往屆英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文范文

--AResearchintotheConstructionofEnglishnessinBleakbyLiuYiyanApresentedtotheCollegeofForeignLanguagesofZhejiangofTechnologyinpartialfulfillmenttherequirementsforthedegreeofBachelorofArtsMay,2013Advisor:ZhangSan----AcknowledgementsMydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessorLuoJieying,mysupervisor,forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentSecond,Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoteacherswhohelptodevelopthefundamentalandessentialcompetence.Ialsosinceregratitudetomyfriendsmyfellowclassmateswhometheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingworkoutproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.Lastbutleast,’liketothankallthepeoplewhohelpedthankthehelpandsupportfrom----AbstractRecently,“Englishness”hasanimportantandhotsubjectofdebateinthewesternliterarycriticism.“nglishnessistheidentityofBritishownnationandthetodelimitateownestates.Englishnovel,asthesignificantliterarycarrierof“Englishness”,turnedthesignificantresearchfieldof“Englishnessunquestionably.TheUnitedKingdommightystateVictorianage,“nglishnessispresentedprominently.HouseisofthenovelswrittenbyCharlesDickensinhis----stage.ThisnoveldescribesthelivesofdifferentclassesunderthenewindustrialrevolutioninthemiddleoftheVhisnovelthereisdeliberatecontrastcityandcountryside.Thisthesisinterpretstheconstructionof“Englishness”throughthevisualdescriptionofhouse,idylliclandscapeaswellasthestreetandbuildingsinLondonintheBleakKeywords:Englishness;nationalidentity;house;countryside;----內(nèi)容摘要近年來性”為西方評論界的一個(gè)重要主題，所謂英國性即英國人己對本民族的理解和認(rèn)可，是自我身份的界定過程。作為英國性”重要載體的英國小說自然是“英國性”研究的重領(lǐng)域。維多利亞時(shí)期是英國最強(qiáng)盛的時(shí)期，英國性在這一段得到突出體現(xiàn)。小說《荒涼山莊》是查爾斯·狄更斯在創(chuàng)作最繁榮時(shí)期的重要小說之一，描寫了維多利亞時(shí)期工革命下英國不同階級的生活狀態(tài)，其中描繪的城市與鄉(xiāng)村著一個(gè)鮮明的對比。本論文欲從小說《荒涼山莊》中山莊鄉(xiāng)村景色和倫敦街道及建筑等的視覺性描寫畫面解讀英國的構(gòu)建問題。關(guān)鍵詞：英國性；民認(rèn)同；山莊；鄉(xiāng)村；倫敦----ContentsI.Introduction…………….................................11.1AnIntroductiontoBleakHouseandtheEnglishnessinVictorian……...11.2TheStudiesofEnglishnessheretofore………………….…II.TheCountryHouseandEnglishness………......................42.1TheVigorousPerseverationoftheEnglishCountryHouse.……..52.2EnglishnessandEnglishCountryside……2.2.1AnticipationtotheTraditionalCountryside……………….72.2.2TheTendencyofEnglishnessLossCountryside……..9III.ThePortraittheCityEnglishness……………3.1Theofbuildingsin----London………….…….103.2TheUrgetotheTraditionalEnglishnessintheCity……………....12V.Conclusion………..…..…References………..……………....................14----I.Introduction1.1AnIntroductiontoBleakHouseandtheEnglishnessinVictorianAgeBleakHouseisanovelbyCharlesDickens,publishedin20monthlyinstallments1852andSeptember1853.ItisthefirstofDickensgreatpanoramicnovels,itisasaasaVictorianworkinitsofacontradictioninthinkingaboutsocietyandtheindividual.ItistobeofDickens'novels,andinofDickensnovelsistheeffectofdivisionanddiscontinuitymorepervasivethaninBleakwithdoubledoubletime-schemeanddoublenarrativeconductedbytwoseparatenarratorswithmarkedlydifferentvoices,perspectivesandvaluesystems;particularlyasDickensavoidsalltheobviouswaysofconferringsymmetrythedivisions.Atthenovel'scoreislong-runninglitigationEngland'sCourtofChancery,Jarndycev.s.Jarndyce,whichhasfar-reachingconsequencesforallinvolved.----Thiscaserevolvesaroundatestatorapparentlyseveralwills.Thelitigation,whichalreadyhasconsumedyearsbetween60,00070,000incourtcosts,isemblematicoftheofChancery.Hisharshcharacterizationoftheslow,arcaneChancerylawprocessformtopre-existingwidespreadfrustrationwiththesystem.Besides,inBleakHouse,asapanoramicnovel,arethereofdescriptionaboutthecountryside,city,thehousesandthelivesofdifferentclassestoshowthesocialpresenceinVictorianage,whichbethemainvehicleinthisthesistoexploretheconstructionEnglishnessinBleakThisthesismainlyresearchestheEnglishnessinVictorianageinHousewhichDickensrevealedintentionallyorunintentionally.ThistriestodelveintothecornersofEnglishlifeinBleakHouse,itproceedsfromtheassumptionthatadefinitionofEnglishnessisnotinsularorunitary.TheconceptofEnglishnessnotaquantitativeonebutarelativeone,----whichkeepsfirmlyvariationsinhistory.Withtherevolution,Victorianageseesthedevelopmentofcities,theinnovationintechnologyandcorrespondinglifeaswellthepowerfulempire—theempireonwhichthesunneversets.thisperiod,Englishnessiscomplexandspecificallyregional.Itcandividedintosides,the“Southern”and“”ofEnglishness,“withtheSouthernstandingfor‘tradition’anddefinedasromantic,illogical,muddled,divinelylucky,Anglican,aristocratic,traditional,frivolous,andtheNorthernprojectinganationwhichispragmatic,empirical,calculating,Puritan,bourgeois,enterprising,adventurous,scientific,seriousbelievesin‘struggle’”(Matless1998:17).Thetwosidesoppositeandcontradictory;theyactuallyfuseinconfliction.Englishtofindabalanceamongalltheabove,theyhavetocompromiseintheprocesstoconstructcomplexanddiversifiednewEnglishness.ThisthesisanalysestheEnglishnessin----VictorianagethatEnglishswingfromthetraditiontomodern,frominheritancereformthroughthenovelBleakCharlesDickensorBritainisneitherwillingtogivetheirtraditionandhistory,norwillingtomissthetodeveloptheindustry,economic,societynationalpower.Therefore,EnglishcompromisewiththesidestoformtheEnglishnessinVictorianage.1.2TheStudiesofEnglishnessheretoforeisEnglishness?Thequestionhasalreadyexploredinthepastbyawealthofstudiesbutitcontinuestofascinateandtoprovokethought.ItisnowacknowledgedthatthedefinitionanyonegivesofEnglishnessdependsonhisorherownnationality:whetheritisendogenousorexogenous,thedefinitionwillnecessarilybeverydifferent.ThefactisthattheEnglishhavealwaysreluctanttoprovidetheirdefinitionofEnglishness.However,itisinfactverydifficulttoplacetheadventofEnglishnessasafeelingofnationalisticbelongings,andEnglishness----indeednotjustaculturalandareligiousphenomenonbutalsofactofsocialandculture.ThereareindeedmanywaysofdefiningEnglishness:theareinsearchofastableidentity.KateFox,asocialanthropologist,acknowledgesthatheraimwas“IdentifythecommonalitiesinrulesgoverningEnglishbehavior—theunofficialcodesofconductthatcutacrossclass,age,sex,region,subculturesandothersocialboundaries....Bylookingthe“ethnographicdazzle”ofsuperficialdifferences,Ifoundthat’sInstitutebikers,andotherallinaccordancewithsameunwrittenrules—rulesthatidentifyournationalidentityandcharacter.(Fox2004:FoxmainlyfocusthesameunwrittenrulesgoverningEnglishbehaviorwhichisaviewfromthedomesticperspective.Shealsomaintains,with----Orwell,thatthisidentityiscontinuous,itstretchesintothefutureandthepast;thereissomethinginitthatpersists.FoxprovidesusaofEnglishbehavior.ThewithOrwell’sfamousdescriptionofmaidsbikingtoHolyCommunionthroughthemistsofthemorning...breakfastsandgloomySundays,smokytownsandwindingroads,greenfieldsandredpillar”(Orwell1970:74-75)isthatitcouldappliedtonationwithintheUnitedItisindeedshared,inthesenseishasalsobecomestereotypical.ThesamegoesJohnBetjeman’sdefinition:FormeEnglandfor..oil-litchurches,Women’sInstitutes,modestvillageargumentsaboutcow-parsleythealtar,thenoiseofmowingmachinesSaturdayafternoons,localnewspapers,localauctionbranch-linetrains,lightrailways,leaningongatesandlookingacrossfields(Paxman2009:151).Althoughsomeofthesefeaturesarestillvalidashallmarksof----Englishness,theyaremostlyredolentofthekindofnostalgiaexpressedbyBlakein“JerusalemnostalgiaforimmutablepastoralEngland.NostalgiamaywellacharacteristicoftheEnglishpeopleandindeedAckroydseesitasa“nationalmoodpervadingthemusicofWilliamsandEdwardElgarwiththeVictorianAgeinparticularaperiodofunremittingnostalgia.KrishanKumarcontendsthat“allthatEnglishcanreallycallisthehighlyselective,partlynostalgicandlookingversionof‘culturalEnglishness’elaboratedinthelatenineteenthcenturycontinuedintothenext(Kumar2003:269).JeremyPaxmandefinestheEnglishasapeoplebackwardsintothefuture.ItensuesfromthisthattheEnglishlookforthroughchangeandthisisperhapsoneofthemainparadoxesofEnglishness:itisbothpermanentandever-changing,continuousandtransient,fixedandflexible.Asparadoxicalasitmayappear,thefactisthattraditionslookbothbackwardsandforwards.Q.----D.Leavisassumptionthat“alivetraditionmustobviouslycontainbothcontinuityinnovation”(Leavis1983:303)hastakenagainrecentlybyHobsbawmreferstotraditionsthatwereinventedspecificallyinfactforpoliticalreasonsfitmoderntimes.Andthecrossfertilizationbetweenhistoriography,political,social,culturalliterarystudiesallowsfortheofacompositeofEnglishnessasbotharealityimaginedrepresentation.Echoesandcorrespondencesthedifferentarticlesshownotonlythatartofanycountryisexactofitscal”(Ruskin1870:39)butalsothatlandscapeandliteraturehavemuchtosaytoeachotherpoliticstomusicandviceversa.Clearly,Geography,CulturalandLiterarystudiesandthenewCulturalHistoryhaveinterdisciplinary.Ifgeographylooksatliterature,spatialpracticesareofculturalstudies.Recentlyyearshavebroughtexcellentdetailedstudiesof----issuesoflandscapeEnglishnessinrelationtopainting,literature,photographyandthecountryhouse,arisedebateonculturaleffectsofruralism,nostalgia,andaconcernforheritage.Forsomearesymptomsofculturalhealth,denotingacontinuingconcernnature,place,roots;forotherstheysignalonlyculturaldecline,acountryunabletofaceuptotheworld.Suchargumentstoassumethattherural,thenaturalandthehistoricalareatoddswiththemodern.ThisthesiswillresearchtheconstructionofEnglishnessinCharlesDickensBleakHousemainlythroughthelandscape,theandthecity.II.TheCountryHouseandEnglishness2.1ThePerseverationoftheEnglishCountryHouseTheEnglishcountryhousehasanelitistpower,thoughithasbeenweakeninginfaceofthedevastationoftheeconomyandthegrowing----hostilitytowardthearistocracy.TheindustrialrevolutionbringstheU.K.theprosperityoftheindustrialeconomy,whiletheagriculturebeginstolosehisdominance.Theunprecedentedheritageappealsledalargeofformerlyfertilefieldstointothestretchesofbarrenlandandalargewonderfulaccommodationslookbleak.AllofarepresentedtheBleakThestrongdesireofCharlesDickenstopreservethepastasthefoundationofindividualcollectiveidentityisimpliedinthehouse.……此處刪除多段ThesimilarvigorousperseverationcanbeseeninRichardCarstone,whoisdeeplyinvolvedintheJarndycesuit.insistenceandcrazyabouttheheritagereflecttheimportanceoftheheritagefromthefamilyincludingthehousestohimfromside,“housesareconsideredthesymbolofestateandprestigeandaretheachievementofseveralgenerations’care(景行2011：327).Involvedin----theRichardchangedmuchthatheislongerenergeticandhealthybutspiritlesstallow-faced.Mr.Woodcourt“foundhimindullroom,fadedlyfurnished;asIhadfoundhiminhisbarrack-roombutalittlewhileexceptnotbutwassittingwithbookbeforehim,fromwhichhiseyesthoughtswerefarastray”(Dickens1993:586).Inordertoinheritproperty,Richardpaysdearlyasnotonlyspendsallhismoney,sellshismilitaryrankandevenusesClare’sproperty,butalsohishealthandlife.However,Richardnevergivesuphispursuittotheheritage.Evenhisdeathbed,Richardisasking“shallIgofromthisplace,tothatpleasantcountrywheretheoldtimesare

whenshallI(Dickens1993:734)ThepursuitofthecaseofJarndyceJarndyceispreciselythepursuitoftheEnglish,whichistheprocessofidentifyingthemselvesinthenewera.TheresultRichardrevealsthefrustration----andhelplessofDickens.Dickensstruggledtoinheritandkeepthetraditionoroldculturestyle,however,allofhisstrivingseemsunavailingjustlikeRichard–theheritagehasspentinthejudicialproceedings.SoDickenshastocompromisetotherealitytoacceptadapthimselftothelifeandmindsetwithnostalgiaforthe2.2EnglishnessandEnglishcountrysideInthespeechdeliveredonMay6,1924themeaningsofEnglishness,StanleyBaldwin,theformerBritishprimeminister,thenatureofthe“Englishman”Forthehome-lovingprimeminister,theloveforEnglandcloselyrelatedtoinbornloveforhomegardenintheEnglishcountryside:“betouchingthantoseetheworkingandaftergenerationsinthetownswillbitsofgardenifcan,willgotothegardeniftheytolookatsomethingtheyneverseenaschildren,butwhichtheirancestorsknewloved”(Baldwin1926:8).----HeconsideredtheEnglishcountrysidethesymbolofEnglishnessandalsobelievedit’akindideal2.2.1AnticipationtotheTraditionalInthemindofCharlesDickens,countryshouldremainthetraditionallandscapeofcountry,whilecityshouldkeephisurbanism.ThisideaiswithwhatDavidMatless“Letprevailandpreponderateinthetownletthecountryremain”(Matless1998:32).Theyreachaconsensusthatthedistinctionshouldbekeptclearratherthanhermaphrodites.everytimeDickensputhisintothecountrysidelifeandtheidyllicscenery,tonewillbeleisure,freeandeasy.InHouse,showsanddescribesthecountrysidemainlythroughtheeyeofEstberSummerson.Andmuchofhisdescriptionexpressesidylliclifeofyearningand

whichactuallyisakindofromanticisminEnglishness.They----enjoythemselvesinthecountrysidelifeandliveanatural,simple,peacefulleisurelylife.EvenDickens’animalhasafreewildlife.“TherebesomemotionsoffancytheanimalsatChesneyWold.Thehorsescontemplatementalpicturesoffineweatheroccasions,andmaybetterartiststhanthegrooms.Theoldsofamousforcross-countrywork,turninghislargeeyeballtothegratednearhisrack,thefreshleavesthatglistenthereatothertimes,thescentsthatstreamin,mayhaveafinerunwiththebounds.(Dickens1993:72)……此處刪除多段InBleakHouse,DickensalsoexpresseshisaffectiontothecountrysidelandscapeEstberSummersonssickenedeyes.WhenEstberSummersonjustrecoversfromadangerousillnessandrecuperateinthecountryside,shetotallyimmersein----thepastoralscenes.“delightfulweather.Thegreencornwavedsobeautifully,thelarkssungsojoyfully,thehedgesweresofullofflowers,thetreesweresothicklyoutinleaf,thebean-fields,withalightwindblowingoverthem,filledtheairwithsuchadeliciousfragrance!”(Dickens1993:212)Thesepastoralscenesaredelectableandrelaxing,however,itsnotthechoiceofDickensbutthewhichistheinevitablechoiceofEnglishnovel.“Tgreencorn,larks,hedgesaswellastheareallthesymbolofthetraditionalcountrylife(姜士2008:206).IntheeyeofEstberSummerson,theallinthecountryareveryharmoniousandhavethepowerofnatureandhumanity.everything,house,garden,terrace,greenslopes,water,oldoaks,fern,moss,again,andfarawayacrosstheopeningsintheprospect,tothedistancelyingwidebeforeuswithapurplebloomit,thereseemed----tosuchundisturbed”(Dickens1993:214).AllofaboveexpressthebeautyandcharmingofcountryattractnotonlyEstberSummersonandAdabutDickensandalltheEnglishpeople.AndthelandscaperesonateswithEnglishmanandfurtherstimulatestheirdesiretoremainthelandscapeinthecountryside.It’themosttouchingthingtoseethecountrysidelandscapegenerations.2.2.2TheTendencyofEnglishnessLossCountrysideTheindustrialrevolutionbringsgreatchangesinEnglandbothcountrycity.Forthecountry,enclosuremovementleadtothelossofrurallaborforceandthelawsuitofinheritanceleadtotheshelvingoffarmland,bothofwhichresultinthefarmlandgoingoutofcultivation.Atthistime,industrialchangesincreasinglydivorcedthepopulationinruralarea,whichbreakthebalanceoftraditionalcountrysidelifethreatentheEnglishnationalidentity.----……此處刪除多段III.ThePortraittheCityEnglishness3.1TheofbuildingsinLondonLondon,awithmorethanathousandyears,developstoprosperousmetropolisfromansmallplace.Initslonghistory,Londonhasdeclinedalsohastheofprosperity.AndLondondevelopedrapidlythe18

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century.At18century,Neo-classicismprevailsinLondonandeventheBritain.However,astheindustrialrevolutioncommercialprosperity,thepopulationofLondonisincreasing.isthisperiodthatseesLondontheinternationalmetropolis.However,therealotofprobleminthefastdevelopedLondon,congestedstreets,house,dirtyair,etc,whichtheEnglishfeellostconfused,gettothink:whichkindofcitytheywant?----Asforthisquestion,Dickensalsohashisownview.IcannotknowitfromnovelbutisnotpleasedtoseecanbeclearlyCharlesDickenswriteseyesandcharactersandthenarrator.Attheverybeginning,thedescribestheportraitLondon.……此處刪除多段Inadditiontoabove,thehouseinLondonisdown-falling.“Alargehouse,formerlyahouseofstate,isletoffinsetsofchambersnowinthoseshrunkenfragmentsofitsgreatness”(Dickens1993:114).Thequondamhouseissymbolofthestateandfortunearistocracy.However,theybecomesobleakwhichimpliesthefallofthearistocracyatthattime.Especiallythiscaseisnotaspecialcase,buttheslum,Tom-All-Alone’isthehouseofaristocracy.Becauseofthelawsuitorotherreasons,theyareabandonedlosetheglory,andtheyareoccupiedbythedisplacedpeoplewithoutanycareandtoppledownsilence.----AllofseemindicatethetendencythattheEnglishnesschangesfromelegancetoutilitarian,andthetendencyofthedeclinenoble,whichshowthelostofEnglishness.3.2TheUrgetotheTraditionalEnglishnessintheCityThecitybustlingandprosperous,maybetheoriginalintentionofEnglish.Butatthatastolives,manyEnglisharecomebacktobefore.theymissthepastandyearntoliveincountrytolookforcomfort.……此處刪除多段V.ConclusionThenovelBleakHouse,byvirtueoftheBleakHouse,Wold,thebuildingsinLondon,showstheimprovementofcivilizationthetransformingofEnglishness.BleakHousemaintainstheprinciplesofdignifiedEnglishnesswithcommunalityand----authenticcraftsmanshipofmedievalEnglishvillagelife.ItthatlifeshouldrelianceonprinciplesofEnglishnessoldorderoftheworldandthecultureofEnglishgentlemanandlady.TheidealofEnglishnessrestsonnotionsdignityandgentilitythatarethemselvesnarrowlydefinedintermsofcountryhouseandcountryside.Inthebigwavetherevolution,Englishsocietychangesdrastically.ThedeclineofcountryandtheprosperityofcityupsettheBritishinherentvalues,aestheticsandlife-style.However,Englishnessitselfkeepsinsuccession.Britishpeoplestruggleintheold,thetraditionandmodern,theutilitarianismandromanticism