淺析工程造價管理與投資控制8

中文英文翻譯PAGE14PAGE15淺析工程造價管理與投資控制工程項目建設的中心任務就是實現(xiàn)項目目標。從客觀意義上講，投資目標的實現(xiàn)才是業(yè)主經(jīng)濟效益的真正體現(xiàn)；而工程造價的確定與投資的有效控制是工程建設管理不可缺少的重要組成部分，在項目建設管理中有著特殊的地位。隨著我國經(jīng)濟體制改革的不斷深入，國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)發(fā)展，怎樣加強工程造價管理，提高項目投資效益？這是當前投資和造價改革的一個重大課題。隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的確立，要求我們預測項目的投資并控制。近年來，國際投資項目的發(fā)展要求，事前預控，事中控制。而中國傳統(tǒng)的做法，是客觀的角度對事業(yè)決策，重執(zhí)行，輕經(jīng)濟。首先，由于技術(shù)人員的工程技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟觀念和意識淡薄，成本控制，成本管理，使質(zhì)量難以提高。工程造價控制是很難達到的長遠目標。第二，各個階段的項目管理鑒于上述情況，我國在八十年代提出了全過程的成本管理與控制的概念，建設部門將進行可行性研究和項目的預算和決算等，以擴大兩方請求的相應規(guī)定，我們把成本管理的觀念和方法提到了一個新高度。我們現(xiàn)在的任務是要現(xiàn)代成本管理符合中國國情的市場經(jīng)濟的系統(tǒng)目標，借鑒先進發(fā)達國家的經(jīng)驗，建立健全市場經(jīng)濟規(guī)律的工程造價管理體系，努力提高工程造價的水平。投資決策階段的工程造價管理，建設項目投資決策階段是提出項目建議書，進行可行性研究，確定投資估算，最終編制設計任務。在這個階段，項目的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟決策，對建設項目工程造價的工程完成后的經(jīng)濟效益有著決定性的影響，建造成本是一個重要的階段控制。我國現(xiàn)階段的工程造價進行的項目管理的目的是控制造價，注重施工過程的成本控制，忽略項目開始投資決策階段的成本控制。投資決策階段的投資項目，預算是一個重要的決策依據(jù)。它直接影響到國民經(jīng)濟及財務分析結(jié)果的可靠性和準確性。因為這個階段是工程的前期工作，信息不完全，相同或相近工程積累的資料比較少，估計不夠全面，不科學。使工程造價管理成本在現(xiàn)階段很難有所作為。在決策階段的工程造價控制。項目規(guī)劃階段的成本，許多業(yè)主有錯誤的理解，認為成本最低，最好?？刂瞥杀?，不是單方面問題，而應該是一個多因素的影響，應結(jié)合實際，全面考慮。建設項目的投資決策階段，項目的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟決策，對工程造價后期工程的經(jīng)濟效益，有決定性作用。決策階段是項目成本控制的一個重要的階段，合理確定和控制方向的工程造價準確定位和建立優(yōu)化的指導作用。在決策階段最重要的是做好可行性研究。這項工作做得好，投資回報率，能夠形成一個良好的比例。否則，投資多，收效不大，導致投資失控和投資浪費。目前，一些項目的策劃，從主觀愿望的可行性研究方面，缺乏科學論證?？尚行匝芯繄蟾娌徽鎸?，虛假或工程職能未經(jīng)付諸實際，可行性研究在研究項目批出后，顯現(xiàn)不少隱患，結(jié)果導致沒有足夠的后續(xù)資金支持項目，并延長時限，使該項目沒有達到計劃的使用效益，甚至成為竣工無望的工程。因此，如要在投資決策中有效地控制工程造價，必須做好以下幾方面的工作：1）實施建設項目法人責任制，工程應從規(guī)劃到執(zhí)行的整個過程和資金償還的使用上責任落實到人。除了要確立法律制度和工程監(jiān)理配套機制，還應由相關主管部門組織工商及監(jiān)管部門成立監(jiān)察小組，負責監(jiān)督資金的使用。2）以實事求是的態(tài)度進行市場分析，以避免盲目性，對項目決策，減少和降低投資風險。充分考慮建設項目在未來的市場競爭力，保證設計任務科學性和可靠性。3）資金必須有正式的承諾文件，各方必須做到到位資金必須有文件，以確?？梢耘鷾柿㈨椇螅丛▓?zhí)行。對各項貸款的條件應仔細分析，以減少利息負擔和還款壓力。4）加強工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)、土地、水、電力、交通、環(huán)保工程等外部條件的工作深度，使投資估算有充分的理由。同時廣泛調(diào)查研究，比較同類項目，認真進行功能分析，多方案比較和選擇。經(jīng)過充分的技術(shù)論證和經(jīng)濟評價，最后選擇技術(shù)先進，實用可靠。經(jīng)濟合理的項目，計算出一個更準確的估計投資額，使工程造價從一開始就定位在一個較為合理的水平。造價和投資在國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中和社會經(jīng)濟活動中，有很多一致的地方，但不是一個等同的概念。從目的來看，搞好投資是為了使投下去的一定量的貨幣能保證回流，并實現(xiàn)增值；而搞好造價是為了使投資項目的工程價格水平控制在目標額度之內(nèi)；從行為過程來看投資的行為過程是資金投入+項目實施+項目控制+資金回收，造價的行為過程是造價確定（包括投資估算、設計概算、施工圖預算）+過程控制+竣工決算。投資的行為過程比造價的行為過程更長。同是資金運作過程，造價是使貨幣資金轉(zhuǎn)化為實現(xiàn)目標額度內(nèi)的資產(chǎn)，而投資是使貨幣資金轉(zhuǎn)化為資產(chǎn)，并通過資產(chǎn)的使用又使貨幣資金回流。造價是投資的一個關鍵部分和主要內(nèi)容，它包括建設工程從建設籌備到竣工驗收所需費用的總和，它由建筑安裝工程費、設備工具購置費、工程建設其他費用、預備費、建設期貸款利息、固定資產(chǎn)投資方向調(diào)節(jié)稅和鋪底流動資金等項組成。價格機制是造價管理的核心問題，也是投資宏觀決策和提高項目投資效益的一個核心問題。要加強造價管理，提高投資效益，必須形成一個國家宏觀調(diào)控下，以市場形成造價為主的價格機制。傳統(tǒng)的預算定額制度在計劃經(jīng)濟體制下，對加強計劃管理，減少投資浪費等方面起到了一定的積極作用。但隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的逐步建立和發(fā)展，現(xiàn)行預算定額制度與之越來越不相適應：定額中“量”和“價”沒有分開，形成了“活市場”和“死單價”的矛盾，不能在市場中真實地、及時地、準確地反映建筑產(chǎn)品的造價；現(xiàn)行預算定額中綜合程度較大，施工手段消耗部分統(tǒng)得較死，構(gòu)成工程實體消耗部分是由設計決定的，而施工消耗部分，如腳手方案、垂直運輸?shù)葍?nèi)容應由施工企業(yè)在確保全面履行合同的前提下自行決定，現(xiàn)行定額中，把本應屬于競爭的內(nèi)容凝固化了，不利于施工企業(yè)發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢，競爭取勝；現(xiàn)行預算定額帶有法定性質(zhì)和強制性質(zhì)，對預算定額直接費的取費標準，開發(fā)商和承包商都不得隨意改變，還是計劃定價為主；現(xiàn)行預算定額計價主要由直接費、間接費、獨立費、利潤和稅金構(gòu)成，除直接費外其余各項都以取費率的形式出現(xiàn)，取費固定化，不利于直觀地反映各項工程內(nèi)容的價格，并與國際報價方式差距也較大。為了有利于投資宏觀決策和提高項目的投資效益，必須把計劃形成工程造價的價格機制，改為國家宏觀調(diào)控下以市場形成工程造價為主的價格機制，也就是要在統(tǒng)一工程量計算規(guī)則和社會平均實物消耗量定額的基礎上，遵循商品經(jīng)濟價格規(guī)律，建立以市場形成造價為主的價格機制：一是全面實現(xiàn)“量價分離”。把政府發(fā)布量價合一的預算定額制度，改為政府發(fā)布工程消耗量定額，單價隨行就市，變目前發(fā)布指導價要大家執(zhí)行改為發(fā)布市場信息價進行指導，從而使不斷變化的價格同相對穩(wěn)定的實物消耗量相分離；二是統(tǒng)一工程量計算規(guī)則。要逐步按照國際習慣，統(tǒng)一工程量名稱、計量單位、計算規(guī)則、項目編號等，既有利于指導市場，又有利于同國際接軌；三是將工程實體消耗和非實體消耗（施工措施性消耗）相對分開。這有利于承包商發(fā)揮各自優(yōu)勢，競爭取勝；四是簡化繁瑣取費。現(xiàn)行定額中各子目的造價不能直接反映，必須重新計算取費后才能明了，各子目、各分項工程的造價與總價的關系模糊，簡化取費后，各分項及子目的造價與總價的關系變得清晰，有利于投資控制活動和分包及設計變更部分的計價；五是保留政府對重要生產(chǎn)要素價格進行干預的權(quán)力。如對市場某種資源緊缺時實行最高限價，規(guī)定最低日工資水平和部分工種最高日工資限價等。造價確定與投資控制貫穿項目建設全過程，而對項目投資影響最大的設計階段。在建設項目的整個壽命期內(nèi)，項目的初步設計基本上決定了建設項目的規(guī)模、結(jié)構(gòu)形式、建筑標準和使用功能，形成了設計概算，確定了投資的最高限額。施工圖設計完成后，編制出施工圖預算，準確地計算出建設工程造價。因此，工程設計是影響和控制建設工程造價的關鍵環(huán)節(jié)和重要階段。長期以來，我們在工程造價管理中，普遍忽視設計階段項目的投資控制，而往往把控制項目投資和工程造價的重點放在實施階段，投入了大量的人力、物力去審查或計算建筑安裝工程造價，很少考慮如何才能達到投入合理的資金，獲得美觀大方、功能齊全適用、經(jīng)濟合理的建筑產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)國內(nèi)外有關的統(tǒng)計資料表明：初步設計階段影響工程投資數(shù)額幅度的可能性為70—90%，在技術(shù)設計階段（施工圖設計）影響投資的可能性為30—75%；在施工階段（實施階段）的影響工程投資的可能性為5%—25%?；蛘呔唧w地說，設計階段影響工程投資的可能性為80%，而實施階段影響投資的可能性，充其量不會超過20%，即通過各種措施降低成本最大限度不外乎為20%以下。一般情況下設計圖紙一旦完成，“按圖施工”就是施工企業(yè)必須履行的原則，施工企業(yè)無權(quán)隨意變動圖紙，也沒有時間、精力及承擔風險地去考慮優(yōu)化設計。而我國普遍存在著設計部門比較保守，有的設計只圖方便、憑經(jīng)驗而不作方案對比，甚至盲目追求安全度和設計收費，而至關重要的概預算控制則與設計院利益無關甚至違反，因此無從控制。工程設計和工程造價本來應該是統(tǒng)一整體的相互配合、配合促進的兩項工作，而在我們的實際工作中，卻如不同道路上奔馳的兩輛汽車，各行其道，互不關聯(lián)。設計部門只管設計質(zhì)量，一般不管工程造價的高低，給國家的建設資金造成了極大的浪費。要改變這種不良局面，在設計階段，必須加強工程造價和設計之間的橫向聯(lián)合，推行限額設計，逐步實行以“價”定“量”的設計方法，在項目的投資范圍內(nèi)，按照“安全”“經(jīng)濟”“適用”“節(jié)儉”的原則進行工程設計，促使設計人員精打細算，精心設計，達到在設計階段有效控制工程造價的目的；要優(yōu)化設計方案，其目的就是論證擬采用的設計方案技術(shù)上是否可行、功能上能否滿足需要、經(jīng)濟上是否合理、使用上是否安全可靠。尤其是在經(jīng)濟上，設計的優(yōu)化是很重要的控制手段，新工藝的使用、新材料的投入、一些局部設計的改變等，這些因素的變化，往往使工程造價大幅度增減。據(jù)研究資料顯示，建設項目的建筑系靈敏、空間平面、層數(shù)和層高、結(jié)構(gòu)和材料的選擇、設計的選型等因素，直接影響著工程造價的高低。所以，要想在設計階段控制工程造價，就一定要做好設計的優(yōu)選工作，在設計階段進行設計招投標和設計方案的競選，并運用價值工程等手段對備選方案進行優(yōu)化，還要進行設計方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟評價，真正達到以最優(yōu)的設計、最經(jīng)濟的投資，建造最好的工程項目的目的。建設工程造價全過程控制，是工程造價管理的主要表現(xiàn)形式，是提高項目投資效益的關鍵所在，它貫穿于決策評估階段、設計階段、工程承發(fā)包階段、施工實施階段、竣工驗收階段等項目建設全過程?？茖W周密而有計劃地分階段設置投資控制目標，可以通過目標控制，在項目投資決策、設計、發(fā)包和實施階段，把投資發(fā)生額控制在批準的限額以內(nèi)并隨時糾編，確保投資目標順利實現(xiàn)，使投資估算、工程概算、設計預算、承包合同價更趨合理準確，真實而客觀反映項目實際進程發(fā)生額，有效防止概算超估算、預算超概算、竣工結(jié)算超預算這一“三超”現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生，最大程度地合理使用人力、物力、財力，從而取得較好的投資效益和社會效益。施工企業(yè)按照合同規(guī)定完成，經(jīng)驗收質(zhì)量標準，并符合合同要求。與建設單位完成最后結(jié)算?？⒐ず蟮慕Y(jié)算審核是批準建設項目工程造價的基礎。一段很長的時間，完成了施工圖紙預算結(jié)算，結(jié)算完成最后階段的工程造價控制。是成本管理的問題得以解決的體現(xiàn)。因此，審計工作的完成解決是一項非常重要的工作，應著重做好以下幾個方面的工作：1）審計的準確輸出。是竣工決算審計中最重要和最復雜的，其中最細致的工作是，為防止建設工程竣工結(jié)算故意夸大產(chǎn)量，以增加項目的成本，應嚴格按照規(guī)定的工程計算規(guī)則逐項審核。2）檢查正確性。審查中列出的價格與固定價格一致，其名稱、規(guī)格、計量單位，其內(nèi)容與單位估價表的價格對應。3）審查費標準與固定成本施工期間及工程造價的政策相符?？傊?，工程造價控制是一個全過程控制，應該說，每個環(huán)節(jié)都不能忽視，而且每一個環(huán)節(jié)也很重要。隨著中國加入世貿(mào)組織，中國的投資主體多元化，投資方對降低成本，控制成本，提高投資效益日益重視。因此，改變原有工程造價估算，概算，預算，合同價格，結(jié)算價，決算傳統(tǒng)模式，完善控制水平，發(fā)展全方位控制系統(tǒng)的投資項目，可以促進我國社會主義市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，并適應全球經(jīng)濟一體化進程。ShallowengineeringcostmanagementandinvestmentcontrolProjectconstructioncentraltaskistorealizetheprojectgoals.Fromtheobjectivesense,investmenttoachievethegoalofeconomicbenefitisownerrealembodiment,Andprojectcostdeterminationandinvestmentofeffectivecontroloftheengineeringconstructionmanagementisanimportantandindispensablepartofprojectmanagementhasaspecialposition.AsChina'seconomicsystemreform,thenationaleconomycontinuestodevelop,howtostrengthentheengineeringcostmanagement,improvetheprojectinvestmentbenefit?Thisiswhatthecurrentinvestmentandcostreformamajorissue.Costandinvestmentinthedevelopmentofnationaleconomyandsocialeconomicactivities,havealotofconsistentplace,butnotaconceptequivalent.Judgingfromthepurposeistomaketheinvestment,improvetheamountofcastcurrencycanguarantee,andrealizevalue-addedbackflow,Andimprovecostistomaketheinvestmentprojectengineeringpricelevelcontrolattargetwithinthequota,Judgingfrombehavioralprocess,investmentbehaviorprocessiscapitalinvestment+projectimplementation+projectcontrol+capitalrecycling,thecostofthebehaviorprocessiscostsure(includinginvestmentestimation,designbudgetaryestimateandconstructiondrawingbudget)+processcontrol+thefinalaccountsofthecompletedproject.Investmentbehaviorprocessthanthecostofbehavioralprocesslonger.Withtheoperationprocess,costofcapitalismakemonetaryfundtransformforachievinggoalswithinthelineofassets,investmentismakemonetaryfundtransformforassets,andthroughtheuseofassetsandmonetaryfundbackflow.Withthehistoricalprocess，afterrecovery，reformanddevelopment，formedarelativelycompletebudgetestimateofquotamanagementsystem.However，asthesocialistmarketeconomicdevelopment，thesystem'smanyproblemshavealsoexposed.Generallyspeaking，thebudgetestimateisbasedondirectparticipationinthemanagementofnationaleconomicactivityasaprecondition.Enterpriseisnottheactualeconomicentities.Duetothecharacteristicsoftheplannedeconomy，and，atthetimeundertheconditionsofproductivity，willinevitablybecomeashortageintheeconomy.Insevereshortageofcommoditiesundertheconditions，aslongasacertainlevelofinvestment，willbecertainoutputs.Inthisenvironment，theprojectplanningandtechnicalargumentationtherecanbenoeconomicanalysis.Statecontroloftheprojectcostconstitutekeyfactorsequipmentandmaterialsprices，wagesandtaxesofartificialdistribution.Inthisrelativelystableeconomicenvironment，thebudgetestimateforthesystemapprovedprojectcost，helpthegovernmenttocarryoutinvestmentplanstoplayamajorrole.Asthesocialistmarketeconomicsystemestablished，requiresustopredictprojectinvestmentandcontrol.Inrecentyears，internationalinvestmentprojectdevelopedtotherequirementsofpriorpre-controlandinthemiddleofcontrol.China，thetraditionalpracticeinanobjectivelightonthecausedecision-making，implementationheavy，lighttheeconomyandtechnology.First，theconsequencesofvictimization，Duetothetechnicalpersonneloftheprojecttechnicalandeconomicconceptsandaweakawarenessofcostcontrol，costmanagementmakesthequalitydifficulttoraise.ProjectCostcontrolisdifficulttoachievelong-termgoals.Second，thevariousstagesoftheprojectmanagementviewoftheabovecircumstances，Myfirstacademiainthe1980smadethewholeprocessofcostmanagementandcontrolconcept，buildingdepartmentswillstudythefeasibilityofprojectsandthebudgetsandfinalaccountstotwoextendedattherequestofthecorrespondingregulationsputourcostmanagementconceptsandmethodsreferredtoanewheight.OurtasknowistobemodernandcostmanagementinlinewithChina'snationalconditionsofthemarketeconomysystemgoal，learnfromtheadvancedexperienceofthedevelopedcountries，andestablishsoundmarketeconomiclawsofprojectcostmanagementsystem，effortstoincreasetheprojectcostlevels.Aninvestmentdecision-makingphaseoftheprojectcostmanagementconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageisproposedprojectproposals;conductafeasibilitystudytodetermineinvestmentestimationandthefinalpreparationofdesigntask.Atthisstage，theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making，oftheconstructionprojectcostoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheeconomicbenefitshaveadecisiveinfluence，Theconstructioncostisanimportantstagecontrol.China'scurrentstageoftheprojectcostfortheprojectmanagementforthepurposeofclearingprice，andfocusingonlyontheconstructionprocessofcostcontrol，neglectedbeforethestartoftheprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageofcostcontrol.Investmentdecision-makingphaseofinvestmentprojectsisestimatedanimportantbasisfordecision-making.Ithasadirectimpactonnationaleconomicandfinancialanalysisoftheresultsofthereliabilityandaccuracy.Becauseofthisphaseisthepreliminaryworkofprojects，theinformationcannotbefully，comparableworksmoreorlessthatinformationaccumulatedrelativelysmall，estimatedinadequateandunscientific.Makesprojectcostmanagementandcostworkersisdifficultatthisstagedosomething.Thevariousstagesoftheprojectcostcontrolinthedecision-makingphaseprojectcostcontrol.Rightprojectplanningphaseofthecost，manyownershavethewrongunderstandingthatthelowerthecostthebetter.Costcontrolisnotaunilateralissue，andshouldbeanumberoffactors，acombinationofpractical，comprehensiveconsideration.Theconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstage，theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making，Costoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheprojectandtheeconomicbenefits，withadecisiveroleinprojectcostcontrolisanimportantstage，rationallydefineandcontrolthedirectionoftheprojectcostofaccuratepositioningandbuildingOptimizationguidingrole.Inthedecision-makingphaseofthemostimportantistodoagoodjobfeasibilitystudy，theworkisdonewell，returnsoninvestmentandcanformagoodproportion.Otherwise，investmore，lesseffective，resultinginlossofcontrolandwasteofinvestment.Atpresent，someoftheprojectsplannedtheownersofdeparturefromthesubjectivedesiresofafeasibilitystudyonthelackofscientificproof.FeasibilityStudyuntrue，falseorengineeringfunctionsobtainingtheapprovaloftheirsuperiors，actuallyputintothefeasibilitystudywillbeawardedinthestudyfortheprojectafterthesmoothfunctioningburiedalotofhiddenproblems，leadtoinsufficientfollow-upfundsfortheprojectandhadtoextendthetimelimitsothattheprojectcouldnothaveplannedtheuseofcost-effective，evenbecomehopelesscompletionofthebeardworks.Therefore，inordertophaseintheinvestmentdecision-makingeffectivelycontrolconstructioncosts，wemustdothefollowingaspects:ⅰImplementationoftheconstructionprojectandcorporateaccountability，Constructionoftheprojectfromplanningtoimplementationoftheentireprocessandtheuseofthefundstorepayresponsibilitiestothepeople.inadditiontoestablishingalegalsystemandtheprojectsupervisionmatchingmechanismbythedepartmentsinchargeoftheindustryandsupervisiondepartmentsforsettingupamonitoringgrouptooverseetheuseoffunds.ⅱArealisticapproachtomarketanalysis，toavoidtheblindnessoftheprojectdecision-making，reducesandreducesinvestmentrisk.Fullyconsiderbuildingprojectsinthefuturemarketcompetitiveness，designtaskmorescientificandreliability.ⅲCapitalfinancingmusthaveaformalcommitmentdocument，thepartiesmustdoinvestmentfundsinplace，andfundsmusthavedocumentstoensurethattheprojectcanbeapprovedafterthescheduledimplementation.Tothevariousloanconditionsshouldbecarefullyanalyzedtominimizetheburdenofinterestandrepaymentpressure.ⅳTostrengthentheengineeringgeology，hydrology，geologyandland，water，electricity，transport，environmentalprojectssuchasexternalconditionsfortheworkofdepthtomaketheinvestmentestimatetherearesufficientgrounds.Investmentcostisacriticalpartofandmaincontent,itincludestheconstructionprojectfromconstructionpreparatorytocompletionacceptanceofthecostofcombined,anditconsistsofbuildingthecost,equipmenttoolsis,theengineeringconstructionotherfees,reserve,interestinterest,taxforfixedassetsinvestmentandthecurrentfundsandsoonacomposition.Thepricemechanismisthecoreofcostmanagementintheproblem,butalsoinvestmentmacrodecisionandimprovestheprojectinvestmentbenefitofacentralissue.Tostrengthenthecostmanagement,increasetheinvestmenteffects,mustformaunderthestate'smacroeconomiccontrol,takingmarketmainlyformedcostpricemechanism.Thetraditionalbudgetnormsystemundertheplannedeconomysystem,tostrengthentheinvestmentplanmanagement,reducewasteaspectshavecertainpositiverole.Butwiththesocialistmarketeconomyisgraduallyestablishanddevelop,thecurrentbudgetnormsystemandtheincreasinglydoesnotadapt:quotaof"quantity"and"price"noseparate,andformeda"livingmarket"and"deadunitprice",theconflictcan'tinthemarkettruly,promptlyandaccuratelyreflectingthecostofbuildingproducts,Thecurrentbudgetrationofcomprehensivedegreebigger,constructionmeansconsumepartisdead,stockingsconstituteengineeringentityconsumptionpartisdecided,andbythedesignofconstructioncostparts,suchasfeethandscheme,thecontentsuchasverticaltransportationshouldbebyconstructionenterpriseinensuringall-roundtoperformthecontractunderthepremiseofthemselves,thecurrentnorm,shouldbelongtothecontentsoftheNingGuHuacompetition,tothedetrimentofconstructionenterpriseandadvantage,competitiontowin;Thecurrentbudgetnormwithlegalnatureandforcedpropertiesofbudgetrationdirectfeefeesstandard,developersandcontractorsarealteredarbitrarily,orplannedpricingfortheLord;Thecurrentbudgetquotavaluationmainlybydirectfee,indirectfee,independentfee,profitandtaxesconstitute,inadditiontodirectfeetotakeeverythingcorrectlyoutsidetherestrate'sform,andfeesimmobilized,goagainstintuitiveyreflecttheprojectcontentprice,andwiththeinternationalquotedpricewaygapbiggeralso.Inordertowhichinvestmentmacrodecisionandimprovethebenefitofinvestmentproject,musttheplanformationofengineeringcostpricemechanism,insteadofunderthestate'smacroeconomiccontrolbymarketmainlyformedengineeringcostpricemechanism,wasalsomustinunityquantitycalculationrulesandsocialaveragerealconsumptionquota,followthecommodityeconomybasedonthelawofvalue,establishmentofmarketmainlyformedcostpricemechanism:oneistofullyrealize"pricevolumeseparation.Thegovernmentissuedtheunityofquantityandpricebudgetnormsystem,insteadofthegovernmentissuedengineeringconsumptionquota,unitpriceforseven,becomecurrentlyissuedguidedpriceswantseveryonetoexecuteinsteadreleasedmarketinformation,thusmakingthepriceguidancetothepriceofchangingwithrelativelystablephysicalconsumptionphaseseparation,2itisunifiedquantitycalculationrules.Willgraduallyaccordingtointernationalhabit,unifiedquantitiesname,unitofmeasurement,calculationrules,projectNumbersisnotonlybeneficialtothemarketforguidance,etc,butalsowiththeinternationalcommunity,Threeistoengineeringentityconsumptionandnonentityconsumption(constructionmeasuresexconsume)relativeapart.Thisishelpfultothecontractorplaytotheirrespectiveadvantages,competitiontowin;Thefourthissimplifiedtrivalfees.ThecurrentnormofeachZiMucostcannotdirectlyreflect,mustrecalculatefeescanbeknown,ZiMuaftereachandeveryitemconstructioncostofthetotalvalueoftherelationshipwithfuzzy,simplifythefare,eachpartialandZiMucostandpricerelationshipbecameclear,whichinvestmentcontrolactivitiesandsubcontractoranddesignthevariationvaluation,Fiveisreservedtothegovernmentofimportantfactorsofproductionpriceinterventionpower.Astothemarketsomeresourceswhenthehighestpricefixing,fixingminimumdailywageslevelandsometypeofhighestdailywageslimitetc.Costdeterminationandinvestmentcontrolthroughoutthewholeprojectconstruction,projectinvestmentthathasthelargesteffectonstageofdesign.Inconstructionprojectsonthelifeperiod,preliminarydesignoftheprojectofconstructionprojectbasicallydecidedthescale,structure,constructionstandardsandusefunction,formeddesignbudgetaryestimate,determinetheinvestmentceiling.Afterthecompletionoftheconstructiondrawingdesign,formulateconstructiondrawingbudget,accuratelycalculateconstructionengineeringcost.Therefore,engineeringdesignistoinfluenceandcontrolofconstructionengineeringcostofkeysectorsandanimportantstage.Foralongtime,weintheconstructioncostmanagement,ignoredincommondesignphaseprojectofinvestmentcontrol,andoftentakecontrolprojectinvestmentandprojectcostfocusesontheimplementationstage,putinagreatdealofmanpowerandmaterialresourcestorevieworcomputingarchitectureinstallationprojectcost,seldomconsiderhowtoreachintoreasonablefund,acquirebeautifulgenerous,completefunctionsapplicable,reasonableeconomyconstructionproducts.Accordingtothedomesticandforeignrelevantstatisticsshowthatthepreliminarydesignstageaffectedtheprojectinvestmentamounttheamplitudeofthepossibilityfor70-90percent,inthetechnicaldesignstage(constructiondesign)affectinvestmentpossibilitiesfor30-75%,Duringtheprojectconstructionphase(theimplementationstageeffectofprojectinvestmentpossibilitiesfor5%-25%.Orspecifically,designphaseaffecttheprojectinvestmentpossibilityto80%,andthepossibilityoftheimplementationstageaffectinvestment,atbestnotexceed20%,namelythroughvariousmeasurestoreducecostutmostnothingmorethan20percentforthefollowing.Normallydesigndrawingsoncecompleted,"accordingtodrawingconstruction"istheprincipleofconstructionenterprisemustperform,constructionenterprisesshallnotbeentitledtooptionalchangedrawings,alsohavenotime,energyandtakeriskstoconsideroptimizationdesign.Andourcountrytherearegenerallydesigndepartmentconservative,somedesignonlyfigureconvenient,withexperiencewithoutschemecontrast,evenblindpursuesafetyanddesignfees,andbudgetcontrolisvitalinterestswiththedesigninstitutehasnothingtodo,sodon'tevenbreakthecontrol.Engineeringdesignandprojectcostissupposedtobeaunifiedwholeofmutualcoordinationandcooperationtopromotethetwotasks,andinourpractice,butlikeadifferentpathBenztwocar,villagepopulated,withoutrelevance.Designdepartment;thedesignqualityandgeneralregardlessofengineeringcost,ortotheconstructionofthecountrycausedagreatwasteofmoney.Tochangethissituation,adverseinthedesignstage,wemuststrengthentheconstructioncostanddesignbetweenhorizontalcooperation,promotedesign-limited,graduallyexecutedwith"price"fixed"quantity"designmethods,intheprojectinvestmentscope,accordingto"safe""economy""application""frugal"principleforengineeringdesign,promptingdesignershavecarefully,elaboratedesign,achieveinthedesignstageeffectivecontroloftheprojectcostpurpose;Tooptimizethedesignofargumentation,thepurposeofwhichistoadoptthedesignschemeisittechnicallyfeasible,functioncansatisfytheneed,economicallywhetherreasonable,whetherusingonsafetyandreliability.Especiallyineconomy,designoptimizationisimportantmeansofcontrol,anewprocessofuse,newmaterialofdedication,somelocaldesignchangeetc,thesefactorschange,oftenmakeengineeringcostgreatlyincreaseordecrease.Accordingtoresearchdatashows,thedepartmentofconstructionprojectissensitive,spacelayout,layernumberandlayeraretall,structureandthechoiceofmaterials,designoftheselectionofthefactors,thedirectimpactonthediscretionoftheengineeringcost.So,wanttocontroltheengineeringcostinthedesignphase,shewilldoitwelldesignoptimizationofwork,inthedesignstagedesignbiddingandthedesignschemeofthecampaign,anduseofvalueengineeringmeansofalternativestooptimizedesignscheme,whichwillbethetechnicalandeconomicevaluation,achievetruewithoptimaldesign,themosteconomicinvestment,tobuildthebestprojectpurposes.Constructionengineeringcostcontrolprocess,isprojectcostmanagementisthemainform,istoimprovetheprojectinvestmentbenefitisthekey,itisperforativeindecisionevaluationphase,designphase,projectcontractingstage,constructionimplementationstage,suchasthecompletionacceptancestageprojectconstructionprocess.Scientificsubtleandsystematicallystagessetupinvestmentcontroltarget,canpassaimcontrol,intheprojectinvestmentdecision-making,design,andimplementationstage,theout-contractinginvestmentamountcontrolbeforetheapprovedlimitsandtorectifywithined.,ensureinvestmenttargetsmoothrealizationandmakeinvestmentestimation,projectbudget,contractingestimates,thedesigncontractpricemorereasonableaccurate,realandreflecttheobjectiveprojectreality,effectivelypreventingthebudgetprocessamountexceedstheestimation,thebudgetexceedsthebudgetestimates,thecompletionofthis"settlementSanChao"phenomenalhappenin