2023年高考英語考點專項突破專題一閱讀理解考法1細節(jié)理解題（解析版）

備戰(zhàn)2023年高考英語考點專項突破

行廖。閱憾箴皚渡創(chuàng)細茶涯殿是1

新高考卷全國卷

2022202120222021

卷I卷n卷1卷11乙卷甲卷乙卷甲卷

細節(jié)理解

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題

推理判斷

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詞義猜測

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主旨大意

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題

細節(jié)理解題

細節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對閱讀材料中某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力。題干?？疾榈牧?/p>

大信息有5個W,即When,Where,who,What,Why和1個H,即How。高考對英語篇章中事實細節(jié)的考查

主要分為兩種情況：

一是直接細節(jié)類，其答案幾乎可以直接從原文中找出來，考生只要根據題干中的關鍵詞與原文進行對

照，就能找到答案；

二是隱含細節(jié)類，這類題雖然不能直接從原文中找到對應的詞或短語，但考生可以根據文章的隱含意

義，如原因、前提或結果等仔細推敲，得出正確答案。細節(jié)理解題的常見設問方式有：

①、Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?

②、Whichofthefollowingmaps/diagramsgivestherightpositionof.../relationshipof...?

③、Whichofthefollowingmapsshowstherightwayto...?

④、Whichofthedrawingsbelowgivesanideaofwhat...islike?

⑤、Accordingtothepassage,who/what/which/when/where/why/

⑥、how/howmany/howmuch/howlong/howsoon/howoften...?

常見的干擾項特點

細節(jié)理解題一般針對原文中某個細節(jié)、某句話或某部分的具體內容設置問題，但干擾項也包含文章中

的某個細節(jié).不過請考生一定要注意，干擾項中的細節(jié)不符合解答題目所需要的文章細節(jié)，也就是說，兩

種細節(jié)不匹配。這就要求考生答題時一定要仔細、認真核實，以免造成失誤，留下遺憾。

干擾1擴縮范圍

有時原文中的核心詞在題中作為選項時，其原文中的限定詞被人為地去掉或替換，使選項貌似正確，

從而對考生造成很大的干擾。

干擾2主觀臆斷

有時考生在作出選擇時，不是依據原文息進行正確的理和推斷，而是主觀想象或憑空推測事實上文中

并未涉及，也不能確定推斷的合理性。這種情況在考生中非常普遍，尤其對一些理解能力偏低、詞匯掌握

不足的學生來說，應特別注意。

干擾3張冠李戴

這種情況發(fā)生在兩方面：一方面是考生身上，即考生錯誤地把發(fā)生在此者身上的事情理解為發(fā)生在彼

者身上的事情，從而造成誤選；另方面是在題目的設置上，即試題中的某些選項中會故意混淆兩者的信息，

使考生在思路不清晰的情況下誤判。

干擾4無中生有

有時考生會感覺試題中的信息說得很有道理，從而作出選擇。但細心的學生會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種信息再正確，

也不能從文中找到其對應的詞句，也不能推斷其合理性。實這種信息只不過是無中生有，所以考生要頭腦

清醒，大膽舍棄。

常用的解題方法

方法1題干定位法

所謂題干定位法，就是解題之前要先看題目，根據題中所提的信息確定關鍵詞，然后帶著問題快速地

瀏覽原文，運用略讀(skimming)的技巧方法迅速鎖定與who,what,when,where等問題有關的細節(jié)關鍵詞，

確定題目考查范圍，準確理解，作出選擇。對于廣告、演出信息、講座安排等閱讀題目，“題干定位

法”會幫助考生得到事半功倍的效果。

[全國II2020A]DoveCottage&TheWordsworthMuseum

DiscoverWilliamWordsworth'sinspirationalhome.TakeatourofhisLakelandcottage,walkthroughhis

hillsidegardenandexploretherichesofthecollectionintheMuseum.Visittheshopandrelaxinthecafe.

Exhibitions,eventsandfamilyactivitiesthroughouttheyear.

Open:Daily,09.30-17.30(lastadmission17.00).

Town:Grasmere

23.WhereshouldvisitorsgoiftheywanttoexploreWordsworth'slife?

A.Penrith.B.Kendal.C.Carlisle.D.Grasmere

【解析】根據題干中的Wordsworth'slife可定位至DoveCottage&TheWordsworthMuseum部分。根據本部

分中的Town:Grasmere可知，該博物館位于格拉斯米爾，人們可以在這里探索華茲華斯的生平。故選D

項。

方法2“斷章取義”法

帶著問題，有針對性地掃讀原文，迅速鎖定相關詞句或信息點，然后尋找相關的同義或反義表達，圍

繞主旨深刻理解材料。當問到what,when,which,where等具體信息時，往往有accordingtotheauthor/passage

這樣的限制語，回答時，一定要以文章所談到的內容為依據，切忌憑自己的觀點和經驗去選擇不符合文章

內容的答案。

[全國III2020-C]Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol-oneofagrowing

numberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdooranda

washingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomontheground

floor.

28.WhomainlyusesthegroundfloorintheVictorianhouseinBristol?

A.Nick.B.Rita.C.KathrynD.Thedaughters.

【解析】根據本段中的theyallmovedintoathree—storeyVictorianhouseinBristolbutRitaWhiteheadhasher

ownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor可知，麗塔居住在一樓，因此主要使用一

樓的應是麗塔，故選B項。

方法3首尾定位法

解答排序題時，可最先找出第一個和最后一個事件，快速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速選出答案。另外，

也可以先不看四個選項，而是先把所給的事件排序，然后與備選項進行對照；若有相同排序的選項則基本

可定為答案，之后再進行檢查。

OnThursdaynight,whilePinawasbabysittinghergranddaughter,nephewandtwoniecesinhersistefs

apartment,shesmelledsmokeandrealizedtheapartmentbuildingwasonfire.Whenher4-year-oldgranddaughter

Garciabegansaying,''We'regoingtodie”,sheknewshehadtoact.Pina,firstsealedthedoor,andthentoldall

fourchildrentolieonthefloor.Aftercalling911,shetoldthechildrentostartsingingandpromisedthemall

treatsassoonastheyreachedsafety.

WhenPinasawthefire,whichistherightorderofwhatshedidaccordingtoParagraph2?

?toldchildrentolieonthefloor②letchildrenstartsinging?sealedthedoor?called911

A.③①?②B.④③①②C.③④①②D.①③④②

【解析】根據本段中的Pina,firstsealedthedoor,,andthentoldallfourchildrentolieonthefloor.Aftercalling

911,shetoldthechildrentostartsinging..可知，皮納首先封住門，接著讓孩子們躺在地板上，之后報警，然

后讓孩子們開始唱歌。故選A項。

方法4查讀分析法

在處理數(shù)字計算題時，首先通讀題干明確題目要求，然后迅速找到與之相關的數(shù)字，對其進行分析、

整合，并結合題干計算出正確答案。

[全國H2020A]

DalemainMansionHistoricGardens

History,CultureLandscape)Discoverandenjoy4centuriesofhistory,5acresofcelebratedandaward-

winninggardenswithparklandwalk.OwnedbytheHasel1familysince1679,hometotheInternational

Marmalade

Festival.Giftsandantiques,plantsales,museumsMediaevalHallTearoom.

Open:29Mar-29Oct,SuntoThurs.

Tearoom,GardensGiftShop:10:30-17.00(16:00inOct).

House:11:15—16.00(15:00inOct)

Town:PooleyBridge&Penrith

21.WhenistheHouseatDalemainMansionHistoricGardensopenonSundaysinJuly?

A.09:30—17:30B.10:30—16:00C.l1:15—16:00D.12:00—16:30

【解析】根據題干中的DalemainMansion&HistoricGardens可定位至文中介紹的第一個景點。根據Open

部分中House的開放信息House:11:15-16:00(15:00inOct)),可知,3月到9月期間,House在周日到周四的開

放時間為11:15-16:00。7月在這個時間段內，故選C項。

方法5詞語復現(xiàn)法

細節(jié)理解題的詞語復現(xiàn)指的是：正確答案選項中的單詞或短語與原文中的單詞或短語構成一種重復出

現(xiàn)的關系，可分為：同義詞復現(xiàn)、反義詞復現(xiàn)同根詞復現(xiàn)或原詞復現(xiàn)。同義詞和反義詞復現(xiàn)指選項中用與

原文具有相同意義或相反意義的單詞或短語來表達相同或相反意思的復現(xiàn)形式：同根詞復現(xiàn)是指詞根相

同、意義相似的單詞在選項中的復現(xiàn)形式；原詞復現(xiàn)是指同一單詞或短語在選項中和閱讀材料中同時出現(xiàn)。

運用復現(xiàn)策略解題時，首先要定位與問題相關的句子，然后觀察和分析該句子前后的句子是否符合復現(xiàn)的

情況。

[全國2020C]Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner'sknee,are

uncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,

sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishing

totryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.

Ittakessomepractice.

29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?

A.It'smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It'slesschallengingphysically.

C.It'smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It'slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.

【解析】根據本段第一句中的someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner'sknee,are

uncommonamongracewalkers可知，跑步時常見的膝蓋受傷在競走者中是很少見的。由此可知，這是競走

相對于跑步而言的一個優(yōu)勢。故選D項。

Passage1

本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。

（2022?全國高考甲卷）Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshownto

havesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,the

birdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwith

aboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdswere

givenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key”wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanother

yearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（對稱的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethata

shapewillneedtobetumedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan"allocentricframeofreference^^.In

theexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisual

recognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.This

indicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsin

space,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyon

visualclues（線索）,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?

A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.

C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.

【答案】B

【解析】

細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第一段"Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattool

usewhilekeptinthecage.（雖然人們不知道這些鳥在野外會使用工具，但事實證明，它們在關在籠子里時就

能熟練地使用工具）”以及"thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Inserting,the

correct“keys”wouldletoutthenut.（研究人員給了這些鳥5把形狀各異的“鑰匙”供它們選擇。插入，正確的

“鑰匙”會讓堅果出來）“可知，在實驗中，鳳頭鸚鵡是通過使用工具從盒子里取出堅果的。故選B。

25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?

A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.

C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.

【答案】C

【解析】

名用節(jié)理解題。根據文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearof

age（在人類身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個圓形的物品放進一個圓形的洞里）''結合選項，可知，一歲

兒童最有可能完成“將一個球放進一個圓形的洞里”的任務。故選C。

Passage2

本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語音。

（2022?全國新高考I卷）Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"

and"a"totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthan

others?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeech

soundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f'

and"v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.Nowateamofresearchersledby

DamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（對齊），makingit

hardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjaws

changedtoanoverbitestructure（結構）,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.

TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithic

period.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrow

tobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworld

languagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof'f'and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousand

years.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.

Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeings

evolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincethe

appearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofa

complexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,44saidStevenMoran,amemberofthe

researchteam.

32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamianBlasi'sresearchfocuson?

A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.

【答案】D

【解析】

細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第二段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeech

soundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"F'and"v"，weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofter

foods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhow

andwhythistrendarose.（30多年前，學者CharlesHockett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“F和“v”，在

吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見?，F(xiàn)在，瑞士蘇黎世大學的DamianBlasi領導的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一

趨勢產生的方式和原因。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重點是在語言的演變上。故選D項。

33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?

A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.

C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.

【答案】c

【解析】

細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段中的"Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadults

werealigned,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupper

teeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他彳門發(fā)現(xiàn)，古

人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，

我們的下顆變成了覆蓋咬合結構，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因為古代成年人的下顆結構使他們很

難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項。

Passage3

這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者曾經是一名記者，在春節(jié)期間，作者給孫子拿了一本兒童讀物,

孫子卻以為是平板電腦，不停地戳書。

（2022?全國新高考II卷）Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.

Manyyoungpeopledon'tevenrealizeifsnew.Forthem,it'sjustnormal.

ThishilhomefoimeasIwassittingwithmy2-year-oldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday.

Ihadbroughtachildren'sbooktoread.Ithadsimplewordsandcolorfulpictures—aperfectmatchforhisage.

Picturethis:mygrandsonsittingonmylapasIholdthebookinfrontsohecanseethepictures.AsIread,he

reachesoutandpokes（戳）thepagewithhisfinger.

Whafsupwiththat?Hejustlikesthepictures,Ithought.ThenIturnedthepageandcontinued.Hepokedthe

pageevenharder.Inearlydroppedthebook.Iwasconfused:Istheresomethingwrongwiththiskid?

ThenIrealizedwhatwashappening.Hewasactuallyastrangertobooks.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedthe

boywithatabletcomputerwhichwasloadedwithcolorfulpicturesthatcomealivewhenyoupokethem.He

thoughtmystorybookwaslikethat.

Sorry,kid.Thisbookisnotpartofyourhigh-techworld.IVsanoutdated,lifelessthing.Anantique,likeyour

grandfather.Well,Imaybeold,butI'mnothopelesslychallenged,digitallyspeaking.Ieditvideoandproduce

audio.Iusemobilepayment.Tveevenbuiltwebsites.

There'sonenotablegapinmynew-mediaexperience,however:I'vespentlittletimeinfrontofacamera,

sinceIhaveafacemadefbrradio.Butthatdidn'tstopChinaDailyfromaskingmelastweektoshareapersonal

storyforavideoprojectabouttheintegrationofBeijing,TianjinandHebeiprovince.

Anyway,grandpaisnowaninternetstar—twominutesoffame!Ipromisenottoletitgotomyhead.ButI

willmakesuremy2-year-oldgrandsonseesitonhistablet.

25.Whydidthekidpokethestorybook?

A.Hetookitforatabletcomputer.B.Hedislikedthecolorfulpictures.

C.Hewasangrywithhisgrandpa.D.Hewantedtoreaditbyhimself.

【答案】A

【解析】

細節(jié)理解題。根據第五段中"Hewasactuallyastrangertobooks.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedtheboywitha

tabletcomputerwhichwasloadedwithcolorfulpicturesthatcomealivewhenyoupokethem.Hethoughtmy

storybookwaslikethat.（事實上，他對書本并不熟悉。他的父親經常用?臺裝有彩色圖片的平板電腦逗他開

心，當你戳它們的時候，這些圖片就會變得栩栩如生。他認為我的故事書就是那樣的）“可知，那孩子戳故

事書是因為他把它當成了平板電腦。故選A。

26.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofhimself?

A.Sociallyambitious.B.Physicallyattractive.

C.Financiallyindependent.D.Digitallycompetent.

【答案】D

【解析】

細節(jié)理解題。根據倒數(shù)第三段中“Well,Imaybeold,butTmnothopelesslychallenged,digitallyspeaking.Iedit

videoandproduceaudio.Iusemobilepayment.Tveevenbuiltwebsites.（我可能老了，但從數(shù)字角度來說，我

還沒有毫無希望的挑戰(zhàn)。我編輯視頻，制作音頻。我用移動支付。我甚至建立了網站戶可知，作者認為自

己懂數(shù)碼技術。故選D。

27.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorasajournalist?

A.Helacksexperienceinhisjob.B.Heseldomappearsontelevision.

C.Hemanagesavideodepartment.D.Heofteninterviewsinternetstars.

【答案】B

【解析】

細節(jié)理解題。根據倒數(shù)第二段中“There'sonenotablegapinmynew-mediaexperience,however:Tvespentlittle

timeinfrontofacamera,sinceIhaveafacemadeforradio.（然而，在我的新媒體體驗中有一個明顯的差距：

我很少在鏡頭前呆著，因為我的臉是為電臺而生的）“可知，作者作為記者他很少上電視。故選B。

Passage1（2022?黑龍江?大慶實驗中學模擬預測）

TheuseofAI（artificialintelligence）isbecomingmorecommoninmanybranchesofindustryandonline

shopping.Traditionallinesofwork,suchasgoodstransportanddriving,aredevelopinginasimilardirection

althoughmainlyoutofpublicview.ScientistsattheUniversityofGottingenhavenowinvestigatedhowefficient

（高效的）theuseofAIcanbeinthecommercialmanagementoftrucks.

"Digitalapplications-aswellasmachineleaning,akindofAI-areincreasinglyappliedtooperationsand

coursesinthetransportarea,“explainsProfessorMatthiasKlumppfromtheFacultyofEconomics.4tThequestion

inthecommercialarea,however,iswhetherornotthiscontributestoachievinggoals.”

Toanswerthisquestion,theresearcherscomparedtheworkefficiencyoftruckdriverswiththeirmainuseof

AIapplications.Lookingattradedeliverybytruck,theystudiedthreegroups:thefirstdrovecompletelyfollowing

humandecision-makingmodels;thesecondusedacombinationofhumanandmachine;andthethirddepended

completelyonfullyautomateddecisions.

Theresearchersfoundthatanintelligentcombinationofhumanworkanddecision-makingabilitieswithAI

applicationspromisesthehighesttransportanddrivingefficiency.4tOnaverage,thesecondgroupachievedthe

mostefficienttransporttrips,withthefewestinterventions（干預）andoff-coursefromthebestpath."one

researchersaid,"Clearly,neitheracompletelyhumandecision-makingstructurenorafullyautomateddriving

systemcanpromisetomeetcurrentgoodstransportrequirements.^^Thescientiststhereforesummarizedthat

despitetheprogressofAIinthefieldoftransportationbytruck,humanexperienceanddecision-makingabilities

willstillbenecessaryinthelongerterm.However,thechallengeisthatawiderangeoftrainingandqualification

（資格）needswillcomealongbyworkingwithAlapplications,especiallyforsimplegoodstransportactivities.

1.WhatdoesMatthiasKlumppfocuson?

A.TheefficiencyofAI.B.TheadvantagesofAI.

C.TheproblemscausedbyALD.ThewideapplicationsofAI.

2.Howdidtheresearchersgetthefinding?

A.Byprovidingexamples.B.Bymakingcomparisons.

C.Byusingdifferenttrucks.D.Bylistingthreeexperiments.

3.Whatcanweknowfromthelastparagraph?

A.Alisbetteratmakingdecisions.B.AbalanceisneededbetweenhumanandAI.

C.HumanwillsoonbereplacedbyAIindriving.D.Alapplicationsmeetthecurrentrequirements.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Thefutureoftransport.B.Artificialintelligenceasaco-driver.

C.Artificialintelligence-abetterchoiceindriving.D.Thestrengthsofartificialintelligenceintransport.

【答案】

1.A2.D3.B4.B

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了人工智能在許多行業(yè)和網上購物中變得越來越普遍?？茖W家正在研究在卡車

的商業(yè)管理中，人工智能的使用效率有多高，并通過實驗得出結論——人與人工智能并存效率最高。

1.細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第一段最后一句"ScientistsattheUniversityofGottingenhavenowinvestigatedhow

efficient（高效的）theuseofAIcanbeinthecommercialmanagementoftrucks.^^（哥廷根大學的科學家已經開

始調查在卡車的商業(yè)管理中，人工智能的使用效率有多高）和第二段最后一句"Thequestioninthe

commercialarea,however,iswhetherornotthiscontributestoachievinggoals."（然而,在商業(yè)領域中的問題是

這是不是有助于實現(xiàn)目標）以及第三段第一句"Toanswerthisquestion,theresearcherscomparedthework

efficiencyoftruckdriverswiththeirmainuseofAIapplications.^^（為「回答這個問題，研究人員將卡車司機

的工作效率與人工智能的主要應用進行了比較）可知，MatthiasKlumpp教授主要關注的是人工智能的效率。

故選Ao

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段“Lookingattradedeliverybytruck,theystudiedthreegroups:thefirstdrove

completelyfollowinghumandecision-makingmodels;thesecondusedacombinationofhumanandmachine;and

thethirddependedcompletelyonfullyautomateddecisions."（觀察用卡車運送貨物，他們研究了三組：第一

組完全按照人類的決定的模式來運送，第二組用人類和機器的組合模式，第三組完全自動化的模式）可知，

研究人員通過分三組實驗來研究。故選D。

3.推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Theresearchersfoundthatanintelligentcombinationofhumanworkand

decision-makingabilitieswithAIapplicationspromisesthehighesttransportanddrivingefficiency”（研究人員發(fā)

現(xiàn)人類工作和決策能力與人工智能應用的智能結合有著最高的運輸和駕駛效率）可知，人與人工智能并存

效率最高，所以需要人類和人工智能之間的平衡。故選B。

4.主旨大意題。根據文章第一段"TheuseofAI（artificialintelligence）isbecomingmorecommoninmany

branchesofindustryandonlineshopping.”（人工智能在許多行業(yè)和網上購物中變得越來越普遍）最后一句

''ScientistsattheUniversityofGottingenhavenowinvestigatedhowefficient（高效的）theuseofAIcanbeinthe

commercialmanagementoftrucks?*（哥廷根大學的科學家已經開始調查在卡車的商業(yè)管理中，人工智能的

使用效率有多高）引出要談論的話題，以及之后引出的實驗——對比人和人工智能當司機的效率，最好一

段得出結論，人與人工智能并存效率最高，可知，文章最好的標題“人工智能作為共同的司機“，凸顯文章

主旨。故選Bo

Passage2（2022?陜西?西安中學模擬預測）

Plants:weeatthem,juicethem-andnowitseemswecanminethemtoo!

AfterasuccessfulexperimentontheislandofBorneo,thebotanyprofessorAlanBakerandagroupof

researcherswanttointroducephytomining（harvestingmineralsfromplants）asabetter,partialsubstitutefor

traditionalmining.

Phytomining,alsoknownasagromining,meanscollectingmetalsfromliveplants.However,thiscanonlybe

donewithagroupofplantsknownas"hyperaccumulatorsM.Therearearound700identifiedtypesworldwide,and

whatmakesthesehyperaccumulatorsspecialisthattheynaturallyattractandabsorbmineralsthroughtheir

roots-metalspoisonoustootherplants-andthenstorehuge,pureconcentrationsofthesemineralsintheirbodies.

Themetalscanthenbeextractedfromtheplants'sap（汁;液）,oil,orsometimesevenlivetissue.

Bakerandhiscolleaguesseealotofpotentialinphytomining.Notonlycanithelpmeetthegrowingglobal

demandformetals,butisawayofundoingsomeofthatdamagetotheenvironmentbytraditionalmining.

Oneofthebiggestproblemswithtraditionalminingisthatitpollutesthesurroundingarea.Phytominingcan

extractmetalwaste,plusplantingthehyperaccumulatorswouldregrowthedeforestedareascausedbymining

operations.Asidefromthis,ifphytominingisabletoreplacepartoftraditionalmining,thentherewouldbefewer

instancesofbadminingpracticeslikeabandonedmines,whichpollutethenearbywaters.Also,sincephytomining

providesmetalsthatarealreadynaturallypure,thereisnoneedtousehugeamountsofenergytopurifytheore（礦

石）.

Phytomininghasitsdrawbacks.Harvestingplantsonalargescaleisexpensivetoday,comparedtotraditional

mining.Besides,plantscanbewipedoutbydiseasesorunexpectedweatherconditions.

However,therearemanyreasonstoconsiderphytomining.Afterall,weneedtomakesurethatourplanet

cankeepupandsustainablepracticeslikephytomininggiveusthehopethatouradvancementdoesn'tmean

sacrificingMotherEarth.

5.Whatmakeshyperaccumulatorsdifferentfromotherplants?

A.Thesappoisonoustootherplants.B.Theabilitytotakeinandstoreminerals.

C.Theoilextractedfromliveplanttissue.D.Theconcentrationsofmineralsintheirbodies.

6.Whatistheadvantageofphytomining?

A.Itcanstopdeforestation.B.Itmayreducethedesertedmines.

C.Itusescleanenergytopurifytheore.D.Itcan'tbedestroyedbydiseases.

7.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardphytomining?

A.Pessimistic.B.Indifferent.C.Optimistic.D.Skeptical.

8.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.MetalsFromPlants.B.TheFutureofPhytomining.

C.WhatAreHyperaccumulators?D.BenefitsofPhytomining.

【答案】

5.B6.B7.C8.A

【解析】

本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹的是植物采礦——從植物中獲取礦物，作為傳統(tǒng)采礦的一種更好的、部分的

替代品。

5.細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段中的“whatmakesthesehyperaccumulatorsspecialisthattheynaturallyattractand

absorbmineralsthroughtheirroots-metalspoisonoustootherplants-andthenstorehuge,pureconcentrationsof

thesemineralsintheirbodies”（這些超級積累物的特別之處在于，它們通過根部自然地吸引和吸收礦物質

——對其他植物有毒的金屬——然后在它們的體內儲存大量純礦物質。）可知超積累植物之所以獨特，是

因為它們可以通過根部吸收礦物質并將這些純的礦物質儲存在體內。故選B項。

6.細節(jié)理解題。根據第五段中的"ifphytominingisabletoreplacepartoftraditionalmining,thentherewouldbe

fewerinstancesofbadminingpracticeslikeabandonedmines”（如果植礦開采能夠部分取代傳統(tǒng)采礦，那么像

廢棄礦井這樣的不良采礦實踐就會減少。）可知，如果植物采礦可以代替部分傳統(tǒng)的采礦模式，就不會有

那么多廢棄的礦井。故選B項。

7.推理判斷題。根據最后一段最后一句中的“sustainablepracticeslikephytomininggiveusthehopethatour

advancementdoesn'tmeansacrificingMotherEarth”（植物采掘等可持續(xù)的實踐給了我們希望，我們的進步并

不意味著犧牲地球母親。）可知作者認為像植物采礦這樣的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的做法給了我們希望——我們的進

步并不意味著要以犧牲環(huán)境為代價。由此推知，作者對植物采礦持樂觀態(tài)度。故選C項。

8.主旨大意題。本文開篇點題“Plants:weeatthem,juicethem-andnowitseemswecanminethemtoo!”（植

物：我們吃它們，用它們榨汁，現(xiàn)在看來我們也可以開采它們了?。┤缓筮M一步介紹了植物采礦的含義及

其優(yōu)缺點。A項”來自植物的金屬”可以概括全文。故選A項。

Passage3（2022?山西陽泉?模擬預測）

Withtheworld'sattentiononvaccines（疫苗），nowfeelslikeagoodmomenttosingthepraisesofanoften

forgottencontributiontotheirdevelopment.Threehundredyearsagothismonth,LadyMaryWortleyMontagu

gotherdaughterinoculated（接種）againstsmallpox,makingherchildthefirstpersonintheWesttobeprotected

inthisway.WithoutMontagu'swillingnesstoadoptapracticeshehadlearnedfromothercultures,the

introductionofvaccinesaround80yearslaterwouldneverhavetakenplace.

MontagufirstwitnessedinoculationwhensheaccompaniedherhusbandtoTurkey