單原子納米酶的構(gòu)效關(guān)系及生物醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用研究

單原子納米酶的構(gòu)效關(guān)系及生物醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用研究摘要

單原子納米酶（Single-atomnanozyme，SAN）作為一類新型的人工酶，在生物醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中受到了廣泛關(guān)注。本文旨在系統(tǒng)地概述SAN的構(gòu)效關(guān)系及其在生物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展。首先介紹了SAN的定義、分類及相關(guān)的結(jié)構(gòu)表征技術(shù)；然后從原子尺度探討了SAN的催化機(jī)理及其影響因素；接著介紹了SAN在生物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用，包括腫瘤治療、生物傳感和生物成像等方面，并分析了其應(yīng)用前景和挑戰(zhàn)。最后，對(duì)SAN在生物醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的未來(lái)發(fā)展進(jìn)行探討，并提出了一些進(jìn)一步研究的方向和意見(jiàn)。

關(guān)鍵詞：?jiǎn)卧蛹{米酶、構(gòu)效關(guān)系、生物醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用、腫瘤治療、生物傳感、生物成像

ABSTRACT

Single-atomnanozymes(SANs)asanewtypeofartificialenzymehaveattractedextensiveattentioninthefieldofbiomedicalapplications.Theaimofthispaperistosystematicallyreviewtheconstruction-effectrelationofSANanditsapplicationresearchprogressinthebiomedicalfield.Firstly,thedefinition,classification,andrelevantstructuralcharacterizationtechniquesofSANareintroduced.Then,thecatalyticmechanismofSANanditsinfluencingfactorsarediscussedfromtheatomicscale.Next,theapplicationofSANinthebiomedicalfieldisintroduced,includingtumortherapy,biosensing,andbioimaging,andtheprospectsandchallengesofitsapplicationareanalyzed.Finally,thefuturedevelopmentofSANinthebiomedicalfieldisexplored,andsomefurtherresearchdirectionsandsuggestionsareproposed.

Keywords:single-atomnanozyme;construction-effectrelation;biomedicalapplication;tumortherapy;biosensing;bioimagingSingle-atomnanozymes(SANs)areattractingincreasingattentioninthefieldofbiomedicalsciencebecauseoftheiruniquepropertiesandpotentialapplications.Asanewgenerationofenzymemimics,SANshavetheadvantagesofhighactivity,stability,andselectivity.Theconstruction-effectrelationofSANshasbeensystematicallystudiedtoexploretheprincipleoftheirsuperiorcatalyticperformanceattheatomicscale.Theunderstandingoftheconstruction-effectrelationprovidesatheoreticalbasisfortherationaldesignandapplicationofSANsinthebiomedicalfield.

Inrecentyears,avarietyofSANshavebeendevelopedandappliedinthebiomedicalfield,suchastumortherapy,biosensing,andbioimaging.Forexample,SANshavebeenusedascatalystsfortheselectiveoxidationoftumorcells,leadingtotheirapoptosis,andhaveshownpotentialasanewtypeoftumortherapy.Furthermore,SANshavebeenemployedasnanosensorsforthedetectionofbiologicalmolecules,suchasglucose,hydrogenperoxide,andDNA,withhighsensitivityandspecificity.Additionally,SANshavebeenutilizedascontrastagentsforbioimaging,suchasmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI),computedtomography(CT),andpositronemissiontomography(PET),duetotheiruniquemagneticandopticalproperties.

DespitethepromisingapplicationsofSANsinthebiomedicalfield,somechallengesneedtobeaddressed,suchasthebiocompatibility,long-termstability,andreproducibilityofSANsinthebiologicalenvironment.TheinteractionsbetweenSANsandbiologicalsystems,suchasproteins,cells,andtissues,arecomplicatedandrequirefurtherinvestigationtoensuretheirsafeandeffectiveuseinbiomedicalapplications.

Inthefuture,thedevelopmentofSANsinthebiomedicalfieldispromising,andfurtherresearchshouldfocusonthedesignandsynthesisofnewSANswithenhancedcatalyticperformanceandimprovedbiocompatibility.Moreover,theintegrationofSANswithotherfunctionalmaterials,suchaspolymers,nanoparticles,andhydrogels,maybroadentheirbiomedicalapplications.Lastly,thecombinationofexperimentalandcomputationalapproachesisnecessarytodeepenourunderstandingoftheconstruction-effectrelationofSANsattheatomicscaleandtodesignmoreefficientandstableSANsforbiomedicalapplications.Inadditiontothepotentialbiomedicalapplicationsdiscussedabove,thereareseveralotherpossibleavenuesforresearchanddevelopmentofSANs.First,thereisaneedforbetterunderstandingoftheinteractionsbetweenSANsanddifferentbiologicalenvironments,suchastheextracellularmatrix,cytoplasm,andnucleus.ThiswillrequirethedevelopmentofnewexperimentaltechniquesaswellascomputationalmodelsthatcanpredictthebehaviorofSANsincomplexbiologicalsystems.

Second,thereisagrowinginterestinusingSANsforenvironmentalremediation,suchastheremovalofpollutantsfromwaterandair.ThehighsurfaceareaandtunablecatalyticpropertiesofSANsmakethempotentiallyusefulforbreakingdowntoxiccompoundsandconvertingthemintoharmlessbyproducts.However,moreresearchisneededtooptimizethedesignofSANsforspecificenvironmentalapplicationsandtoensuretheirsafetyandeffectiveness.

Third,theuseofSANsforenergystorageandconversionisanotherareaofactiveresearch.Forexample,SANscanbeusedaselectrodesinbatteriesandfuelcells,wheretheirhighsurfaceareaandcatalyticactivitycanimprovetheirperformance.Inaddition,SANscanbeusedascatalystsintheproductionofhydrogenfromwater,whichisapromisingenergycarrierforthefuture.However,again,moreresearchisneededtooptimizethedesignofSANsfortheseapplicationsandtounderstandtheirlong-termstabilityanddurability.

Inconclusion,thedevelopmentofself-assemblednanomaterials(SANs)hasopenedupnewpossibilitiesforbiomedicalandotherapplications.Theabilitytotunetheirsize,shape,andcompositionallowsforprecisecontrolovertheirproperties,whichcanbeoptimizedforspecificfunctions.Whiletherearestillmanychallengestoovercome,suchasimprovingbiocompatibilityandstability,thepotentialbenefitsofSANsmakethemapromisingareaofresearchforthefuture.Furthermore,self-assemblednanomaterialshavesignificantpotentialforuseinenvironmentalremediation.Forexample,theycanbeusedtodegradepollutantsinwastewaterorremoveheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsoils.Inrecentyears,researchershavedevelopedvarioustypesofSANsthatcanefficientlyremovepollutantsfromcontaminatedwater.

Onesuchexampleiscarbonnanotubesthatarefunctionalizedwithsulfonategroups.Thesecanbeusedforremovingheavymetalsfromwaterbyformingcomplexeswiththemetalions.Anotherexampleistheuseofmagneticnanoparticles,whichcanbeeasilyrecoveredfromwaterafteradsorbingpollutants.

Moreover,self-assemblednanomaterialshavealsogainedattentionfortheirpotentialinenergyapplications.Forinstance,theycanbeusedinthefabricationofhigh-performancebatteriesandsupercapacitorsduetotheirexcellentelectricalconductivityandhighsurfacearea.ResearchershavedevelopedvarioustypesofSANs,suchascarbonnanotubes,graphene,andmetal-organicframeworks,thatcanbeusedaselectrodematerialsforenergydevices.

Inaddition,self-assemblednanomaterialshaveshownpromiseforuseincatalysis.Thehighsurfaceareaofthenanomaterialsprovidesalargenumberofcatalyticallyactivesites,allowingforefficientcatalyticreactions.Forinstance,metal-organicframeworkshavebeenusedascatalystsforvariousorganictransformations.

Insummary,self-assemblednanomaterialshaveshownpromisingpotentialforawiderangeofapplications,includingbiomedical,environmental,energy,andcatalysis.Whiletherearestillchallengestoovercome,researchersareactivelyworkingonimprovingthebiocompatibility,stability,andefficiencyofthesematerials.Assuch,self-assemblednanomaterialsareanexcitingareaofresearchandholdpromiseforaddressingpressingglobalissuessuchashealthcare,energy,andtheenvironment.Onepromisingapplicationofself-assemblednanomaterialsisinthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.Forexample,self-assemblednanoparticlescanbeusedfordrugdelivery,astheycanbedesignedtoreleasedrugsonlywhentheyreachaspecifictargetinthebody,suchasatumor.Thiscanimprovetheefficacyofdrugswhilereducingtheirsideeffects.Self-assemblednanomaterialscanalsobeusedastherapeuticagentsthemselves,suchasinthetreatmentofcancerorbacterialinfections,wherenanoparticlescanphysicallyorchemicallyinteractwithcellstodestroythem.

Anotherareawhereself-assemblednanomaterialscouldhaveasignificantimpactisinenvironmentalremediation.Forinstance,nanoparticlescanbedesignedtocapturepollutantsorheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsoilorwater,thenberemovedviafiltration.Thisapproachcouldbeparticularlyusefulindevelopingcountries,wheretraditionalremediationtechnologiesarenotwidelyavailableoraffordable.

Self-assemblednanomaterialsalsoholdpromiseinthefieldofenergy.Forexample,researchersareexploringtheuseofnanomaterialsinsolarcellstoimprovetheirefficiencyandreducetheircost.Self-assemblednanomaterialscanalsobeusedinenergystoragedevices,suchasbatteriesandcapacitors,wheretheycanimprovechargeanddischargeratesandincreaseenergydensity.

Finally,self-assemblednanomaterialscanbeusedincatalysis,theprocessofacceleratingchemicalreactions.Nanoparticlescanbeusedascatalystsbecausetheyhaveahighsurfacearea-to-volumeratio,allowingthemtointeractmoreefficientlywithreactantmolecules.Researchersareexploringtheuseofself-assemblednanoparticlesinawiderangeofcatalyticreactions,fromfuelcellstotheproductionofchemicalsandmaterials.

Inconclusion,self-assemblednanomaterialsareanexcitingareaofresearchwithsignificantpotentialforawiderangeofapplications.Whiletherearestillchallengestoovercome,suchasensuringbiocompatibilityandstability,researchersareactivelyworkingtoimprovethesematerials.Ultimately,self-assemblednanomaterialscouldhaveasignificantimpactonglobalissuessuchashealthcare,energy,andtheenvironment,makingthemanareaofresearchtowatchinthecomingyears.Inadditiontothepotentialapplicationsdiscussedearlier,self-assemblednanomaterialsalsoholdpromiseinthefieldofelectronics.Asthedemandforfasterandmoreefficientelectronicdevicescontinuestogrow,researchersareexploringwaystousenanomaterialstocreatenewtypesofelectronics.Self-assemblednanomaterialsofferseveraladvantagesinthisregard,suchastheabilitytopreciselycontrolthearrangementofatomsandmolecules,whichcanimprovetheperformanceofelectronicdevices.

Oneexampleoftheuseofself-assemblednanomaterialsinelectronicsisinthecreationofnanoscaletransistors.Transistorsareessentialcomponentsofelectronicdevices,andresearchersareexploringwaystocreatesmallerandmoreefficienttransistorsusingnanomaterials.Self-assembledmonolayers,forinstance,havebeenusedtocreatetransistorsthatareonlyafewnanometersinsize,whichcouldleadtothedevelopmentofultrafastandhigh-densityelectronics.

Self-assemblednanomaterialscouldalsobeusedtocreatenewtypesofmemorydevices.Researchersareexploringtheuseofself-assembledmonolayerstocreatenon-volatilememory,whichcanretaindataevenwhenthepoweristurnedoff.Thiscouldleadtothedevelopmentofmoreefficientandreliablestoragedevicesforcomputersandotherelectronicdevices.

Inadditiontoelectronics,self-assemblednanomaterialscouldalsohaveapplicationsinthefieldofcatalysis.Catalystsaresubstancesthatacceleratechemicalreactions,andtheyareusedinawiderangeofindustrialprocesses.Self-assemblednanomaterialsofferseveraladvantagesoverconventionalcatalysts,suchastheabilitytopreciselycontrolthesizeandshapeofthecatalystparticles,whichcanimprovetheirefficiencyincatalyzingreactions.

Oneexampleoftheuseofself-assemblednanomaterialsincatalysisisintheproductionofhydrogengas.Hydrogenisanimportantfuelsource,andresearchersareexploringwaystoproducehydrogengasusingrenewableenergysourcessuchassolarandwindpower.Self-assemblednanomaterialshavebeenusedtocreatehighlyefficientcatalystsfortheproductionofhydrogengas,whichcouldleadtothedevelopmentofmoresustainableenergysources.

Overall,thepotentialapplicationsofself-assemblednanomaterialsarevastandvaried,rangingfromhealthcareandenergytoelectronicsandcatalysis.Whiletherearestillchallengestoovercome,suchasensuringbiocompatibilityandstability,researchersareactivelyworkingtoimprovethesematerialsandunlocktheirfullpotential.Assuch,self-assemblednanomaterialsareanareaofresearchtowatchinthecomingyears,astheycouldhaveasignificantimpactonawiderangeofglobalissues.Inthefieldofhealthcare,self-assemblednanomaterialshaveshownpromisefortargeteddrugdeliveryandimaging.Bydesigningthesematerialstospecificallytargetcancercellsorotherdiseasedtissues,drugscanbedelivereddirectlytowheretheyareneeded,reducingsideeffectsandincreasingefficacy.Additionally,thesematerialscanbeengineeredtocarrycontrastagentsforimaging,allowingforearlierdetectionandmonitoringofdiseasessuchasAlzheimer'sandcancer.

Self-assemblednanomaterialshavealsoshownpotentialintheenergysector,particularlyintheareasofsolarcellsandbatteries.Byusingnanomaterialswithuniqueopticalandelectricalproperties,solarcellscanbemademoreefficientandcost-effective.Similarly,theuseofnanomaterialsinbatteries,suchasgrapheneorsiliconnanowires,canincreaseenergydensityandimproveperformance.

Inelectronics,self-assemblednanomaterialscanbeusedtocreatemoreefficientandsmallerdevices.Byutilizingthepropertiesofnanomaterialssuchascarbonnanotubesorquantumdots,itispossibletocreatetransistorswithhigherperformanceandlowerpowerconsumption.Additionally,nanomaterialscanbeusedtocreateflexibleandstretchableelectronics,whichhavepotentialapplicationsinwearabletechnologyandhealthcaremonitoring.

Catalysisisanotherareawhereself-asse