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unit1Mr.DohertyBuildsHisDreamLifeMr.DohertyBuildsHisDreamLifeJimDoherty1TherearetwothingsIhavealwayswantedtodo--writeandliveonafarm.TodayI'mdoingboth.IamnotinE.B.White'sclassasawriterorinmyneighbors'leagueasafarmer,butI'mgettingby.Andafteryearsoffrustrationwithcityandsuburbanliving,mywifeSandyandIhavefinallyfoundcontentmenthereinthecountry.多爾蒂先生創(chuàng)建自己的理想生活吉姆·多爾蒂有兩件事是我一直想做的――寫作與務(wù)農(nóng)。如今我同時做著這兩件事。作為作家,我和E·B·懷特不屬同一等級,作為農(nóng)場主,我和鄉(xiāng)鄰也不是同一類人,不過我應(yīng)付得還行。在城市以及郊區(qū)歷經(jīng)多年的悵惘失望之后,我和妻子桑迪終于在這里的鄉(xiāng)村尋覓到心靈的滿足。2It'saself-reliantsortoflife.Wegrownearlyallofourfruitsandvegetables.Ourhenskeepusineggs,withseveraldozenleftovertoselleachweek.Ourbeesprovideuswithhoney,andwecutenoughwoodtojustaboutmakeitthroughtheheatingseason.這是一種自力更生的生活。我們食用的果蔬幾乎都是自己種的。自家飼養(yǎng)的雞提供雞蛋,每星期還能剩余幾十個出售。自家養(yǎng)殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜,我們還自己動手砍柴,足可供過冬取暖之用。3It'sasatisfyinglifetoo.Inthesummerwecanoeontheriver,gopicnickinginthewoodsandtakelongbicyclerides.Inthewinterweskiandskate.Wegetexcitedaboutsunsets.Welovethesmelloftheearthwarmingandthesoundofcattlelowing.Wewatchforhawksintheskyanddeerinthecornfields.這也是一種令人滿足的生活。夏日里我們在河上蕩舟,在林子里野餐,騎著自行車長時間漫游。冬日里我們滑雪溜冰。我們?yōu)槁淙盏挠噍x而激動。我們愛聞大地回暖的氣息,愛聽牛群哞叫。我們守著看鷹兒飛過上空,看玉米田間鹿群嬉躍。4Butthegoodlifecangetprettytough.Threemonthsagowhenitwas30below,wespenttwomiserabledayshaulingfirewooduptheriveronasled.Threemonthsfromnow,itwillbe95aboveandwewillbecultivatingcorn,weedingstrawberriesandkillingchickens.Recently,SandyandIhadtoretilethebackroof.SoonJim,16andEmily,13,theyoungestofourfourchildren,willhelpmemakesomelong-overdueimprovementsontheoutdoortoiletthatsupplementsourindoorplumbingwhenweareworkingoutside.Laterthismonth,we'llspraytheorchard,paintthebarn,plantthegardenandcleanthehenhousebeforethenewchicksarrive.但如此美妙的生活有時會變得相當艱苦。就在三個月前,氣溫降到華氏零下30度,我們辛苦勞作了整整兩天,用一個雪橇沿著河邊拖運木柴。再過三個月,氣溫會升到95度,我們就要給玉米松土,在草莓地除草,還要宰殺家禽。前一陣子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋頂。過些時候,四個孩子中的兩個小的,16歲的吉米和13歲的埃米莉,會幫著我一起把拖了很久沒修的室外廁所修葺一下,那是專為室外干活修建的。這個月晚些時候,我們要給果樹噴灑藥水,要油漆谷倉,要給菜園播種,要趕在新的小雞運到之前清掃雞舍。5Inbetweensuchchores,Imanagetospend50to60hoursaweekatthetypewriterordoingreportingforthefreelancearticlesIselltomagazinesandnewspapers.Sandy,meanwhile,pursuesherowndemandingschedule.Besidestheusualhouseholdroutine,sheoverseesthegardenandbeehives,bakesbread,cansandfreezes,drivesthekidstotheirmusiclessons,practiceswiththem,takesorganlessonsonherown,doesresearchandtypingforme,writesanarticleherselfnowandthen,tendstheflowerbeds,stacksalittlewoodanddeliverstheeggs.Thereis,astheoldsayinggoes,norestforthewickedonaplacelikethis--andnotmuchforthevirtuouseither.在這些活計之間,我每周要抽空花五、六十個小時,不是打字撰文,就是為作為自由撰稿人投給報刊的文章進行采訪。桑迪則有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家務(wù),她還照管菜園和蜂房,烘烤面包,將食品裝罐、冷藏,開車送孩子學音樂,和他們一起練習,自己還要上風琴課,為我做些研究工作并打字,自己有時也寫寫文章,還要侍弄花圃,堆摞木柴、運送雞蛋。正如老話說的那樣,在這種情形之下,壞人不得閑――賢德之人也歇不了。6Noneofuswilleverforgetourfirstwinter.WewereburiedunderfivefeetofsnowfromDecemberthroughMarch.Whileonestormafteranotherblastedhugedriftsupagainstthehouseandbarn,wekeptwarminsideburningourownwood,eatingourownapplesandlovingeveryminuteofit.我們誰也不會忘記第一年的冬天。從12月一直到3月底,我們都被深達5英尺的積雪困著。暴風雪肆虐,一場接著一場,積雪厚厚地覆蓋著屋子和谷倉,而室內(nèi),我們用自己砍伐的木柴燒火取暖,吃著自家種植的蘋果,溫馨快樂每一分鐘。7Whenspringcame,itbroughttwofloods.Firsttheriveroverflowed,coveringmuchofourlandforweeks.Thenthegrowingseasonbegan,swampingusunderwaveafterwaveofproduce.Ourfreezerfilledupwithcherries,raspberries,strawberries,asparagus,peas,beansandcorn.Thenourcanned-goodsshelvesandcupboardsbegantogrowwithpreserves,tomatojuice,grapejuice,plums,jamsandjellies.Eventually,thebasementfloordisappearedunderpilesofpotatoes,squashandpumpkins,andthebarnbegantofillwithapplesandpears.Itwasamazing.開春后,有過兩次泛濫。一次是河水外溢,我們不少田地被淹了幾個星期。接著一次是生長季節(jié)到了,一波又一波的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品潮涌而來,弄得我們應(yīng)接不暇。我們的冰箱里塞滿了櫻桃、藍莓、草莓、蘆筍、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接著我們存放食品罐的架子上、柜櫥里也開始堆滿一罐罐的腌漬食品,有番茄汁、葡萄汁、李子、果醬和果凍。最后,地窖里遍地是大堆大堆的土豆、西葫蘆、南瓜,谷倉里也儲滿了蘋果和梨。真是太美妙了。8Thenextyearwegrewevenmorefoodandmanagedtogetthroughthewinteronfirewoodthatwasmostlyfromourowntreesandonly100gallonsofheatingoil.AtthatpointIbeganthinkingseriouslyaboutquittingmyjobandstartingtofreelance.Thetimingwasterrible.Bythen,ShawnandAmy,ouroldestgirlswereattendingexpensiveIvyLeagueschoolsandwehadonlyafewthousanddollarsinthebank.Yetwekeptcomingbacktothesamequestion:Willthereeverbeabettertime?Theanswer,decidedly,wasno,andso--withmyemployer'sblessingsandhalfayear'spayinaccumulatedbenefitsinmypocket--offIwent.第二年我們種了更多的作物,差不多就靠著從自家樹林砍斫的木柴以及僅僅100加侖的燃油過了冬。其時,我開始認真考慮起辭了職去從事自由撰稿的事來。時機選得實在太差。當時,兩個大的女兒肖恩和埃米正在費用很高的常春藤學校上學,而我們只有幾千美金的銀行存款。但我們一再回到一個老問題上來:真的會有更好的時機嗎?答案無疑是否定的。于是,帶著老板的祝福,口袋里揣著作為累積津貼的半年薪水,我走了。9Therehavebeenafewanxiousmomentssincethen,butonbalancethingshavegonemuchbetterthanwehadanyrighttoexpect.Forvariousstoriesofmine,I'vecrawledintoblack-beardensforSportsIllustrated,hitchedupdogsledracingteamsforSmithsonianmagazine,checkedouttheLakeChamplain"monster"forScienceDigest,andcanoedthroughtheBoundaryWaterswildernessareaofMinnesotaforDestinations.那以后有過一些焦慮的時刻,但總的來說,情況比我們料想的要好得多。為了寫那些內(nèi)容各不相同的文章,我為《體育畫報》爬進過黑熊窩;為《史密森期刊》替參賽的一組組狗套上過雪橇;為《科學文摘》調(diào)查過尚普蘭湖水怪的真相;為《終點》雜志在明尼蘇達劃著小舟穿越美、加邊界水域內(nèi)的公共荒野保護區(qū)。10I'mnotmakinganywherenearasmuchmoneyasIdidwhenIwasemployedfulltime,butnowwedon'tneedasmucheither.Igenerateenoughincometohandleour$600-a-monthmortgagepaymentsplustheusualexpensesforafamilylikeours.Thatincludeseverythingfrommusiclessonsanddentalbillstocarrepairsandcollegecosts.Whenitcomestoinsurance,wehaveapoorman'smajor-medicalpolicy.Wehavetopaythefirst$500ofanymedicalfeesforeachmemberofthefamily.Itpicksup80%ofthecostsbeyondthat.Althoughwearestuckwithpayingminorexpenses,ourpremiumislow--only$560ayear--andwearecoveredagainstcatastrophe.Asidefromthatandthepolicyonourtwocarsat$400ayear,wehavenootherinsurance.Butwearesettingaside$2,000ayearinanIRA.我掙的錢遠比不上擔任全職工作時的收入,可如今我們需要的錢也沒有過去多。我掙的錢足以應(yīng)付每月600美金的房屋貸款按揭以及一家人的日常開銷。那些開銷包括了所有支出,如音樂課學費、牙醫(yī)賬單、汽車維修以及大學費用等等。至于保險,我們買了一份低收入者的主要醫(yī)療項目保險。我們需要為每一位家庭成員的任何一項醫(yī)療費用支付最初的500美金。醫(yī)療保險則支付超出部分的80%。雖然我們?nèi)砸Ц缎〔糠轴t(yī)療費用,但我們的保險費也低--每年只要560美金--而我們給自己生大病保了險。除了這一保險項目,以及兩輛汽車每年400美金的保險,我們就沒有其他保險了。不過我們每年留出2021美元入個人退休金賬戶。11We'vebeenabletomakeupthedifferenceinincomebycuttingbackwithoutappreciablyloweringourstandardofliving.Wecontinuetodineoutonceortwiceamonth,butnowwepatronizelocalrestaurantsinsteadofmoreexpensiveplacesinthecity.WestillattendtheoperaandballetinMilwaukeebutonlyafewtimesayear.Weeatlessmeat,drinkcheaperwineandseefewermovies.ExtravagantChristmasesareamemory,andwecombinevacationswithstoryassignments...我們通過節(jié)約開支而又不明顯降低生活水準的方式來彌補收入差額。我們每個月仍出去吃一兩次飯,不過現(xiàn)在我們光顧的是當?shù)夭宛^,而不是城里的高級飯店。我們?nèi)匀ッ軤栁只牳鑴】窗爬傺莩?,不過一年才幾次。我們?nèi)獬缘蒙倭?,酒喝得便宜了,電影看得少了。鋪張的圣誕節(jié)成為一種回憶,我們把完成稿約作為度假的一部分……12Isuspectnoteveryonewholovesthecountrywouldbehappylivingthewaywedo.Ittakesacoupleofspecialqualities.Oneisatoleranceforsolitude.Becausewearesobusyandonsuchatightbudget,wedon'tentertainmuch.Duringthegrowingseasonthereisnotimeforsocializinganyway.JimandEmilyareinvolvedinschoolactivities,buttheytoospendmostoftheirtimeathome.我想,不是所有熱愛鄉(xiāng)村的人都會樂意過我們這種生活的。這種生活需要一些特殊的素質(zhì)。其一是耐得住寂寞。由于我們?nèi)绱嗣β?,手頭又緊,我們很少請客。在作物生長季節(jié),根本就沒工夫參加社交活動。吉米和埃米莉雖然參加學校的各種活動,但他倆大多數(shù)時間也呆在家里。13Theotherrequirementisenergy--alotofit.Thewaytomakeself-sufficiencyworkonasmallscaleistoresistthetemptationtobuyatractorandotherexpensivelaborsavingdevices.Instead,youdotheworkyourself.Theonlymachineryweown(notcountingthelawnmower)isalittlethree-horsepowerrotarycultivatoranda16-inchchainsaw.另一項要求是體力――相當大的體力。小范圍里實現(xiàn)自給自足的途徑是抵制誘惑,不去購置拖拉機和其他昂貴的節(jié)省勞力的機械。相反,你要自己動手。我們僅有的機器(不包括割草機)是一臺3馬力的小型旋轉(zhuǎn)式耕耘機以及一架16英寸的鏈鋸。14Howmuchlongerwe'llhaveenoughenergytostayonhereisanybody'sguess--perhapsforquiteawhile,perhapsnot.Whenthetimecomes,we'llleavewithafeelingofsorrowbutalsowithasenseofprideatwhatwe'vebeenabletoaccomplish.Weshouldmakeafairprofitonthesaleoftheplace,too.We'veinvestedabout$35,000ofourownmoneyinit,andwecouldjustaboutdoublethatifwesoldtoday.Butthisisnotagoodtimetosell.Onceeconomicconditionsimprove,however,demandforfarmslikeoursshouldbestrongagain.沒人知道我們還能有精力在這里再呆多久--也許呆很長一陣子,也許不是。到走的時候,我們會愴然離去,但也會為自己所做的一切深感自豪。我們把農(nóng)場出售也會賺相當大一筆錢。我們自己在農(nóng)場投入了約35,000美金的資金,要是現(xiàn)在售出的話價格差不多可以翻一倍。不過現(xiàn)在不是出售的好時機。但是一旦經(jīng)濟形勢好轉(zhuǎn),對我們這種農(nóng)場的需求又會增多。15Wedidn'tmovehereprimarilytoearnmoneythough.Wecamebecausewewantedtoimprovethequalityofourlives.WhenIwatchEmilycollectingeggsintheevening,fishingwithJimontheriverorenjoyinganold-fashionedpicnicintheorchardwiththeentirefamily,Iknowwe'vefoundjustwhatwewerelookingfor.但我們主要不是為了賺錢而移居至此的。我們來此居住是因為想提高生活質(zhì)量。當我看著埃米莉傍晚去收雞蛋,跟吉米一起在河上釣魚,或和全家人一起在果園里享用老式的野餐,我知道,我們找到了自己一直在尋求的生活方式。unit2TheFreedomGiversTheFreedomGiversFergusM.Bordewich1AgentlebreezeswepttheCanadianplainsasIsteppedoutsidethesmalltwo-storyhouse.Alongsidemewasaslenderwomaninablackdress,myguidebacktoatimewhenthesurroundingsettlementinDresden,給人以自由者弗格斯·M·博得威奇我步出這幢兩層小屋,加拿大平原上輕風微拂。我身邊是一位苗條的黑衣女子,把我?guī)Щ氐竭^去的向?qū)?。那時,安大略省得雷斯頓這一帶住著美國歷史上的一位英雄。我們前往一座普普通通的灰色教堂,芭芭拉·卡特自豪地談?wù)撝涓咦鎲藤悂啞ず嗌!八麍孕派系垡腥松鷣砥降?。他從來沒有停止過爭取這一自由權(quán)利的奮斗?!?Carter'sdevotiontoherancestorisaboutmorethanpersonalpride:itisaboutfamilyhonor.ForJosiahHensonhaslivedonthroughthecharacterinAmericanfictionthathehelpedinspire:UncleTom,thelong-sufferingslaveinHarrietBeecherStowe'sUncleTom'sCabin.Ironically,thatcharacterhascometosymbolizeeverythingHensonwasnot.Aracialselloutunwillingtostandupforhimself?Cartergetsangryatthethought."JosiahHensonwasamanofprinciple,"shesaidfirmly.卡特對其先輩的忠誠不僅僅關(guān)乎一己之驕傲,而關(guān)乎家族榮譽。因為喬賽亞·亨森至今仍為人所知是由于他所激發(fā)的創(chuàng)作靈感使得一個美國小說人物問世:湯姆叔叔,哈麗特·比徹·斯陀的小說《湯姆叔叔的小屋》中那個逆來順受的黑奴。具有諷刺意味的是,這一人物所象征的一切在亨森身上一點都找不到。一個不愿奮起力爭、背叛種族的黑人?卡特對此頗為憤慨?!皢藤悂啞ず嗌莻€有原則的人,”她肯定地說。3IhadtraveledheretoHenson'slasthome--nowahistoricsitethatCarterformerlydirected--tolearnmoreaboutamanwhowas,inmanyways,anAfrican-AmericanMoses.Afterwinninghisownfreedomfromslavery,HensonsecretlyhelpedhundredsofotherslavestoescapenorthtoCanada--andliberty.ManysettledhereinDresdenwithhim.我遠道前來亨森最后的居所――如今已成為卡特曾管理過的一處歷史遺跡――是為了更多地了解此人,他在許多方面堪稱黑人摩西。亨森自己擺脫了黑奴身份獲得自由之后,便秘密幫助其他許多黑奴逃奔北方去加拿大――逃奔自由之地。許多人和他一起在得雷斯頓這一帶定居了下來。4Yetthisstopwasonlypartofamuchlargermissionforme.JosiahHensonisbutonenameonalonglistofcourageousmenandwomenwhotogetherforgedtheUndergroundRailroad,asecretwebofescaperoutesandsafehousesthattheyusedtoliberateslavesfromtheAmericanSouth.Between1820and1860,asmanyas100,000slavestraveledtheRailroadtofreedom.但此地只是我所承擔的繁重使命的一處停留地。喬賽亞·亨森只是一長串無所畏懼的男女名單中的一個名字,這些人共同創(chuàng)建了這條“地下鐵路”,一條由逃亡線路和可靠的人家組成的用以解放美國南方黑奴的秘密網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在1820年至1860年期間,多達十萬名黑奴經(jīng)由此路走向自由。5InOctober2021,PresidentClintonauthorized$16millionfortheNationalUndergroundRailroadFreedomCentertohonorthisfirstgreatcivil-rightsstruggleintheU.S.Thecenterisscheduledtoopenin2021inCincinnati.Andit'sabouttime.FortheheroesoftheUndergroundRailroadremaintoolittleremembered,theirexploitsstilllargelyunsung.Iwasintentontellingtheirstories.2021年10月,克林頓總統(tǒng)批準撥款16006JohnParkertensedwhenheheardthesoftknock.Peeringouthisdoorintothenight,herecognizedthefaceofatrustedneighbor."There'sapartyofescapedslaveshidinginthewoodsinKentucky,twentymilesfromtheriver,"themanwhisperedurgently.Parkerdidn'thesitate."I'llgo,"hesaid,pushingapairofpistolsintohispockets.聽到輕輕的敲門聲,約翰·帕克神情緊張起來。他開門窺望,夜色中認出是一位可靠的鄰居?!坝幸蝗禾油雠`躲在肯塔基州的樹林里,就在離河20英里的地方,”那人用急迫的口氣低語道。帕克沒一點兒遲疑?!拔揖腿ィ彼f著,把兩支手槍揣進口袋。7Bornaslavetwodecadesbefore,inthe1820s,ParkerhadbeentakenfromhismotheratageeightandforcedtowalkinchainsfromVirginiatoAlabama,wherehewassoldontheslavemarket.Determinedtolivefreesomeday,hemanagedtogettrainedinironmolding.Eventuallyhesavedenoughmoneyworkingatthistradeonthesidetobuyhisfreedom.Now,byday,ParkerworkedinanironfoundryintheOhioportofRipley.Bynighthewasa"conductor"ontheUndergroundRailroad,helpingpeopleslipbytheslavehunters.In20年前,即19世紀20年代,生來即為黑奴的帕克才8歲就被從母親身邊帶走,被迫拖著鐐銬從弗吉尼亞走到阿拉巴馬,在那里的黑奴市場被買走。他打定主意有朝一日要過自由的生活,便設(shè)法學會了鑄鐵這門手藝。后來他終于靠這門手藝攢夠錢贖回了自由?,F(xiàn)在,帕克白天在俄亥俄州里普利港的一家鑄鐵廠干活。到了晚上,他就成了地下鐵路的一位“乘務(wù)員”,幫助人們避開追捕逃亡黑奴的人。在他正前往的肯塔基州,當局懸賞1000美元抓他,活人死尸都要。8CrossingtheOhioRiveronthatchillynight,Parkerfoundtenfugitivesfrozenwithfear."Getyourbundlesandfollowme,"hetoldthem,leadingtheeightmenandtwowomentowardtheriver.Theyhadalmostreachedshorewhenawatchmanspottedthemandracedofftospreadthenews.在那個陰冷的夜晚,帕克渡過俄亥俄河,找到了十個喪魂落魄的逃亡者?!澳煤冒易?,”他一邊吩咐他們,一邊帶著這八男二女朝河邊走去。就要到岸時,一個巡夜人發(fā)現(xiàn)了他們,急忙跑開去報告。9Parkersawasmallboatand,withashout,pushedtheescapingslavesintoit.Therewasroomforallbuttwo.Astheboatslidacrosstheriver,Parkerwatchedhelplesslyasthepursuersclosedinaroundthemenhewasforcedtoleavebehind.帕克看見一條小船,便大喝一聲,把那些逃亡黑奴推上了船。大家都上了船,但有兩個人容不下。小船徐徐駛向?qū)Π叮量搜郾牨牭乜粗凡墩甙阉黄攘粝碌膬蓚€男人圍住。10TheothersmadeittotheOhioshore,whereParkerhurriedlyarrangedforawagontotakethemtothenext"station"ontheUndergroundRailroad--thefirstlegoftheirjourneytosafetyinCanada.Overthecourseofhislife,JohnParkerguidedmorethan400slavestosafety.其他的人都上了岸,帕克急忙安排了一輛車把他們帶到地下鐵路的下一“站”――他們走向安全的加拿大之旅的第一程。約翰·帕克在有生之年一共帶領(lǐng)400多名黑奴走向安全之地。11Whileblackconductorswereoftenmotivatedbytheirownpainfulexperiences,whiteswerecommonlydrivenbyreligiousconvictions.LeviCoffin,aQuakerraisedinNorthCarolina,explained,"TheBible,inbiddingustofeedthehungryandclothethenaked,saidnothingaboutcolor."黑人去當乘務(wù)員常常是由于本人痛苦的經(jīng)歷,而那些白人則往往是受了宗教信仰的感召。在北卡羅來納州長大的貴格會教徒利瓦伊·科芬解釋說:“《圣經(jīng)》上只是要我們給饑者以食物,無衣者以衣衫,但沒提到過膚色的事?!?2Inthe1820sCoffinmovedwesttoNewport(nowFountain在19世紀20年代,科芬向西遷移前往印第安納州的新港(即今天的噴泉市),在那里開了一家小店。人們傳說,逃亡黑奴在科芬家總是能得到庇護。有時他一次庇護的逃亡者就多達17人,他還備有一組人員和車輛把他們送往下一段行程。到后來有三條主要路線在科芬家匯合,科芬家成了地下鐵路的中央車站。13Forhisefforts,Coffinreceivedfrequentdeaththreatsandwarningsthathisstoreandhomewouldbeburned.Nearlyeveryconductorfacedsimilarrisks--orworse.IntheNorth,amagistratemighthaveimposedafineorabriefjailsentenceforaidingthoseescaping.IntheSouthernstates,whitesweresentencedtomonthsorevenyearsinjail.OnecourageousMethodistminister,CalvinFairbank,wasimprisonedformorethan17yearsinKentucky,wherehekeptalogofhisbeatings:35,105stripeswiththewhip.科芬經(jīng)常由于他做的工作受到被殺的威脅,收到焚毀他店鋪和住宅的警告。幾乎每一個乘務(wù)員都面臨類似的危險――或者更為嚴重。在北方,治安官會對幫助逃亡的人課以罰金,或判以短期監(jiān)禁。在南方各州,白人則被判處幾個月甚至幾年的監(jiān)禁。一位勇敢的循道宗牧師卡爾文·費爾班克在肯塔基州被關(guān)押了17年多,他記錄了自己遭受毒打的情況:總共被鞭笞了35,105下。14Asfortheslaves,escapemeantajourneyofhundredsofmilesthroughunknowncountry,wheretheywereusuallyeasytorecognize.Withnoroadsignsandfewmaps,theyhadtoputtheirtrustindirectionspassedbywordofmouthandinsecretsigns--nailsdrivenintotrees,forexample--thatconductorsusedtomarktheroutenorth.至于那些黑奴,逃亡意味著數(shù)百英里的長途跋涉,意味著穿越自己極易被人辨認的陌生地域。沒有路標,也幾乎沒有線路圖,他們趕路全憑著口口相告的路線以及秘密記號――比如樹上釘著的釘子――是乘務(wù)員用來標示北上路線的記號。15Manyslavestraveledundercoverofnight,theirfacessometimescakedwithwhitepowder.Quakersoftendressedtheir"passengers,"bothmaleandfemale,ingraydresses,deepbonnetsandfullveils.Ononeoccasion,LeviCoffinwastransportingsomanyrunawayslavesthathedisguisedthemasafuneralprocession.許多黑奴在夜色掩護下趕路,有時臉上涂著厚厚的白粉。貴格會教徒經(jīng)常讓他們的“乘客”不分男女穿上灰衣服,戴上深沿帽,披著把頭部完全遮蓋住的面紗。有一次,利瓦伊·科芬運送的逃亡黑奴實在太多,他就把他們裝扮成出殯隊伍。16Canadawastheprimarydestinationformanyfugitives.Slaveryhadbeenabolishedtherein1833,andCanadianauthoritiesencouragedtherunawaystosettletheirvastvirginland.AmongthemwasJosiahHenson.加拿大是許多逃亡者的首選終點站。那兒1833年就廢除了奴隸制,加拿大當局鼓勵逃亡奴隸在其廣闊的未經(jīng)開墾的土地上定居。其中就有喬賽亞·亨森。17AsaboyinMaryland,Hensonwatchedashisentirefamilywassoldtodifferentbuyers,andhesawhismotherharshlybeatenwhenshetriedtokeephimwithher.Makingthebestofhislot,Hensonworkeddiligentlyandrosefarinhisowner'sregard.還是孩子的亨森在馬里蘭州目睹著全家人被賣給不同的主人,看到母親為了想把自己留在她身邊而遭受毒打。亨森非常認命,干活勤勉,深受主人器重。18MoneyproblemseventuallycompelledhismastertosendHenson,hiswifeandchildrentoabrotherinKentucky.Afterlaboringthereforseveralyears,Hensonheardalarmingnews:thenewmasterwasplanningtosellhimforplantationworkfarawayintheDeepSouth.Theslavewouldbeseparatedforeverfromhisfamily.經(jīng)濟困頓最終迫使亨森的主人將他及其妻兒送到主人在肯塔基州的一個兄弟處。在那兒干了幾年苦工之后,亨森聽說了一個可怕的消息:新主人準備把他賣到遙遠的南方腹地去農(nóng)莊干活。這名奴隸將與自己的家人永遠分離。19Therewasonlyoneanswer:flight."IknewtheNorthStar,"Hensonwroteyearslater."LikethestarofBethlehem,itannouncedwheremysalvationlay."只有一條路可走:逃亡?!拔視J北斗星,”許多年后亨森寫道?!熬拖袷サ夭愕木刃且粯樱嬖V我在哪里可以獲救?!?0Athugerisk,Hensonandhiswifesetoffwiththeirfourchildren.Twoweekslater,starvingandexhausted,thefamilyreachedCincinnati,wheretheymadecontactwithmembersoftheUndergroundRailroad."Carefullytheyprovidedforourwelfare,andthentheysetusthirtymilesonourwaybywagon."亨森和妻子冒著極大的風險帶著四個孩子上路了。兩個星期之后,饑餓疲憊的一家人來到了辛辛那提州,在那兒,他們與地下鐵路的成員取得了聯(lián)系?!八麄?yōu)槲覀兲峁┝耸乘?,非常關(guān)心,接著又用車送了我們30英里?!?1TheHensonscontinuednorth,arrivingatlastinBuffalo,N.Y.ThereafriendlycaptainpointedacrosstheNiagaraRiver."'Doyouseethosetrees?'hesaid.'Theygrowonfreesoil.'"HegaveHensonadollarandarrangedforaboat,whichcarriedtheslaveandhisfamilyacrosstherivertoCanada.亨森一家繼續(xù)往北走,最后來到紐約州的布法羅。在那兒,一位友善的船長指著尼亞加拉河對岸?!啊匆娔切錄]有?’他說,‘它們生長在自由的土地上?!彼o了亨森一美元錢,安排了一條小船,小船載著這位黑奴及其家人過河來到加拿大。22"Ithrewmyselfontheground,rolledinthesandanddancedaround,till,intheeyesofseveralwhowerepresent,Ipassedforamadman.'He'ssomecrazyfellow,'saidaColonelWarren."“我撲倒在地,在沙土里打滾,手舞足蹈,最后,在場的那幾個人都認定我是瘋子。‘他是個瘋子,’有個沃倫上校說?!?3"'Oh,no!Don'tyouknow?I'mfree!'"“‘不,不是的!知道嗎?我自由了!’”unit3TheLandoftheLockTheLandoftheLockBobGreene1InthehousewhereIgrewup,itwasourcustomtoleavethefrontdooronthelatchatnight.Idon'tknowifthatwasalocaltermorifitisuniversal;"onthelatch"meantthedoorwasclosedbutnotlocked.Noneofuscarriedkeys;thelastoneinfortheeveningwouldcloseup,andthatwasit.鎖之國鮑伯·格林小時候在家里,我們的前門總是夜不落鎖。我不知道這是當?shù)氐囊环N說法還是大家都這么說;"不落鎖"的意思是掩上門,但不鎖住。我們誰都不帶鑰匙;晚上最后一個回家的人把門關(guān)上,這就行了。2Thosedaysareover.Inruralareasaswellasincities,doorsdonotstayunlocked,evenforpartofanevening.那樣的日子已經(jīng)一去不復返了。在鄉(xiāng)下,在城里,門不再關(guān)著不鎖上,哪怕是傍晚一段時間也不例外。3Suburbsandcountryareasare,inmanyways,evenmorevulnerablethanwell-patroledurbanstreets.Statisticsshowthecrimeraterisingmoredramaticallyinthoseallegedlytranquilareasthanincities.Atanyrate,theeraofleavingthefrontdooronthelatchisover.在許多方面,郊區(qū)和農(nóng)村甚至比巡查嚴密的城市街道更易受到攻擊。統(tǒng)計顯示,那些據(jù)稱是安寧的地區(qū)的犯罪率上升得比城鎮(zhèn)更為顯著。不管怎么說,前門虛掩不落鎖的時代是一去不復返了。4Ithasbeenreplacedbydead-boltlocks,securitychains,electronicalarmsystemsandtripwireshookeduptoapolicestationorprivateguardfirm.Manysuburbanfamilieshaveslidingglassdoorsontheirpatios,withsteelbarselegantlybuiltinsonoonecanprythedoorsopen.取而代之的是防盜鎖、防護鏈、電子報警系統(tǒng),以及連接警署或私人保安公司的報警裝置。郊區(qū)的許多人家在露臺上安裝了玻璃滑門,內(nèi)側(cè)有裝得很講究的鋼條,這樣就沒人能把門撬開。5Itisnotuncommon,inthemostpleasantofhomes,toseepastedonthewindowssmallnoticesannouncingthatthepremisesareundersurveillancebythissecurityforceorthatguardcompany.在最溫馨的居家,也常??吹玫酱吧腺N著小小的告示,稱本宅由某家安全機構(gòu)或某個保安公司負責監(jiān)管。6ThelockisthenewsymbolofAmerica.Indeed,arecentpublic-serviceadvertisementbyalargeinsurancecompanyfeaturednotchartsshowinghowmuchatriskweare,butapictureofachild'sbicyclewiththenow-usualpadlockattachedtoit.鎖成了美國的新的象征。的確,一家大保險公司最近的一則公益廣告沒有用圖表表明我們所處的危險有多大,而是用了一幅童車的圖片,車身上懸著如今無所不在的掛鎖。7Theadpointedoutthat,yes,itistheinsurancecompaniesthatpayforstolengoods,butwhoisgoingtopayforwhatthenewatmosphereofdistrustandfearisdoingtoourwayoflife?WhoisgoingtomakethepsychicpaymentforthetransformationofAmericafromtheLandoftheFreetotheLandoftheLock?廣告指出,沒錯,確是保險公司理賠失竊物品,但誰來賠償互不信任、擔心害怕這種新氛圍對我們的生活方式所造成的影響呢?誰來對美國從自由之國到鎖之國這一蛻變作出精神賠償呢?8Forthatiswhathashappened.WehavebecomesousedtodefendingourselvesagainstthenewatmosphereofAmericanlife,sousedtoputtingupbarriers,thatwehavenothadtimetothinkaboutwhatitmaymean.因為那就是現(xiàn)狀。我們已經(jīng)變得如此習慣于保護自己不受美國生活新氛圍的影響,如此習慣于設(shè)置障礙,因而無暇考慮這一切意味著什么。9Forsomereasonwearesatisfiedwhenwethinkwearewell-protected;itdoesnotoccurtoustoaskourselves:Whyhasthishappened?Whyarewehavingtobarricadeourselvesagainstourneighborsandfellowcitizens,andwhen,exactly,didthisstarttotakeoverourlives?出于某種原因,當我們覺得防范周密時就感到心滿意足;我們沒有問過自己:為什么會出現(xiàn)這種情況?為什么非得把自己與鄰居和同住一城的居民相隔絕,這一切究竟是從什么時候開始主宰我們生活的?10Andithastakenover.Ifyouworkforamedium-tolarge-sizecompany,chancesarethatyoudon'tjustwanderinandoutofwork.Youprobablycarrysomekindofaccesscard,electronicorotherwise,thatallowsyouinandoutofyourplaceofwork.Maybethesecurityguardatthefrontdeskknowsyourfaceandwillwaveyouinmostdays,butthefactremainsthatthebusinessyouworkforfeelsthreatenedenoughtokeepoutsidersawayviathese"keys."這一切確是主宰了我們的生活。如果你在一家大中型公司上班,你上下班很可能不好隨意進出。你可能隨身帶著某種出入卡,電子的或別的什么的,因為這卡能讓你進出工作場所。也許前臺的保安認識你這張臉,平日一揮手讓你進去,但事實明擺著,你所任職的公司深感面臨威脅,因此要借助這些“鑰匙”不讓外人靠近。11Itwasn'talwayslikethis.Evenadecadeago,mostprivatebusinesseshadapolicyoffreeaccess.Itsimplydidn'toccurtomanagersthattheproperthingtodowastodistrustpeople.這一現(xiàn)象并非向來有之。即使在十年前,大多數(shù)私營公司仍采取自由出入的做法。那時管理人員根本沒想到過恰當?shù)氖侄问遣恍湃嗡恕?2Lookattheairports.Parentsusedtotakechildrenouttodeparturegatestowatchplaneslandandtakeoff.That'sallgone.Airportsarenolongeraplaceofeducationandfun;theyarethemostsophisticatedofsecuritysites.且看各地機場。過去家長常常帶孩子去登機口看飛機起飛降落。這種事再也沒有了。機場不再是一個有趣的學習場所;它們成了擁有最精密的安全檢查系統(tǒng)的場所。13WithelectronicX-rayequipment,weseemfinallytohavefiguredoutawaytoholdtheterrorists,realandimagined,atbay;itwassucharelieftosolvethisproblemthatwedidnotthinkmuchaboutwhatsuchastateofaffairssaysaboutthequalityofourlives.Wenowpassthroughtheseelectronicfriskerswithoutsomuchasasidewaysglance;themachines,andwhattheystandfor,havewon.憑借著電子透視裝置,我們似乎終于想出妙計讓恐怖分子無法近身,無論是真的恐怖分子還是憑空臆想的。能解決這一問題真是如釋重負,于是我們不去多想這種狀況對我們的生活質(zhì)量意味著什么。如今我們走過這些電子搜查器時已經(jīng)看都不看一眼了,這些裝置,還有它們所代表的一切已經(jīng)獲勝。14Ourneighborhoodsarebathedinhigh-intensitylight;wedonotwanttoaffordourselvesevensomuchaluxuryasashadow.我們的居住區(qū)處在強光源的照射下;我們連哪怕像陰影這樣小小的享受也不想給自己。15Businessmen,inincreasingnumbers,arepurchasingnewmachinesthathookuptothetelephoneandanalyzeacaller'svoice.Themachinesaresupposedtotellthebusinessman,withasmallmarginoferror,whetherhisfriendorclientistellinglies.越來越多的商人正購置連接在機上、能剖析來電者聲音的新機器。據(jù)說那種機器能讓商人知道他的朋友或客戶是否在撒謊,其出錯概率很小。16Allthisisbeingdoneinthenameof"security";thatiswhatwetellourselves.Wearefearful,andsowedevisewaystolockthefearout,andthat,wedecide,iswhatsecuritymeans.所有這一切都是以“安全”的名義實施的:我們是這么跟自己說的。我們害怕,于是我們設(shè)法把害怕鎖在外面,我們認定,那就是安全的意義。17Butno;withallthis"security,"weareperhapsthemostinsecurenationinthehistoryofcivilizedman.Whatbetterwordtodescribethewayinwhichwehavebeenforcedtolive?Whatsadderreflectiononallthatwehavebecomeinthisnewandpuzzlingtime?其實不然;我們雖然有了這一切安全措施,但我們或許是人類文明史上最不安全的國民。還有什么更好的字眼能用來描述我們被迫選擇的生活方式呢?還有什么更為可悲地表明我們在這個令人困惑的新時代所感受到的惶恐之情呢?18Wetrustnoone.Suburbanhousewiveswearrapewhistlesontheirstationwagonkeychains.Wehavebecomesosmartaboutself-protectionthat,intheend,wehavealloutsmartedourselves.Wemayhavelockedtheevilsout,butinsodoingwehavelockedourselvesin.我們不信任任何人。郊區(qū)的家庭主婦在客貨兩用車鑰匙鏈上掛著防強暴口哨。我們在自我防衛(wèi)方面變得如此聰明,最終聰明反被聰明誤。我們或許是把邪惡鎖在了門外,但在這么做的同時我們把自己鎖在里邊了。19Thatmaybethelegacywerememberbestwhenwelookbackonthisage:Indealingwiththeunseenhorrorsamongus,webecameprisonersofourselves.Allofusprisoners,inthistimeofourtroubles.那也許是我們將來回顧這一時代時記得最牢的精神遺產(chǎn):在對付我們中間無形的恐懼之時,我們成了自己的囚徒。在我們這個問題重重的時代,所有的人都是囚徒。unit4WasEinsteinaSpaceAlien?1AlbertEinsteinwasexhausted.Forthethirdnightinarow,hisbabysonHans,crying,keptthehouseholdawakeuntildawn.WhenAlbertfinallydozedoff...itwastimetogetupandgotowork.Hecouldn'tskipaday.Heneededthejobtosupporthisyoungfamily.艾伯特愛因斯坦被搞得筋疲力盡.連續(xù)第三個晚上,他的寶貝兒子漢斯,哭泣,讓家人清醒直到黎明。當艾伯特終于睡著了是時候起床去工作。他不能跳過一天。他需要工作來養(yǎng)活家人。2WalkingbrisklytothePatentOffice,wherehewasa"TechnicalExpert,ThirdClass,"Albertworriedabouthismother.Shewasgettingolderandfrail,andshedidn'tapproveofhismarriagetoMileva.Relationswerestrained.Albertglancedatapassingshopwindow.Hishairwasamess;hehadforgottentocombitagain.他輕快地走到專利局,在那里他是一個“技術(shù)專家,第三級,”艾伯特擔心他的母親。她越來越虛弱,她不贊成他與米列娃結(jié)婚,關(guān)系緊張。艾伯特看了一眼路過商店的櫥窗。他的頭發(fā)是一個爛攤子,他忘了梳一遍。3Work.Family.Makingendsmeet.Albertfeltallthepressureandresponsibilityofanyyounghusbandandfather.工作。家庭。使收支平衡。艾伯特感受到任何年輕的丈夫和父親所有的壓力和責任的Torelax,herevolutionizedphysics.放松,他徹底改變了物理學。4In1905,attheageof26andfouryearsbeforehewasabletogetajobasaprofessorofphysics,Einsteinpublished

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