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英語專四語法總結(jié)一不定式

不定式

1.不定式做主語

(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞:不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格

行為特征的形容詞做表語時,不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo):absurd,bold,brave,

courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,s川y,stupid,good,nice,kind,

thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,

wicked,wrongo如:

Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.Ifscleverof

youtohaveinventedsuchadevice.

(2)不定式做主語補足語:

掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間,并采用相應(yīng)

形式。如:besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.

2.不定式做賓語

掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞:

afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,

intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,ventureo如:

Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhen

theycameintotheroom.

3.不定式做定語

(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定

詞時,該名詞用不定式做定語。in:thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月

球的女性

(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語,相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:

tendencytodo-tendtodo,decisiontodo—decidetodo

ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.

(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語,相應(yīng)的名詞?般用不定式做定語。如:

ambitiontodo”干...的雄心”一beambitioustodo“有雄心干..."curiositytodo

“對...的好奇心”-becurioustodo“對....好奇”

abilitytodo”做...的能力''-abletodo“有能力做....”

AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'abilitytosurviveare

naturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.

(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語,這些名詞包括:

way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,

movement,drive(運動),effort等。如:IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardly

hadtimetocatchthelastbus.

Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexisting

problem.

(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如:

Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.

4.不定式做狀語

不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。

(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語,soasto不能置于句首。

(2)so...asto,such...asto,enough...to,too...to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如:

Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildren

andgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.

ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish

aresotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.

(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的結(jié)果,有時用only加強(qiáng)語

氣。

常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如:

Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.

(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto

表示肯定意義。如:

Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息,我太高興了。

相關(guān)推薦:

英語專四語法總結(jié)一時態(tài)、語態(tài)

時態(tài)、語態(tài)

1.表達(dá)將來時的形式:

(1)在時間、條件、讓步從句中,一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時,但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型,

如:

Plltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.(賓語從句)比較:門Itellhimwhenyouringagain.

(狀語從句)

(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中,謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代

替將來時,如:

Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowthe

answertolasttime.

(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)

2,完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點,注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語:

⑴by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從

句,主句用過去完成時。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothe

door.

Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswere

portrayedhadbeenproduced.

(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)

(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句,主句用將來完成

時。如:

BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wew川havestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.

Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.

(3)bynow>since+過去時間、in/during/for/ovei7thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)

字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時,但在itis+具體時間since/before這?句型中,

主句更多的時候不用完成時。如:

Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhave

seemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19th

century.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.

(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中,謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。

如:

Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.

(5)在nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when…句型中,主句常用過去完成時。

3.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如:

Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.

時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路:

(1)先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài),然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時

間狀語,縮小選擇范圍,進(jìn)而選出正確答案;

(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系,確定句子是主動語態(tài)

還是被動語態(tài)。

英語專四語法總結(jié)一分詞

分詞

分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應(yīng)清楚:

?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動,表示動作在進(jìn)行。

?過去分詞表示被動,表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。

1.分詞做定語,弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語

從句,考生應(yīng)掌握:

(I)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如:

It'seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodemlifeandonthevague

changestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)

TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygiving

whathethoughtwasareasonfbrthisAmericancharacteristic4相當(dāng)于whichgave...)

Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthe

discussion?

(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)

(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如:

Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheport

announcedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)于...recaptureoftheport

whichhadbeenannounced...)

Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,

sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相當(dāng)于...each

newphonewhichisaddedto...)

Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相當(dāng)

于...descriptionwhichwasbasedon...)

(3)F列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義:

deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,

vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如:

anescapedprisoner逃犯aretiredworker退休工人afhdedcurtain褪了色的窗簾anewly

arrivedstudent新來的學(xué)生

2.分詞做狀語,注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式

(1)表示時間,多置于句首,注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞,要用完成

式。如:

Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)

(2)表示原因,置于句首句尾均可,根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式,有時用一般式。如:

Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficiently

popularwithallmembers.

Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,would

findhiswaythroughit.

(3)表示伴隨、方式,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:

Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.

Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.

(4)表示結(jié)果,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlast

summerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.

(5)表示補充說明(同位),置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thearticleopensandcloseswith

descriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Ford

trieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.

3,分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語,稱為分詞獨立

主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分。如:Allflightshavingbeencanceled

becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.

Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.

英語專四語法總結(jié)一非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞的其他考點

L接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以,

但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法

meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing

意味(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)

proposedoing建議(做某事)

forgettodo忘記(要做的事)forget

doing忘記(已做的事)remembertodo記

得(要做某事)rememberdoing記得(做過)

goontodo繼而(做另一件事)goon

doing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)stoptodo停下

來去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做

的事

regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾

regretdoing(對已做過的事而悔

2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法

句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbut

do,cannotchoosebutdo,cando

nothingbutdo,haveno

choice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意

思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做"、”不

由自主地做,“不能不做”、“只能做”。

如:

Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedby

theworldintowhichheistakenbythe

sciencefiction.

WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisas

apainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthe

publicwillappreciatehisgift.

3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法

句型:bebusy/activedoingsth,have

difficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.,It's

nogood/usedoingsth./havea

good/great/wonderfiiltimedoingsth.

spend/wastetimedoingsth./Thereisno

point/sense/harm/usedoingsth.

cannothelpdoingsth.

Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan't

helpthinkingaboutit.Thereisnouse

cryingoverspiltmilk.

Alicewashavingtroublecontrolling

thechildrenbecausethereweresomanyof

them.

4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法

(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)

要求。如:

Thestudentsexpectedtheretobe

morereviewingclassesbeforethefinal

exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語)

(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用for

theretobe,做其他狀語用therebeingo

如:

Fortheretobesuccessful

communication,theremustbe

attentivenessandinvolvementinthe

discussionitselfbyallpresent.

(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)

Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobea

frosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scarout

quitesafely,(fortheretobe…在句中做程

度狀語)

Therebeingnofurtherquestions,

we511stopheretoday,(therebeing…做原

因狀語)

(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如:

Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomers

today.

(4)做除for外的介詞賓語,用there

beingo如:

Hewouldalwaysignorethefactof

therebeingsuchacontradictioninhis

innerthought.

英語專四語法總結(jié)一非謂語動詞的其他

考點

非謂語動詞的其他考點

1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可

以,但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法

meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing

意味(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)

proposedoing建議(做某事)

forgettodo忘記(要做的事)forget

doing忘記(已做的事)remembertodo記

得(要做某事)rememberdoing記得(做過)

goontodo繼而(做另一件事)goon

doing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)stoptodo停下

來去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做

的事

regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾

regretdoing(對已做過的事而悔

2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法

句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbut

docannotchoosebutdocandonothing

butdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo

上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、

“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、

“只能做"。如:

Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedby

theworldintowhichheistakenbythe

sciencefiction.

WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisas

apainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthe

publicwillappreciatehisgift.

3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法

句型:bebusy/activedoingsth.have

difficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It's

nogood/use/picnicdoingsth.havea

good/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.

spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisno

point/sense/harm/usedoingsth.

cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisno

doingsth.

Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan't

helpthinkingaboutit.Thereisnouse

cryingoverspiltmilk.

Alicewashavingtroublecontrolling

thechildrenbecausethereweresomanyof

them.

4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法

(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)

要求。如:

Thestudentsexpectedtheretobe

morereviewingclassesbeforethefinal

exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語)

(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用for

theretobe,做其他狀語用therebeingo

如:

Fortheretobesuccessful

communication,theremustbe

attentivenessandinvolvementinthe

discussionitselfbyallpresent.

(fortheretobe...在句中做目的狀語)

Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobea

frosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scarout

quitesafely,(fortheretobe…在句中做程

度狀語)

Therebeingnofurtherquestions,

we'llstopheretoday,(therebeing…做原

因狀語)

(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如:

Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomers

today.

(4)做除for外的介詞賓語,用there

beingo如:

Hewouldalwaysignorethefactof

therebeingsuchacontradictioninhis

innerthought.

英語專四語法總結(jié)一虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣

1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)

(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配:

主句從句

與現(xiàn)在事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過

去式+do/were(不分人稱)/did

與過去事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過

去式+havedone

與將來事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過

去式+do/shoulddo/weretodo

如:Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,

thechildcouldnothavedied.

Thereisarealpossibilitythatthese

animalscouldbefrightened,shouldthere

beasuddenloudnoise.

(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概

念:

主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同,這

叫做錯綜時間條件句,動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)

實際情況來調(diào)整。如:

Haditnotbeenforthetimely

investmentfromthegeneralpublic,our

companywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.

(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反,從句與過去

事實相反)

HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesin

thelastelection,hewouldbeourchairman

now.

(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反,從句與過去

事實相反)

(3)識別事實和假設(shè)混合句:

Yourmathinstructorwouldhave

beenhappytogiveyouamake-up

examinationhadyougoneandexplained

thatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子

前半部分為假設(shè)情況,而“父母病了”是

事實)

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthe

hospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI

wasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.

(前半部分為假設(shè),后半部分是事實)

2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式

名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從

句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂

語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛

擬??忌鷳?yīng)熟悉:

(1)下列動詞做謂語時,that賓語從

句中的動詞用虛擬形式:desire,advise,

recommend,command,direct,order,ask,

demand,request,require,insist,maintain,

move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如:I

movethathebedischargedfbrhisserious

mistake.

Inthepastmengenerallypreferred

thattheirwivesworkinthehome.

(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語

時,that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式:

advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,

urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,

essential,imperative,important,necessary,

obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,

advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,

desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,

requested,required,suggestedo如:

Theboarddeemiturgentthatthese

filesshouldbeprintedrightaway.

Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbe

checkedtwice.

(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從

句時,從句中動詞用虛擬形式:insistence,

preference,recommendation,suggestion,

proposal,motion,desire,requirement,

request,order,necessity,importance,

regulation,rule,resolution,understandingo

如:

JohnWagner'smostenduring

contributiontothestudyofAfro-American

poetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzed

inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameof

reference.

Theykeeptellingusitisofutmost

importancethatourrepresentativebesent

totheconferenceonschedule.

3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式

含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過

if從句表達(dá),而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。

考生應(yīng)熟悉:

(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse;副詞

otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假

設(shè)。如:

Asafetyanalysiswouldhave

identifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.

Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.

Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafs

happened;otherwisehewouldn'thave

madesuchastupidremark.

(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件,常用的

有:without,butf

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