythatcamefromthefederalgovernment

參考答案:A

答案解析:

[答案]A.sometimesbuiltinpartbystatecompanies[注釋]推理判斷題。

本題問:從第1段可以推理,19世紀(jì)運(yùn)河和鐵路是如何建造的?第1段最后一

句中寫道:“Thestatesencouragedinternalimprovementsintwodistinct

ways:first,byactuallyestablishingstatecompaniestobuildsuch

improvements;second,byprovidingpartofthecapitalformixed

public-privatecompaniessettingouttomakeaprofit.(州政府用兩種

不同的方式鼓勵(lì)建造內(nèi)部改良設(shè)施:首先,通過建立州立公司來建造上述項(xiàng)目;

其次,給那些試圖獲利的公私合營企業(yè)提供部分資金。)由此可見,運(yùn)河和鐵路

有時(shí)部分由州立公司建造。故A為正確選項(xiàng)。B,C和D均不能入選,因?yàn)閺牡?

段中無法得出這些推論。

第7題:

Theregulatoryactivitiesofstategovernmentsincludedallofthe

followingEXCEPT.

A.controloftimber

B.licensingofretailmerchants

C.imposinglimitsonprice-fixing

D.inspectingmaterialsusedinturnpikemaintenance

參考答案:D

答案解析:

[答案]D.inspectingmaterialsusedinturnpikemaintenance[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)

辨認(rèn)題。本題問:州政府的管理活動(dòng)不包括下面哪一項(xiàng)?A.controloftimber

(管理控制木材)是州政府的管理項(xiàng)目,因?yàn)榈?段第3句中說到:“The

perishablecommoditiesoftradegenerallycameunderstateinspection,

andsuchimportantfrontierstaplesaslumberandgunpowderwerealso

subjecttostatecontrol."B.licensingofretailmerchants(給零售商發(fā)

執(zhí)照)在第2段第2句后半句中也已提到:??.stateregulationthrough

licensingfellespeciallyonpeddlers,innkeepers,andretailmerchants

6

ofvariouskinds.(通過頒發(fā)執(zhí)照來實(shí)施州的法規(guī)主要是針對小販、旅店店主和

各種零售商。)C.imposinglimitsonprice-fixing(對價(jià)格制定進(jìn)行限制)在

第2段最后一句末尾已寫到:restrictionsonprice-fixingbybusinesses(限

制企業(yè)制定價(jià)格)oD.inspectingmaterialsusedinturnpikemaintenance

查收費(fèi)高速公路維護(hù)中所使用的材料)在文章中并未說到。

第8題:

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheHomestead

Actof1862?

A.ItincreasedthemoneysupplyintheWest.

B.Itmadeitincreasinglypossibleforsettlerstoobtainlandinthe

West.

C.ItwasalawfirstpassedbystategovernmentsintheWest.

D.Itestablishedtariffsinanumberofregions.

參考答案:B

答案解析:

[答案]B.Itmadeitincreasinglypossibleforsettlerstoobtainlandin

theWest.[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題問:根據(jù)本文,下面哪一點(diǎn)符合1862年的

“墾地法”?第3段第4句寫道:“Itpermittedaccesstopublicwesternlands

onincreasinglyeasyterms,culminatingintheHomesteadActof1862,

bywhichtitletolandcouldbeclaimedonthebasisofresidencealone.”

從本句中可以看出,根據(jù)1862年的“墾地法”定居者能夠在西部得到土地。故

B為正確選項(xiàng)。A和D之所以不能入選是因?yàn)椤皦ǖ胤ā辈⑽瓷婕百J款和建立關(guān)

稅問題。C之所以不能入選是因?yàn)?862年的“墾地法”并不是西部州政府而是

聯(lián)邦政府通過的。

第9題:

Whichofthefollowingactivitieswastheresponsibilityofthefederal

governmentinthenineteenthcentury?

A.Regulationofthesupplyofmoney.

B.Controlofthemanufactureofgunpowder.

C.Inspectionofnewhomesbuiltonwesternlands.

D.Determiningtheconditionsunderwhichindividualsworked.

參考答案:A

答案解析:

[答案]A.Regulationofthesupplyofmoney.[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題問:

下面哪一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)是19世紀(jì)聯(lián)邦政府的職責(zé)?第4段第3句寫道:“It(二the

federalgovernment)establishedanationalbanktostabilizethebanking

activitiesinthecountryand,inpart,toprovideasupplyofrelatively

easymoneytothefrontier,...由此可見,19世紀(jì)聯(lián)邦政府的職責(zé)之一是

管理資金供應(yīng)。故應(yīng)選A。

7

第10題:

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.States'rightsversusfederalrights.

B.Regulatoryactivitybystategovernments.

C.Therolesofstateandfederalgovernmentsintheeconomyofthe

nineteenthcentury.

D.Theparticipationofstategovernmentsinrailroad,canal,and

turnpikeconstruction.

參考答案:C

答案解析:

[答案]C.Therolesofstateandfederalgovernmentsintheeconomyofthe

nineteenthcentury.[注釋]全文主旨題。本題問:本文主要討論什么?本文第

1句開宗明義提出19世紀(jì)初美國州政府和聯(lián)邦政府對經(jīng)濟(jì)的不同影響,接著第2

和第3段分別闡述州政府和聯(lián)邦政府在管理經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的不同作用??梢?,選擇項(xiàng)

C表達(dá)了本文主旨。

Achildwhohasoncebeenpleasedwithatalelikes,asarule,to

haveitretoldinidenticallythesamewords,butthisshouldnotlead

parentstotreatprintedfairystoriesassacredtexts.Itisalwaysmuch

bettertotellastorythanreaditoutofabook,and,ifaparentcan

producewhat,intheactualcircumstancesofthetimeandtheindividual

child,isanimprovementontheprintedtext,somuchthebetter.

Achargemadeagainstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechild

byfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulses.Toprovethelatter,

onewouldhavetoshowinacontrolledexperimentthatchildrenwhohave

readfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohad

not.Aggressive,destructive,sadisticimpulseseverychildhasand,on

thewhole,theirsymbolicverbaldischargeseemstoberatherasafety

valvethananincitementtoovertaction.Astofears,thereare,Ithink,

well-authenticatedcasesofchildrenbeingdangerouslyterrifiedbysome

fairystory.Often,however,thisarisesfromthechildhavingheardthe

storyonce.Familiaritywiththestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainof

fearintothepleasureofafearfacedandmastered.

Therearealsopeoplewhoobjecttofairystoriesonthegrounds

thattheyarenotobjectivelytrue,thatgiants,witches,two-headed

dragons,magiccarpets,etc.,donotexist;andthat,insteadofindulging

hisfantasiesinfairytales,thechildshouldbetaughthowtoadaptto

realitybystudyinghistoryandmechanics.Ifindsuchpeople,Imust

confess,sounsympatheticandpeculiarthatIdonotknowhowtoargue

withthem.Iftheircaseweresound,theworldshouldbefullofmadmen

attemptingtoflyfromNewYorktoPhiladelphiaonabroomstickorcovering

atelephonewithkissesinthebeliefthatitwastheirenchanted

girlfriend.

8

Nofairystoryeverclaimedtobeadescriptionoftheexternal

worldandnosanechild

haseverbelievedthatitwas.(351words)

注:fairystory童話故事

sacredtexts指《圣經(jīng)》中的經(jīng)文

ifaparentcanproduce...somuchthebetter要是做父母的人能根據(jù)具

體時(shí)間和每個(gè)孩子的實(shí)際情況對印在書上的故事作些改進(jìn)或發(fā)揮,那就再好不過

了。

sadistic虐待別人為樂的;性虐待的

verbaldischarge口頭發(fā)泄

incitementtoovertaction激化為公開行動(dòng)

well-authenticatedcases確鑿的例證

onthegroundsthat因?yàn)?,由?/p>

witch女巫

indulginghisfantasiesinfairytales使小孩懷著奇異的幻想沉溺于童

話故事中

enchanted十分喜歡的

sane心智健全的

|囚一1

[聽力原文]

聽了一個(gè)故事而欣喜若狂的兒童通常喜歡別人用同樣的語言再講給他聽,但是這

不應(yīng)使家長拿童話故事書當(dāng)作一成不變的圣經(jīng)經(jīng)文對待。講故事總是比從書本上

讀故事好得多。如果家長能按具體時(shí)間、具體兒童的實(shí)際情況,把故事做一些改

進(jìn),那就好處更多。

對童話故事的指控是,童話故事使孩子恐懼或激起孩子的施虐沖動(dòng),因而

對孩子有害。為了證明后一種看法,人們得通過對照試驗(yàn)來說明,與沒有讀過童

話故事的兒童相比,讀過童話故事的兒童經(jīng)常更為殘酷無情。每個(gè)孩子都有咄咄

逼人的、破壞性的施虐沖動(dòng)。一般來說,他們象征性的口頭發(fā)泄比激化為公開行

動(dòng)要安全得多。至于恐懼,我覺得,有許多確鑿的事例證明孩子因某個(gè)童話故事

而嚇得魂不附體。然而這常常是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)故事這一孩子只聽過一次。多次重復(fù)使

孩子們熟悉了解故事的內(nèi)容,這就可以把恐懼的痛苦變?yōu)榭謶值臉啡?。這種恐懼

孩子們是能正視并控制的。

還有一些人反對童話,理由是童話故事在客觀上講是不真實(shí)的,因?yàn)榫奕恕?/p>

女巫、雙頭龍、魔毯等并不存在,還因?yàn)閮和粦?yīng)懷著奇異的幻想沉溺于童話故

事中,而應(yīng)該通過學(xué)習(xí)歷史和機(jī)械學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)如何適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)。我得坦白說,我覺得這

樣的人太無同情心、太怪癖,因此我不知道如何同意他們的看法。假如他們說的

情況是正確的,那世界就會(huì)處處是瘋子騎著掃帚從紐約飛到費(fèi)城或親吻電話而深

信這是他們鐘情的女友。

從來沒有一個(gè)童話故事聲稱是描寫外部世界的,也沒有一個(gè)心智健全的孩

子曾經(jīng)相信過童話故事是這樣的。

9

第11題:

Theauthorconsidersthatafairystoryismoreeffectivewhenitis.

A.repeatedwithoutvariation

B.treatedwithreverence

C.adaptedbytheparent

D.setinthepresent

參考答案:C

答案解析:

[答案]C.adaptedbytheparent[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題問:作者認(rèn)為,什

么情況下的童話故事效果更好?從第1段最后一句中可以看出,作者認(rèn)為,“如

果家長能按具體時(shí)間、具體孩子的實(shí)際情況,把故事做一些改進(jìn),那就好處更多?!?/p>

可見,C.“家長把童話故事改編一下”符合上述句意。

第12題:

Somepeopledislikefairystoriesbecausetheyfeelthatthey.

A.temptpeopletobecrueltochildren

B.showtheprimitivecrueltyinchildren

C.lendthemselvestoundesirableexperimentswithchildren

D.increaseatendencytosadisminchildren

參考答案:D

答案解析:

[答案]D.increaseatendencytosadisminchildren[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

本題問:為什么有些人不喜歡童話故事?第2段第1句寫道:“Achargemade

againstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimor

arousinghissadisticimpulses.可見,D.“增加了孩子施虐的傾向”符合

上述句意。

第13題:

Fairystoriesareameansbywhichchildren,simpulsesmaybe.

A.beneficiallychannelled

B.givenadestructivetendency

C.heldbackuntilmaturity

D.effectivelysuppressed

參考答案:A

答案解析:

[答案]A.beneficiallychanneled[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題問:童話是一種什

么手段?第2段第3句寫道:Aggressive,destructive,sadisticimpulses

everychildhasand,onthewhole,theirsymbolicverbaldischargeseems

toberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction.”本句

意為,借助童話故事可以有益地引導(dǎo)孩子們的沖動(dòng),故A符合此意。

10

第14題:

Accordingtothepassage,greatfearcanbestimulatedinachildwhen

thestoryis.

A.inarealisticsetting

B.heardforthefirsttime

C.repeatedtoooften

D.dramaticallytold

參考答案:B

答案解析:

[答案]B.heardforthefirsttime[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題問:為什么在孩

子心里會(huì)引起恐懼?第2段倒數(shù)第2句寫道:“Often,however,thisarisesfrom

thechildhavingheardthestoryonce.”故應(yīng)選B。

第15題:

Theadvantageclaimedforrepeatingfairystoriestoyoungchildrenis

thatit.

A.makesthemcometotermswiththeirfears

B.developstheirpowerofmemory

C.convincesthemthatthereisnothingtobeafraidof

D.encouragesthemnottohaveridiculousbeliefs

參考答案:A

答案解析:

[答案]A.makesthemcometotermswiththeirfears[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

本題問:童話故事向孩子們反復(fù)講述的好處是什么?第2段最后一句寫道:

^Familiaritywiththestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainoffearinto

thepleasureofafearfacedandmastered.選擇項(xiàng)A.“使孩子們緩解其

恐懼”與上句含義相符。注:cometotermswith原義為“與...達(dá)成協(xié)議”,

此處意為“調(diào)和、和解”。

Themedievalartistsdidn,tknowaboutperspective;theydidn,twant

tomaketheirpeoplelooklikereal,individualpeopleinareal,

individualscene.Theywantedtoshowthetruth,theeternalqualityof

theirreligiousstories.Sotheseartistsdidn,tneedtoknowabout

perspective.

IntheEuropeanRenaissanceperiod,artistswantedtoshowthe

importanceoftheindividual

Line(5)personandhisorherpossessionsandsurroundings.Aflat

medievalstylecouldn,tshowthislevelofrealityandtheartistsneeded

anewtechnique.ItwastheItalianartistBrunelleschiwhodiscovered

thetechniqueofperspectivedrawing.Atfirsttheartistsofthe

Renaissanceonlyhadsingle-pointperspective.Latertheyrealizedthat

theycouldhavetwo-pointedperspectiveandstilllatermultipoint

11

perspective.

Line(10)Withtwo-pointperspectivetheycouldturnanobject(1ike

abuilding)atanangletothepictureanddrawtwosidesofit.The

techniqueofperspectivewhichseemssonaturaltousnowisaninvented

technique,apartofthegrammarofpainting”.Likeallbitsofgrammar

thereareexceptionsaboutperspective.Forexample,onlyverticaland

horizontalsurfacesseemtomeetoneyelevel.Slopingrooftopsdon,t

meetoneyelevel.

Line(15)For500years,artistsinEuropemadeuseofperspective

drawingintheirpictures.Nevertheless,therearearangeofpriorities

thatartistsindisplayingindividualstyles.Crivelliwantedtoshow

depthinhispictureandheusedasimplesingle-pointperspective.

Cezannealwaystalkedaboutspaceandvolume.VanGogh,likesomeofthe

otherpaintersoftheImpressionistperiod,wasinterestedinJapanese

prints.AndJapaneseartistsuntilthiscenturywerealwaysverystrong

Line(20)designers"pictures.Picassocertainlymadepictures

whichhavevolumeanddepth.However,hewantedtokeepoureyesonthe

surfaceandtoremindusthathispaintingsarepaintingsandnot

illusions.

Itistechnicallyeasytogiveanillusionofdepth.However,

astrongtwodimensionaldesignisjustasimportantasafeelingofdepth,

andperhapsmoreimportant.

第16題:

Thepassagemainlydiscusses

A.thedifferencebetweenmedievalandRenaissanceart

B.howthetechniqueofperspectiveinfluencedthemodernart

C.thediscoveryofthetechniqueofperspective

D.thecontributionofRenaissanceartists

參考答案:B

答案解析:

第17題:

Theword“eternal“inline3isclosestinmeaningto

A.timeless

B.infinite

C.frequent

D.constant

12

參考答案:A

答案解析:

第18題:

Accordingtothepassage,whichisthemainconcernformedievalartists?

A.theindividualpersonandhis/herpossessionsandsurroundings

B.realpeople,realscenes

C.eternaltimelesstruthoftheearth

D.themesofreligiousstories

參考答案:D

答案解析:

第19題:

Thediscoveryofperspectivewastheresultof

A.Renaissanceartists,toprovethatthemedievalartistscouldshow

levelofreality

B.theneedtoturnanobjectatanangleanddrawmorethanoneside

ofit

C.thesubjectbeingshiftedfromreligiousstoriestoindividual

personandsurroundings.

D.naturalevolutionofhumansenses

參考答案:C

答案解析:

第20題:

Theword"it"inline12refersto

A.thepicture

B.perspective

C.angle

D.theobject

參考答案:D

答案解析:

第21題:

TheworduGrammarninline12isclosestinmeaningto

A.construction

B.grammaticalrules

1

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