閱讀文體之議論文 【技法總結(jié)+典例引路】高考英語(yǔ)重難題型高分攻略（學(xué)生版）

“解題達(dá)人”高考閱讀文體之議論文目錄內(nèi)容板塊一題型解析板塊二題型感悟板塊三?？碱}練手板塊四課后習(xí)題訓(xùn)練一：題型解析總體解題技巧概述：作者寫給誰(shuí)讀的（學(xué)生？家長(zhǎng)?環(huán)保主義者？）作者寫這篇議論文的原因何在(引起關(guān)注（社會(huì)問(wèn)題）？/提出建議或者解決措施（個(gè)人問(wèn)題)哪些文字值得關(guān)注？哪些不值得關(guān)注?(forexample之后？數(shù)字多的？）作者立場(chǎng)何處找？（中心句；開頭；結(jié)尾；關(guān)鍵詞周圍（形容詞）重要信息的特點(diǎn)是什么重要位置：第一段；結(jié)尾段重要標(biāo)志：轉(zhuǎn)折；遞進(jìn)；強(qiáng)調(diào)；反問(wèn)重要現(xiàn)象：作者反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞或者內(nèi)容關(guān)于議論文解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮：作者在開始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause&Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問(wèn)題—答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問(wèn)句提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問(wèn)題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對(duì)文中問(wèn)題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無(wú)法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮?？忌钆麓祟愺w裁。山窮水盡時(shí)，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。解題方法：1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言。2.互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論?？忌诶斫庾h論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。SectionCSectionC例題練習(xí)及講解二：題型感悟例題1：In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff’sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygothen?Well,theywantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon,however,theyrealizedwhattheyhadundertaken.Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.1：Whatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3?A.Theyenjoyedmuchrespect. B.Theyhadaroomwithabathtub.C.Theylivedwiththelocalkids. D.Theysufferedseverehardships.例題2：Comparedwiththeobviousenvironmentalissueswehearabouteveryday,litteringoftentakesabackseat-butit’smorepressingthanwemaythink.Somemaysaythatabananapeeloutofyourcaralongthemotorwaywouldbeaharmlessaction.Actually,theyarewrong.Abananapeelcantakeuptotwoyearstodecompose(分解),andwithathirdofmotoristsadmittingtolitteringwhiledriving,that’sawholelotofdiscardedbananapeels,ormuchworse.Anorangepeelandacigarettebutthasasimilarbiodegrading(生物降解)termtothatofabanana,buttinandaluminiumcanslastupto100years,andplasticbottleslastforever,sodoglassbottlesandplasticbags.Despitethefactthatlonger-lastingmaterialswillservetodamagetheenvironmentanditsanimalsforlonger,wecan’tonlymeasuretheseverityofacertaintypeofrubbishbyitslifetime.Forexample,despitehavingafairlyshortbiodegradingspan,morethan120tonsofcigarette-relatedlitteristhrownawayintheUKeveryday.Similarly,ourregularlitteringhereandtherehascausedtheUK’smousepopulationtoincreaseby60million.Thissuddenlyisn’tsomysteriouswhenyouconsiderthatsincethe1960sourannuallitteringhasincreasedbyanamazing500percent.2：WhatcanweknowfromPara.3?A.AnnuallitteringhasincreasedalittleinUKsincethe1960s.B.Shorter-lastingmaterialswillbelessharmfultotheenvironment.C.Cigarette-relatedlitterisasevereenvironmentalprobleminUK.D.RegularlitteringhascausedtheUK’smousepopulationtoreach60million.例題3：Ifhavingtomakeachoicebetweenreadingane-bookandaprintedbook,whichwouldmostpeoplechoose?Somewouldgoforane-bookwhilesomestillpreferthehard-printedbook.Undoubtedly,e-booksdohavebenefits.Firstly,changestoanelectronicpublicationarerelativelyeasytomake.Theyarequickertoobtain.E-booksaremoreeasilyupdated.Theprintedbooksonmanysubjectscanbecomeoutdatedveryquickly.Secondly,e-bookscanbeeasilyandquicklykeptuptodate.Youusuallygetfarmorethanjustthee-books.Moste-booksaresoldwithbonusesandrelatedinformationthatusuallydonotcomewiththepurchaseofaprintedbook.Moreover,theytakeuplessspace.Insteadofabiglibrary,youcanfitliterallythousandsofbooksonyourcomputer.Italsomakesiteasiertosharethisinformationwithfamiliesandfriends.3：Whatcanweknowaboutane-book?A.Itwillneverbeoutofdate. B.Italwaysgivesyouanaddedbonus.C.Itcandeliverinformationquickly. D.Ithastakentheplaceofprintedbooks.例題4：“Thankyou,butnothankyou.”saysRalphKing,aclimatescientist.HetoldGreyChilds.authorandcommentator,thatpeoplethinktechnologycansavetheplanet,“butthereareotherthingsweneedtodealwith,likeconsumption.Theyburned$50,000justforthehelicopter”tobringtheplastictotheglacier.Thisexperiment,quote-unquote,givespeoplefalsehopethatclimatechangecanbefixedwithoutchanginghumanbehavior.Itcan’t.Technologywon’tgiveusafreeride.4：WhichstatementwouldRalphKingmostprobablyagreewith?A.Thefightagainstclimatechangewillnotsucceed.B.Technologyisnotthefinalsolution,letaloneitshighcost.C.It’sbesttodealwithclimatechangewithoutchangingourbehavior.D.Jason’sexperimentplaysasignificantroleinfixingclimatechange.例題5：Cosmeticproceduresimproveconfidenceinteenagersratherthantheactualphysicalchanges,especiallyforthosewhohavepoorself-esteem(自尊),accordingtoDr.StevenPearlman,afacialplasticsurgeon.Zuckermanarguesthatinanidealworld,surgeonswoulddelaycertainsurgeriesinteens,whileparentswouldworkwiththeirchildrentodelaydecisionsofcosmeticprocedures“...untilateenagerisofage,likeatleast18.”5：WhatdoesDr.Zuckermanexpecttohappen?A.Teenagerswillregrethavingcosmeticsurgery.B.Certainchildrenwillreceiveanoperationearlier.C.Teenagerswilldelaycosmeticprocedures.D.Teenagerswillgrowinself-esteem.三：模考題練手例題1：Asahistorianofscience,Iwouldarguethatit’stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistoriansofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoftenregardedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeacceptedunderstandings.Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenaturalworldwhenevernewevidencearisesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.Scientificfindingsaretemporaryunderstandingsthatinvolvethestateofknowledgeatagivenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.Doubtmightbetroubling,butitpushesustowardsabetterunderstanding.Certainties,reassuringastheymayseem,preventthescientificprocess.1：What’stherealpowerofscienceaccordingtotheauthor?Itprovidessolidsolutions. Itdefendsacceptedunderstandings.Itdiscoverscertaintiesabouttheworld. Itkeepsbringingquestionsandchallenges.例題2：Kidsalwayshavemanydoubtslike:whydopeoplehavetodie?Aremistakesalwaysbad?Canyoubehappyandsadatthesametime?Childrenoftensaythattheylieawakeatnightthinkingaboutthingslikewhytheworldhasthecolorsasitdoes,thenatureoftimeandwhetherdreamarereal.ThesearenotthekindsofquestionsthatcanbeansweredbygooglingthemoraskingSiri.Whenchildrenraisethesequestions,adultstendtorespondwithexplanationsthattrytoresolvetheissue,atleasttemporarily.It’snaturaltoattempttocomfortakidwhoisfeelingpuzzledbytheworld.Butsimpleexplanationsmaynotbewhatthechildwants.Sometimes,kidssimplywanttotalkabouttheirquestionsandthoughts.2：Howwilladultsprobablyreactwhenkidsaskquestionsaccordingtothetext?Attempttoraisetheircuriosity. HelpsurftheInternetforanswers.Givethemsimpleexplanations. Praisetheircourageandbravery.例題3：Thereismoreevidencethatrelatestothebenefitsofruralliving.Villagesaren’tnormallysubjecttothestop-gotrafficweseeincitycentres,thebusesfightingwithtaxisfordominance,orsubwaysystemswithtrainsthatscreamfromonestationtothenext.Inshort,there’slessairpollutioninyourcountryretreat(隱居處),athingwhichincreasesthechancesofdevelopinglungorheartdisease.Youalsogetmoreopportunitiestotakelongwalksandseethesights,meaningyoucangetmoreexercise.Lessnoise,morewalksandbetteraircanalsoleadtolessstressandanincreasedlifeexpectancy.However,therearesomethingsthatneedtobeconsidered.Livingfarfromthecrowdedandnoisycitymeansthatsomepeoplemayfeelseparatedorevenlonely.Andaspeoplegetolder,lifefarfromdoctorsorpublictransportcouldbecomeabitofachallenge.So,ifyou’reconsideringachangeofpaceandmovingtoapicturesquevillage,thereisarangeofprosandconstoconsiderbeforedoingit.3：Whatisthetoneoftheauthorinthelastparagraph?A.Indifferent. B.Objective. C.Doubtful. D.Pessimistic.例題4：Richardisaveryasuccessfulbusinessman.Itiscommonforhimtoworkhardwithanon-stop.Hewasn’tawarethathemightwearhimselfoutordieanearlydeathuntilheoversleptonemorning,whichwasasortofalarm.Andthenwhathappened?Hehadaweek’sleaveduringwhichtimehereadnovels,listenedtomusicandwalkedwithhiswifeonabeach,whichhasenabledRichardtoreturntoworkagain.Inourmodernlife,wehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Amazingly,withinthisworldthereisauniversalbutsillysaying:“Iamsobusy.”Wesaythistooneanotherasifourtirelesseffortswereatalentbynatureandanabilitytosuccessfullydealwithstress.Thebusierweare,themoreimportantweseemtoourselvesand,weimagine,toothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamily,andtobeunabletofindtimetorelax——thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife.4：What’sthefunctionoftheparagraph1?A.TotellusthatRichardlivesahealthylife.B.Tobringupthetopicofthepassage.C.TogiveusabriefintroductionofRichardD.TotellRichardisasuccessfulbusinessman.例題5：StarWarsfanswouldbefamiliarwiththegoodrelationshipbetweenhumansanddroids(機(jī)器人)inthemovies.InthemovieSolo:AStarWarsStory,LandoCalrissianriskedhislifetorescuehisco-pilot,afemaledroidL3-37.Inreallife,ahumanoidrobot,Sophia,hasrecentlybeengranted(給予)citizenshipinSaudiArabia.Increasingly,peoplearereadytoseerobotsasresemblinghumans.Giventhisphenomenon,Ibelievitisnecessarytoconsidergivingrobotscertainrightshumansenjoy.5：Whydoestheauthormentionthetwoexamplesinthefirstparagraph?A．Toremindreadersoftheimportanceofrobots.B．Todiscussthenecessityofrescuingrobots.C．Tosetreadersthinkingaboutanissueaboutrobots.D．Todescribetherelationshipbetweenhumansandrobots.四：課后習(xí)題訓(xùn)練PassageAIntheforest,treesoftengiveeachotherspacetoreachforthesky,ahabitthathumanscanlearnfromwhenitcomestosettingpersonalboundaries.Nexttimeyougoforawalkinaforestorwoodlandtakeamomenttolookaboveyou.Youmightfindthatthecrown(樹冠）resemblesabreathtakingumbrellawithchannel-likegapsbetweenthetopsofthetrees.Thisphenomenonhasbeendocumentedworldwidesincethe1920s,andiscalled“crownshyness”.Ithappenswhentreesappeartogiveeachotherspace.Evenwhentreesgrowclosetogether,theyshowamutual(相互的）respectandofferbenefits.Thisistrueinthecaseof“married”trees-whereatreeintertwines（纏繞）withoneresistanttodisease,itsharestheadvantagesofitsfriend.Maintaininghealthyboundarieshelptreestomaintaingoodhealth,manageresourcesandprotecttheforestasawhole.Whenhumansfailtorespectboundaries,theemotionalandphysicalresourcesofindividuals,andthecommunitycanbeaffected.Inthissense,aboundaryisaconceptualborder.Ithelpstoestablishwhereyouendandotherpeoplebegin.Itmeanstakingresponsibilityforonlyyourownemotionsandactions,nototherpeople’s.Youcouldthinkofyourboundariesasamoat(護(hù)城河）aroundyourcastle,completewithadrawbridgethatcanbeloweredorraised.Asthegatekeeperofyourcastle,youdecidewhoandwhatcomesinandwhen.Ofcourse,markingoutboundariestakestime,andsomepeoplemightbeunhappyaboutanychangesyoumake.Establishingaclearlinebetweenyouandtherestoftheworld,however,isessentialforbuildingtheself-worthandself-careneededtofunctionatyourbestinrelationships.36．Whatis“crownshyness”?A．Acrownwithchannel-likegaps.B．Aforestwithumbrella-shapedcrowns.C．Abehaviorthattreesgiveeachotherspace.D．Aphenomenonthattreescompeteforspace.37．HowdoestheauthordevelopParagraph3?A．Bytellingastory.B．Bygivinganexample.C．Bydefiningaconcept.D．Bymakingacomparison.38．WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A．Theeffectsofignoringboundaries.B．Themeaningoftakingresponsibilities.C．Theimportanceofsettingpersonalboundaries.D．Themethodsofmanagingindividualresources.39．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetomarkingoutaboundary?A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.C．Doubtful. D．Conservative.PassageBWhen“irregardless”wasincludedinMerriam-Websterdictionary,itcausedwidedisagreements.“Irregardless”hasbeeninwidespreadandnear-constantusesince1795,whenanewspapercalledTheCharlestonCityGazelleofCharlestonGafirstusedit.“WedonotmaketheEnglishlanguage,andwemerelyrecordit,”thedictionary’sstaffwrotein“WordsoftheWeek”.Theword’sdefinition,whenwereadit,wouldseemtobewithoutregard.However,Merriam-Websterdefines“irregardless”as“nonstandard”butmeaningthesameas“regardless”.AccordingtoMerriam-Webster,“Manypeoplefind‘irregardless’tobearidiculousword,astheir-prefixusuallyindicatesnegativemeaning;however,inthiscaseitappearstomakethemeaningof‘regardless’stronger.”“It’snotarealword.Idon’tcarewhatthedictionarysays.”respondsauthorMichelleRay,whoteachesEnglishinSilverSpring,Md.Andshesaysshe’sstillplanningtomark“irregardless”asincorrectonherstudents’work.AnAmericannewspapertheBaltimoreSunpublishedthewordineditorJohnMcIntyre’scommentaryonSaturday:“‘Irregardless’istooaword;youjustdon’tunderstanddictionaries.Peoplegetupsetaboutthedictionarybecausetheythinkitissomesortofofficialdocument.Butactually,it’snot.It’sjustlexicographersidentifyingwordsthatpeopleuseandtryingtofindouthowtheyarespelled,howtheyarepronounced,whatmeaningstheyhaveandwheretheycamefrom.”“Thedictionary’srecognitiondoesn’tenrollawordascorrectintheEnglishlanguage,”McIntyresays.“ItjustsaysthisisawordthatalotofpeopleuseinEnglish.Andhere’swhatweknowaboutit.”Soit’saword,butitsuseisstilldiscouragedinformalwriting.27．What’sthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A．Tocriticizetheuseof“irregardless”. B．Tointroducethetopic.C．Tomakeadefinitionof“irregardless”. D．Togiveanexample.28．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．“Irregardless”hadbeeninwidespreadandnear-constantusebefore1975.B．Thedictionary’sstaffrarelyrecordtheEnglishlanguage.C．MichelleRaythinkstheuseof“irregardless”formalbutincorrect.D．Peoplearestillnotencouragedtouse“irregardless”informalwriting.29．WhatistheattitudeofMcIntyretotheappearanceof“irregardless”inMerriam-Websterdictionary?A．Favorable. B．Conservative.C．Indifferent. D．Ambiguous.30．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．“Irregardless”IsFrequentlyUsedinFormalWritingB．“Irregardless”Shouldn’tBeIncludedintheDictionaryC．RegardlessofWhatYouThink,“Irregardless”IsaWordD．ExpertsCan’tAgreeontheMeaningof“Irregardless”PassageCManyyearsago,Ibumpedintoanoldfriendofmine.Hehaddevotedhislifetoactingbuthadneverbeenquitesuccessful.Inhismiddleage,heseemeddefeatedandsad.Ithoughtofhisdogged(頑強(qiáng)的)perseverance.Wasitsmartorfoolish?Whatcouldhehaveachieved?Hadhequithisdreamofactingandmovedon?Ourculturedoesnotlookkindlyuponquitting.Failureisperfectlyacceptableaslongasiteventuallyresultsinsuccess.Wechant(反復(fù)喊著)“Winnersneverquit”and“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,tryagain.”Welapup(欣然接受)storiesofpersistence,oftheauthorwhosubmittedstoriesforyearsbeforehernovelswerepublishedoroftheathletewhotrainedsincechildhoodtowingoldattheOlympics.Persistencepaysoffwhenitisrewardedwithsuccess,butitdoesnotrewardeveryperson.ForeveryJKRowling,therearethousandsofaspiringwriterswhowillnevergetpublished.ForeveryOlympicathlete,thereareinnumerable(無(wú)數(shù)的)otherswhotrainedeverydayoftheirlivesandnevermadethecut.Weallagreethatdoingthesamethingsandexpectingadifferentresultisunwise.Sowhydowebelievethatperseveringthroughfailureafterfailureisagoodidea?Weconsiderquittinginthefaceoffailuretobeweak.Webelievethatperseveranceisthekeytosuccess.Perseveranceisonlyonepartofsuccess.Youneedtalentorskill,aswellaspassionanddrive.Luckandtimingarealsokeytoanygreatsuccess.Oursocietybelievesthatanythingispossible,aslongasyou“believe”.Butnoteveryonecanmakeit.Quittingwhenyou’renotaheadissometimesthesmartestthingtodo.Obviously,ifyouenjoyapursuit,regardlessofitsoutcome,youshouldcontinue.Ifyouknewyournovelwouldneverbepublished,wouldyouwanttowrite?Ifyoucouldneverbeachampionswimmer,wouldyoustilltrain?Sometimes,itiswisetoputyourenergyintosomethingelse.Failureisnotalwaysthepathtosuccess.Sometimes,failureisthedoortosomethingnew.4.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor’soldfriend?A.Hewasdissatisfiedwithhisactingperformance.B.Heswitchedhisdreamofactingtosomethingelse.C.Hefailedinactingbecauseofalackofpersistence.D.Hefailedinallattemptstobecomeasuccessfulactor.5.TheauthormentionedJKRowlingmainlyto______.A.explainhowsheachievedsuccessinwritingB.showthatsuccessdoesn’thappentoeveryoneC.provethatsuccessfavorsthosewhoareperseverantD.encouragereaderstoholdontotheirdreamuntiltheysucceed6.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedphraseinparagraph4?A.Madeoutoftheirdreams.B.Mettherequiredstandard.C.Improvedtheirperformances.D.Promisedtobegoodplayers.7.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodoifwe’vefailedmanytimes?A.Makeanefforttotrynewthings.B.Sticktoyourgoaluntilwesucceed.C.Waitfortherighttimeandgoodluck.D.Askfriendsorfamilymembersforhelp.8.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardperseverance?A.Itmakesanythingpossible.B.Itisnotnecessaryforsuccess.C.Itisnottheonlypartofsuccess.D.Itworkswellregardsofoutcome.PassageDDowestillneedcash?Thedaysofholdingnotesinourhandsmaybenumbered.Theadvancementoftechnologyandtheincreaseofnewelectronicandmobiledeviceintoday’sworldissettorevolutionizehowwemakepayments.Withaswipe(刷)oraclickofamobile-phoneapp,ourentirewealthisliterallyatourfingertips.Asdigitalformsareincreasinglyreplacingcashpayments,somethinkthatweshouldbecomefullycash-free.However,Idonotbelieveweshouldmovetowardsacompletelycash-freesociety.Oneofthemainconcernsofacashlessworldistheriskofcheatandridiculously,theinconveniencethatfollows.Theinstantcontentthataccompaniescashlesstransactions(處理)couldbecompromisedbyonlinesecurityissues.Technologyexpertsarguethatourcurrentstateoftechnologyisunabletoprovideasecurecashlessenvironmentthatcouldpreventpeoplefromaccessingthesystemillegallyandabusingthepersonaldata.Inaddition,manyonlineshoppingsiteslackstrongsystemsthatwouldprotecttheircustomers’personalcredentials(可信).Occasionally,whenanaccountis“l(fā)ocked”duetoasuspectedcheatingactivity,havingcashinhandbecomescritical.Inacashlesssociety,avictimofcheatingwouldfindhimselflockedoutofhisaccountandunabletoaccesshismoneyuntilthecaseissolved.Goingcash-freecausesgreatinconvenienceinthiscase.Anotherreasonisthatmankindmightpotentiallybecomelessthrift(節(jié)儉的).Payingincashcausesapsychologicalpainonconsumerssothattheyaremorecautiousintheirspending.Asitis,cashlesspaymentshavealreadyeasedthatpainsomewhat.Thus,anevenmorecarelessdigitalpaymentcouldmakeusmuchlessthrift.Theideaofcashlesssocietyisaveryreal,orevenanexcitingone.However,tosafeguardtheinterestsofallusers,itisbettertosoftenourenthusiasm—perhapstobealess-cashsocietyratherthanacompletelycashlessoneisamoreworkingoption.1.Howcancashlesspaymentsbenefitpeopleaccordingtotheauthor?A.Theycanwarnpeopleofrisks.B.Theycanremindpeopleofmistakes.C.Theycanreducepsychologicalpain.D.Theycanmakelifeconvenient.2.What’sthesecondreasontheauthortellstosupporthisidea?A.Theriskofcheat. B.Theinconvenience.C.Thelackofsafety. D.Thedesiretopurchase.3.What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A.GoingAgainsttheCashlessWave B.GoingCompletelyCashlessIsTrueC.StoppingMovingtowardsCashless D.WeDoNotNeedCashAnyLonger4.Thepassageismainlydevelopedby________.A.givingexamples B.analyzingcausesC.makingintroductions D.examiningdifferencesPassageERoughlythesizeofasodacan,sittingonabookshelf,arelativelyharmlessdevice(設(shè)備)maybeturningfriendsawayfromyourhome.TheelephantinyourlivingroomisyourInternet-connectedcamera,adevicepeopleareincreasinglyusingforpeaceofmindintheirhomes.Butfewstoptothinkabouttheeffectthesedevicesmayhaveonhouseguests.Shouldyoutellyourfriends,forinstance,thatthey’rebeingrecordedwhileyouallwatchthebiggametogether?"It’scertainlynewterritory,especiallyashomesecuritycamerasbecomeeasiertofix,"saysLizziePost,presidentoftheEmilyPostInstitute,America’sdistinguishedmannersadvisors."Ithinkitwillbeveryinterestingtoseewhatmannersappearintermsofwhetheryoutellpeopleyouhaveacameraornot,andwhetherguestshavearighttoaskthatitbeturnedoff,ifit’snotasecurityissue."Postwantstomakeclearthatshe’snottalkingaboutlegalrights,butratherpersonalpreference.Whenitcomestosecuritycameras,Postsaysit’sahost’sresponsibilitytomakesureguestsfeelcomfortablewithintheirhome.Ifthehostcasuallyacknowledgesthatthereisacameraintheroombytellingastoryaboutit,thatmaybeenoughtoprovideanopeningforaguesttosayiftheyareuncomfortable.However,ifacontractor(合約工)isworkinginyourhome,youdon’tneedtotellthemthattherearecameraswatching.Thenagain,thecameracanalsoworkincontractors’favor."Ifanythingdoesgowrongwhilethey’reinthehouse,theydon’twanttobeblamedforit,"shesays."Infact,thecameracouldbethethingthatprovesthattheydidn’tstealthe$20,orknockthevaseoffthetable.1.Thevisitorsareconcernedthatthesecuritycameramay.A.threatentheirhealth B.spoiltheirpeaceofmindC.disturbtheirprivacy D.affecttheirpreference2.Whatisahost’sresponsibilityconcerningthesecuritycamera?A.Indicatingitsposition. B.MakingtheirguestsfeelateaseC.Turningitoilintime. D.Havingacasualtalkwithguests.3.Howcanthehomesecuritycamerabenefitcontractorsworkinginyourhome?A.Itcanpreventtheaccidentshappening. B.Itcanprovetheirinnocence.C.Itcanrecordtheirworkingprogress. D.Itcanmaketheirworkmoreenjoyable.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthesecuritycamera?A.Negative. B.Pessimistic. C.Favorable. D.Objective.PassageFAcolleaguerecentlysentmeanarticle,Cuttingbackonwasteispossible—ifyoucanaffordit,toread.Itarguedthatreducingwaste—food-related,inparticular—isanexpensiveeffortandanearimpossibilityforanyoneworkinglow-wagejobswithlittleextratime.Theconclusion?Zerowasteissomethingonlysuitableforpeoplewhocanafford,notforthosewhoarestrugglingtomakealiving.However.Idisagreewiththeideathatzerowastemustbeallornothing.Ithinkthisisanunfortunateattitudethatpreventsvaluableprogresstowardreducingone'sfood-relatedwaste.Whenwegettoohungupontheideaofso-calledzerowasteandofbeinglikethezerowastesuperstarBeaJohnsonwhocanfityearsoftrashinasinglejar,westartmissingthebroaderpoint.Thegoal,afterall,istomakesmartershoppingdecisionsandestablishpracticesthataresustainable（可持續(xù)的）forus,withourownuniqueresourcesandlivingsituations.Iliveinasmallruraltownwithnofancyzero-wastestores.MyhusbandandIbothworkfull-time.IamuninterestedinspendingmyfreetimedoingDIYprojectsanddrivingfromstoretostoreinsearchofperfectpackaging.Instead,IjustdothebestIcan.WhenIfirstreadaboutBeaJohnson'smulti-stopgroceryshoppingroutine,Itriedtocopyit.ThatlastedafewweeksbeforeIgaveup.Unlikeher,Istillhadbabiestolookafter,andIdidnotliveinSanFranciscowherestoresareclosertogetherthaninruralOntario.Instead,I'veresignedmyselftothesupermarketbeingthemainsupplyoffoodandtryingtoworkwithit.Now,whenIenterthesupermarketonaonce-weeklybasis,Iviewallpackagingthroughacriticaleye.Imakeconstantcomparisonsbetweenhowonebrandpackagesitsfoodtoanother.Thatisthemainreasonindecidingwhattobuy,thoughIalsoconsidertheunitprice,theplaceoforiginandtheingredients.12．Whatistheideaofthearticlerecommendedbytheauthor'scolleague?A．Cuttingdownonwastecostsmuch. B．Food-relatedwasteisunavoidable.C．Mostpeoplecanaffordzerowaste. D．Thepoorcarelittleaboutfoodwaste.13．Howdoestheauthorunderstandtheconceptofzerowaste?A．Itisrelatedtorecyclingourresources, B．Itpreventspeoplefromreducingwaste.C．Itencouragesreasonablegreenpractices. D．Itmeansfittingyourtrashinasingle