美國文學簡史筆記(常耀信)

AConciseHistoryofAmericanLiteratureWhatisliterature?Literatureislanguageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.Chapter1ColonialPeriodBackground:PuritanismfeaturesofPuritanismPredestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Totaldepravity(4) Limitedatonement:Onlythe “elect ”canbesaved.InfluenceAgroupofgoodqualities–hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influencedAmericanliterature.(2)Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.(3)Symbolism:theAmericanpuritan’smetaphoricalofmodeperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.II.Overviewoftheliteraturetypesofwritingdiaries,histories,journals,letters,travelbooks,autobiographies/biographies,sermonswritersofcolonialperiodAnneBradstreetEdwardTaylorRogerWilliamsJohnWoolmanThomasPainePhilipFreneauJonathanEdwardslifeworksTheFreedomoftheWillTheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefendedTheNatureofTrueVirtueideas–pioneeroftranscendentalismThespiritofrevivalismRegenerationofmanGod’spresencePuritanidealismlifeworksPoorRichardAlmanac’sAutobiographycontributionHehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospitalandtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.Hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfire(electricityinthiscase)fromheaven”.精選文檔(3) Everythingseemstomeetinthisoneman –“Jackofalltrades ”.HermanMelvillethusdescribedhim “masterofeachandmasteredbynone ”.Chapter2AmericanRomanticismSection1EarlyRomanticPeriodWhatisRomanticism?AnapproachfromancientGreek:PlatoAliterarytrend:18cinBritain(1798~1832)SchlegelBros.Preview:Characteristicsofromanticismsubjectivityfeelingandemotions,findingtruthemphasisonimaginationemphasisonindividualism–personalfreedom,noheroworship,naturalgoodnessofhumanbeingsbacktomedieval,espmedievalfolkliteratureunrestrainedbyclassicalrulesfullofimaginationcolloquiallanguagefreedomofimaginationgenuineinfeelings:answertheircallforclassicsbacktonaturenatureis “breathinglivingthing ”(Rousseau)AmericanRomanticismBackgroundPoliticalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopmentRomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesDerivative–foreigninfluencefeaturesAmericanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained “analienquality ”forthesimplereasonthat “thespiritowasradicallynewandalien.ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.III.WashingtonIrvingseveralnamesattachedtoIrvingfirstAmericanwriterthemessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworldfatherofAmericanliteraturelifeworksAHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynastyTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(Hewonameasureofinternationalrecognitionwiththepublicationofthis.)TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus— 2精選文檔AChronicleoftheConquestofGranadaTheAlhambraLiterarycareer:twoparts1809~1832SubjectsareeitherEnglishorEuropeanConservativelovefortheantique1832~1859:backtoUSstyle–beautifulgentility,urbanity,pleasantnessavoidingmoralizing–amusingandentertainingenvelopingstoriesinanatmospherevividandtruecharactershumour–smilingwhilereadingmusicallanguageIV. JamesFenimoreCooperlifeworks(1) Precaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAusten PrideandPrejudice’s)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairiepointofviewthethemeofwildernessvs.civilization,freedomvs.law,ordervs.change,aristocratvs.democrat,naturalrightsvs.legalrightsstylehighlyimaginativegoodatinventingtalesgoodatlandscapedescriptionconservativecharacterizationwoodenandlackinginprobabilitylanguageanduseofdialectnotauthenticliteraryachievementsHecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.IfthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesis,inasense,theprocessoftheAmericansettlersexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward,thenCooperLeatherstocking’TaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.Section2SummitofRomanticism –AmericanTranscendentalismBackground:foursourcesUnitarianismFatherhoodofGodBrotherhoodofmenLeadershipofJesus(4) Salvationbycharacter(perfectionofone ’scharacter)ContinuedprogressofmankindDivinityofmankindDepravityofmankindRomanticIdealism— 3精選文檔Centeroftheworldisspirit,absolutespirit(Kant)OrientalmysticismCenteroftheworldis “oversoul ”PuritanismEloquentexpressionintranscendentalismAppearance1836, “Nature”byEmersonFeaturesspirit/oversoulimportanceofindividualismnature–symbolofspirit/Godgarmentoftheoversoulfocusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)IV.InfluenceItservedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.Itstressedreligioustolerance,calledtothrowoffshacklesofcustomsandtraditionsandgoforwardtothedevelopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.Itadvocatedidealismthatwasgreatneededinarapidlyexpandedeconomywhereopportunityoftenbecameopportunism,andthedesireto“getonmoral”obscuredthnecessityforrisingtospiritualheight.3. IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.RalphWaldoEmersonlifeworksNatureTwoessays:TheAmericanScholar,ThePoetpointofviewOnemajorelementofhisphilosophyishisfirmbeliefinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”.Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andthemostsanctifyingmoralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanentGodinnature.Ifmandependsuponhimself,cultivateshimselfandbringsoutthedivineinhimself,hecanhopetobecomebetterandevenperfect.ThisiswhatEmersonmeansby “theinfinitudeofman ”.Everyoneshouldunderstandthathemakeshimselfbymakinghisworld,andthathemakestheworldbymakinghimself.aestheticideasHeisacompleteman,aneternalman.Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.Thepoetshouldexpresshisthoughtinsymbols.Astotheme,EmersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericawhichwastohimalonepoeminitself.hisinfluenceVI. HenryDavidThoreaulifeworksAWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiverWalden— 4精選文檔APleaforJohnBrown(anessay)pointofviewHedidnotlikethewayamaterialisticAmericawasdevelopingandwasvehementlyoutspokenonthepoint.Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbytheslaverysystem.LikeEmerson,butmorethanhim,Thoreausawnatureasagenuinerestorative,healthyinfluenceonman ’sspiritual-beingwell.Hehasfaithintheinnervirtueandinward,spiritualgraceofman.Hewasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.(6) “Simplicity simplify! ”Hewassorelydisgustedwith“theinundationsofthedirtyinstitutionsofmen’sodd-fellowsociety ”.Hehascalmtrustinthefutureandhisardentbeliefinanewgenerationofmen.Section3LateRomanticismI.NathanielHawthornelifeworksTwocollectionsofshortstories:Twice-toldTales,MossesfromandOldManseTheScarletLetterTheHouseoftheSevenGablesTheMarbleFaunpointofview(1) Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife, “thatblacknessinHawthorne ”Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration(causality).Heisoftheopinionthatevileducates.Hehasdisgustinscience.aestheticideasHetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.Tohimthesefurnishthesoilonwhichhismindgrowstofruition.HewasconvincedthatromancewasthepredestinedformofAmericannarrative.Totellthetruthandsatirizeandyetnottooffend:ThatwaswhatHawthornehadinmindtoachieve.style–typicalromanticwritertheuseofsymbols(2)revelationofcharacters’psychology(3)theuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactual(4)hisstoriesareparable(parableinform)–toteachalesson(5)useofambiguitytokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertainty–multiplepointofviewII.HermanMelville1.life2.works(1)Typee(2)Omio(3)Mardi(4)Redburn(5)WhiteJacket(6)MobyDick(7)Pierre— 5精選文檔BillyBuddpointofview(1) Heneverseemsabletosayanaffirmative yestolife: Hisistheattitudeof“EverlastingNay”(negativeattitudetowardslife).Oneofthemajorthemesofhisisalienation(farawayfromeachother).Otherthemes:loneliness,suicidalindividualism(individualismcausingdisasteranddeath),rejectionandquest,confrontationofinnocenceandevil,doubtsoverthecomforting19cideaofprogressstyleLikeHawthorne,Melvillemanagestoachievetheeffectofambiguitythroughemployingthetechniqueofmultipleviewofhisnarratives.Hetendstowriteperiodicchapters.Hisrichrhythmicalproseandhispoeticpowerhavebeenprofuselycommenteduponandpraised.Hisworksaresymbolicandmetaphorical.Heincludesmanynon-narrativechaptersoffactualbackgroundordescriptionofwhatgoesonboardtheshiporontheroute(MobyDick)RomanticPoetsWaltWhitmanlifework:LeavesofGrass(9editions)SongofMyselfThereWasaChildWentForthCrossingBrooklynFerryDemocraticVistasPassagetoIndiaOutoftheCradleEndlesslyRockingthemes–“CatalogueofAmericanandEuropeanthought”HehadbeeninfluencedbymanyAmericanandEuropeanthoughts:enlightenment,idealism,transcendentalism,science,evolutionideas,westernfrontierspirits,Jefferson’sindividualism,CivilWarUnionism,Orientalism.Majorthemesinhispoems(almosteverything):equalityofthingsandbeingsdivinityofeverythingimmanenceofGoddemocracyevolutionofcosmosmultiplicityofnatureself-reliantspiritdeath,beautyofdeathexpansionofAmericabrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(unityofnationsintheworld)pursuitofloveandhappiness4. style: “freeverse ”nofixedrhymeorschemeparallelism,arhythmofthoughtphoneticrecurrencethehabitofusingsnapshots(5) theuseofacertainpronoun “I”alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructure— 6精選文檔useofconventionalimagestrongtendencytouseoralEnglishvocabulary–powerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrongsentences–cataloguetechnique:longlistofnames,longpoemlinesinfluenceHisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.HetookoverWhitman’svisionofthepoet-prophetandpoet-teacherandrecastitinamoresophisticatedandEuropeanizedmood.HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.ContemporaryAmericanpoetry,whateverschoolorform,bearswitnesstohisgreatinfluence.II.EmilyDickensonlifeworksMyLifeClosedTwicebeforeItsCloseBecauseICan’tStopforDeathIHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdiedMine–bytheRightoftheWhiteElectionWildNights–WildNightsthemes:basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrowsreligion–doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjectsdeathandimmortalitylove–sufferingandfrustrationcausedbylovephysicalaspectofdesirenature–kindandcruelfreewillandhumanresponsibilitystylepoemswithouttitlessevereeconomyofexpressiondirectness,brevitymusicaldevicetocreatecadence(rhythm)capitalletters–emphasisshortpoems,mainlytwostanzasrhetorictechniques:personification–makesomeofabstractideasvividComparison:Whitmanvs.DickinsonSimilarities:Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualism anditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:theywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.differences:Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.(2)WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional(3)Dickinsonhasthe“cataloguetechnique(direct,”simplestyle)whichWhitmandoesn’thave.— 7精選文檔EdgarAllenPoeLifeWorksshortstoriesratiocinativestoriesMsFoundinaBottleTheMurdersintheRueMorgueThePurloinedLetterRevenge,deathandrebirthTheFalloftheHouseofUsherLigeiaTheMasqueoftheRedDeathLiterarytheoryThePhilosophyofCompositionThePoeticPrinciplec. ReviewofHawthorne Twice’s-toldTalesThemes1.death–predominantthemeinPoe’swriting“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.2.disintegration(separation)oflife3.horror4.negativethoughtsofscienceIV.AestheticideasTheshortstoriesshouldbeofbrevity,totality,singleeffect,compressionandfinality.Thepoemsshouldbeshort,andtheaimshouldbebeauty,thetonemelancholy.Poemsshouldnotbeofmoralizing.Hecallsforpurepoetryandstressesrhythm.Style–traditional,butnoteasytoreadVI. Reputation: “thejingleman ”(Emerson)VII. HisinfluencesChapter3TheAgeofRealismBackground:FromRomanticismtoRmercialgentility1880’surbanization:fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalismtheclosingofAmericanfrontierCharacteristicstruthfuldescriptionoflifetypicalcharacterundertypicalcircumstanceobjectiveratherthanidealized,closeobservationandinvestigationoflife“Realisticwritersarelikescientists. ”open-ending:Lifeiscomplexandcannotbefullyunderstood.Itleavesmuchroomforreaderstothinkbythemselves.concernedwithsocialandpsychologicalproblems,revealingthefrustrationsofcharactersinanenvironmentofsordidnessanddepravityThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod1. WilliamDeanHowells –“DeanofAmericanRealism ”Realisticprinciples— 8精選文檔a. Realismis “fidelitytoexperienceandprobabilityofmotive ”.b. Theaimis “talkofsomeordinarytraitsofAmericanlife ”.ManinhisnaturalandunaffecteddullnesswastheobjectofHowells’fictionalsrepresentation.Realismisbynomeansmerephotographicpicturesofexternalsbutincludesacentralconcernwith “motives ”andpsychologicalconflicts.Hecondemnsnovelsofsentimentalityandmorbidself-sacrifice,andavoidssuchthemesasillicitlove.Authorsshouldminimizeplotandtheartificialorderingofthesenseofsomething“desultory,unfinished,imperfect ”.Charactersshouldhavesolidityofspecificationandbereal.Interpretingsympatheticallythe“commonfeelingsofcommonplacepeople”wasbestsuitedasatechniquetoexpressthespiritofAmerica.Heurgedwriterstowinnowtraditionandwriteinkeepingwithcurrenthumanitarianideals.Truthisthehighestbeauty,butitincludestheviewthatmoralitypenetratesallthings.Withregardtoliterarycriticism,Howellsfeltthattheliterarycriticshouldnottrytoimposearbitraryorsubjectiveevaluationsonbooksbutshouldfollowthedetachedscientistinaccuratedescription,interpretation,andclassification.WorksTheRiseofSilasLaphamAChanceAcquaintanceAModernInstanceFeaturesofHisWorksOptimistictoneMoraldevelopment/ethicsLackingofpsychologicaldepthHenryJamesLifeLiterarycareer:threestages1865~1882:internationalthemeTheAmericanDaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady1882~1895:inter-personalrelationshipsandsomeplaysDaisyMiller(play)1895~1900:novellasandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescence,thenbacktointernationalthemeTheTurnoftheScrewWhenMaisieKnewTheAmbassadorsTheWingsoftheDoveTheGoldenBowlAestheticideasTheaimofnovel:representlifeCommon,evenuglysideoflifeSocialfunctionofartAvoidingomniscientpointofviewPointofview— 9精選文檔Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousnessPsychologicalrealismHighly-refinedlanguage(5) Style–“stylist ”Language:highly-refined,polished,insightful,accurateVocabulary:largeConstruction:complicated,intricateMarkTwain(seenextsection)LocalColorism1860s,1870s~1890sI.AppearanceunevendevelopmentineconomyinAmericaculture:flourishingoffrontierliterature,humouristsmagazinesappearedtoletwriterpublishtheirworksII. Whatis “LocalColour ”?Tasksoflocalcolourists:towriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.Regionalliterature(similar,butlargerinworld)Garland,Harte–thewestEggleston–IndianaMrsStoweJewett–MaineChopin–LouisianaMarkTwain–MississippilifeworksTheGildedAge(2) “thetwoadvantages ”LifeontheMississippi(4) AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur ’sCourtTheManThatCorruptedHardleybugstylecolloquiallanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectslocalcoloursyntacticfeature:sentencesaresimple,brief,sometimesungrammaticalhumourtalltales(highlyexaggerated)socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)IV. Comparisonofthethree “giants ”ofAmericanRealismThemeHowells–middleclassJames–upperclassTwain–lowerclassTechniqueHowells–smiling/genteelrealismJames–psychologicalrealismTwain–localcolourismandcolloquialismChapter4AmericanNaturalismBackground1. Darwin’stheory: “naturalselection ”— 10精選文檔2. Spenser’sidea: “socialDarwinism ”FrenchNaturalism:ZoraII.Featuresenvironmentandheredityscientificaccuracyandalotofdetailsgeneraltone:hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesocietysignificanceItpreparesthewayforthewritingof1920s ’ “l(fā)ostgeneration ”andT.S.Eliot.IV. TheodoreDreiserlifeworksSisterCarrieThetrilogy:Financier,TheTitan,TheStoicJennieGerhardtAmericanTragedyTheGeniuspointofviewHeembracedsocialDarwinism–survivalofthefittest.Helearnedtoregardmanasmerelyananimaldrivenbygreedandlustinastruggleforexistenceinwhichonlythe “fittest ost”,ruthless,themsurvive.Lifeispredatory,a“game”ofthelecherousandheartless,ajunglestruggleinwhichman,being“awaifandaninterloperinNature”a,“wispinthewindofsocialforces”is,amerepawninthegeneralschemeofthings,withnopowerwhatevertoasserthiswill.Nooneisethicallyfree;everythingisdeterminedbyacomplexofinternalchemismsandbytheforcesofsocialpressure.SisterCarriePlotAnalysisStyleWithoutgoodstructureDeficientcharacterizationLackinimaginationJournalisticmethodTechniquesinpaintingChapter5TheModernPeriodSection1The1920sIntroductionThe1920sisafloweringperiodofAmericanliterature.Itisconsidered“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.Thenicknamesforthisperiod:Roaring20s–comfortDollarDecade–richJazzAge–JazzmusicII.Backgrounda) FirstWorldWar–“awartoendallwars ”Economically:becamerichfromWWI.Economicboom:newinventions.Highly-consumingsociety.Spiritually:dislocation,fragmentation.— 11精選文檔wide-spreadcontemptforlaw(lookingdownuponlaw)Freud’stheoryIII.FeaturesoftheliteratureWriters:threegroupsParticipantsExpatriates(3) Bohemian(unconventionalwayoflife) –on-lookersTwoareas:FailureofcommunicationofAmericansFailureoftheAmericansocietyImagismBackgroundImagism wasinfluenced by Frenchsymbolism, ancient ChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature “haiku”Development:threestages1908~1909:London,Hulme1912~1914:England->America,Pound1914~1917:AmyLowellIII. Whatisan “image”?AnimageisdefinedbyPoundasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime, “avortexorclusteroffusedideas ” “endowedwithenergymustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet ’thetimeofwriting.IV. Principles1. Directtreatmentofthe “thing ”,whethersubjectiveorobjective;Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.V.SignificanceItwasarebellionagainstthetraditionalpoeticswhichfailedtoreflectthenewlifeofthenewcentury.ItofferedanewwayofwritingwhichwasvalidnotonlyfortheImagistpoetsbutformodernpoetryasawhole.Themovementwasatrainingschoolinwhichmanygreatpoetslearnedtheirfirstlessonsinthepoeticart.ItisthismovementthathelpedtoopenthefirstpagesofmodernEnglishandAmericanpoetry.VI. EzraPoundlifeliterarycareerworksCathayCantosHughSelwynMauberleypointofviewConfidentinPound’beliefsthattheartistwasmorallyandculturallythearbiterandthe“saviourofthe”race,hetookituponhimselftopurifytheartsandbecametheprimemoverofafewexperimentalmovements,theaimofwhichwastodumptheoldintothedustbinandbringforthsomethingnew.Tohimlifewassordidpersonalcrushingoppression,andcultureproducednothing— 12精選文檔but “intangiblebondage ”.PoundseesinChinesehistoryandthedoctrineofConfuciusasourceofstrengthandwisdomwithwhichtocounterpointWesterngloomandconfusion.Hesawachaoticworldthatwantedsettingtorights,andahumanity,sufferingfromspiritualdeathandcosmicinjustice,thatneededsaving.HewasforthemostpartofhislifetryingtoofferConfucianphilosophyastheonefaithwhichcouldhelptosavetheWest.style:verydifficulttoreadPound’earlyspoemsarefreshandlyrical.TheCantoscanbenotoriouslydifficultinsomesections,butdelightfullybeautifulinothers.Fewhavemadeseriousstudyofthelongpoem;fewer,ifanyoneatall,havehadthecouragetodeclarethattheyhaveconqueredPound;andmanyseemtoagreethattheCantosisamonumentalfailure.ContributionHehashelped,throughtheoryandpractice,tochartoutthecourseofmodernpoetry.7. TheCantos–“theintellectualdiarysince1915 ”Features:Language:intricateandobscureTheme:complexsubjectmattersForm:nofixedframework,nocentraltheme,noattentiontopoeticrulesVII. T.S.EliotlifeworkspoemsTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrockTheWasteLand(epic)HollowManAshWednesdayFourQuartersPlaysMurderintheCathedralSweeneyAgonistesTheCocktailPartyTheConfidentialClerkCriticalessaysTheSacredWoodEssaysonStyleandOrderElizabethanEssaysTheUseofPoetryandTheUseofCriticismsAfterStrangeGodspointofviewThemodernsocietyisfutileandchaotic.Onlypoetscancreatesomeorderoutofchaos.Themethodtouseistocomparethepastandthepresent.StyleFreshvisualimagery,flexibletoneandhighlyexpressiverhythmDifficultanddisconnectedimagesandsymbols,quotationsandallusionsEllipticalstructures,strangejuxtapositions,anabsenceofbridgesTheWasteLand:fivepartsTheBurialoftheDeadAGameofChess— 13精選文檔TheFireSermonDeathbyWaterWhattheThunderSaidVIII. RobertFrostlifepointofview(1) Allhislife,Frostwasconcernedwithconstructionsthroughpo etry. “amomentarystayagainstconfusion ”.Heunderstandstheterrorandtragedyinnature,butalsoitsbeauty.(3) UnliketheEnglishromanticpoetsof19 thcentury,hedidn ’tbelievethatmancouldfindharmonywithnature.Hebelievedthatserenitycamefromworking,usuallyamid natural forces, which couldn’betunderstood. He regardedwork as“significanttoil ”.3. works–poemsthefirst:ABoy ’sWillcollections:NorthofBoston,MountainInterval(mature),NewHampshirestyle/featuresofhispoemsMostofhispoemstookNewEnglandassetting,andthesubjectswerechosenfromdailylifeofordinarypeople,suchas “mendingwall ”, “pickingap(2) Hewritesmostoftenaboutlandscapeandpeople –thelonelinessandpovertyofisolatedfarmers,beauty,terrorandtragedyinnature.Healsodescribessomeabnormalpeople,e.g. “deceptivelysimple ”, “philosophicalpoet ”.Althoughhewaspopularduring1920s,hedidn’experimentlikeothermodernpoets.Heusedconventionalforms,plainlanguage,traditionalmetre,andwroteinapasturedtradition.IX.e.e.cummings“ajugglerwithsyntax,grammaranddictionindividualism,”–“painterpoet”Novelsinthe1920sI.F.ScottFitzgerald1.life–participantin1920s2.works(1)ThisSideofParadise(2)FlappersandPhilosophers(3)TheBeautifulandtheDamned(4)TheGreatGatsby(5)TenderistheNight(6)AlltheSadYoungMan(7)TheLastTycoon3.pointofview(1)Heexpressedwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-called“AmericanDream”isfalseinnature.Hehadalwaysbeencriticaloftherichandtriedtoshowtheintegratingeffectsofmoneyontheemotionalmake-upofhischaracter.Hefoundthatwealthalteredpeople’scharacters,makingthemmeananddistrusted.Hethinksmoneybroughtonlytragedyandremorse.(3) Hisnovelsfollowapattern:dream –lackofattraction–failureanddespair.Hisideasof“AmericanDream”Itisfalsetomostyoungpeople.Onlythosewhoweredishonestcouldbecomerich.StyleFitzgeraldwasoneofthegreatstylistsinAmericanliterature.Hisproseissmooth,— 14精選文檔sensitive,andcompletelyoriginalinitsdictionandmetaphors.Itssimplicityandgracefulness,itsskillinmanipulatingtherelationbetweenthegeneralandthespecificrevealhisconsummateartistry.TheGreatGatsbyNarrativepointofview –NickHeisrelatedtoeveryoneinthenovelandiscalmanddetectedobserverwhoisneverquicktomakejudgements.SelectedomniscientpointofviewErnestHemingwaylifepointofview(influencedbyexperienceinwar)(1) HefeltthatWWIhadbrok enAmerica ’scultureandtraditions,andseparatedfromitsroots.Hewroteaboutmenandwomenwhowereisolatedfrom tradition,frightened,sometimesridiculous,tryingtofindtheirownway.Hecondemnedwaraspurposelessslaughter,buttheattitudechangedwhenhetookpartinSpanishCivilWarwhenhefo