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英語專四語法總結(jié)一不定式
不定式
1.不定式做主語
(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞:不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格
行為特征的形容詞做表語時,不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo):absurd,bold,brave,
courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,s川y,stupid,good,nice,kind,
thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,
wicked,wrongo如:
Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.Ifscleverof
youtohaveinventedsuchadevice.
(2)不定式做主語補足語:
掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間,并采用相應(yīng)
形式。如:besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.
2.不定式做賓語
掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞:
afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,
intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,ventureo如:
Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhen
theycameintotheroom.
3.不定式做定語
(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定
詞時,該名詞用不定式做定語。in:thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月
球的女性
(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語,相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:
tendencytodo-tendtodo,decisiontodo—decidetodo
ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語,相應(yīng)的名詞?般用不定式做定語。如:
ambitiontodo”干...的雄心”一beambitioustodo“有雄心干..."curiositytodo
“對...的好奇心”-becurioustodo“對....好奇”
abilitytodo”做...的能力''-abletodo“有能力做....”
AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'abilitytosurviveare
naturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語,這些名詞包括:
way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,
movement,drive(運動),effort等。如:IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardly
hadtimetocatchthelastbus.
Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexisting
problem.
(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如:
Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
4.不定式做狀語
不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。
(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語,soasto不能置于句首。
(2)so...asto,such...asto,enough...to,too...to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如:
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildren
andgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish
aresotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的結(jié)果,有時用only加強(qiáng)語
氣。
常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如:
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.
(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto
表示肯定意義。如:
Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息,我太高興了。
相關(guān)推薦:
英語專四語法總結(jié)一時態(tài)、語態(tài)
時態(tài)、語態(tài)
1.表達(dá)將來時的形式:
(1)在時間、條件、讓步從句中,一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時,但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型,
如:
Plltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.(賓語從句)比較:門Itellhimwhenyouringagain.
(狀語從句)
(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中,謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代
替將來時,如:
Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowthe
answertolasttime.
(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)
2,完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點,注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語:
⑴by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從
句,主句用過去完成時。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothe
door.
Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswere
portrayedhadbeenproduced.
(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)
(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句,主句用將來完成
時。如:
BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wew川havestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
(3)bynow>since+過去時間、in/during/for/ovei7thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)
字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時,但在itis+具體時間since/before這?句型中,
主句更多的時候不用完成時。如:
Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhave
seemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19th
century.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.
(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中,謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。
如:
Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.
(5)在nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when…句型中,主句常用過去完成時。
3.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如:
Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.
時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路:
(1)先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài),然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時
間狀語,縮小選擇范圍,進(jìn)而選出正確答案;
(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系,確定句子是主動語態(tài)
還是被動語態(tài)。
英語專四語法總結(jié)一分詞
分詞
分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應(yīng)清楚:
?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動,表示動作在進(jìn)行。
?過去分詞表示被動,表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。
1.分詞做定語,弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語
從句,考生應(yīng)掌握:
(I)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如:
It'seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodemlifeandonthevague
changestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)
TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygiving
whathethoughtwasareasonfbrthisAmericancharacteristic4相當(dāng)于whichgave...)
Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthe
discussion?
(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)
(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如:
Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheport
announcedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)于...recaptureoftheport
whichhadbeenannounced...)
Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,
sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相當(dāng)于...each
newphonewhichisaddedto...)
Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相當(dāng)
于...descriptionwhichwasbasedon...)
(3)F列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義:
deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,
vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如:
anescapedprisoner逃犯aretiredworker退休工人afhdedcurtain褪了色的窗簾anewly
arrivedstudent新來的學(xué)生
2.分詞做狀語,注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式
(1)表示時間,多置于句首,注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞,要用完成
式。如:
Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)
(2)表示原因,置于句首句尾均可,根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式,有時用一般式。如:
Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficiently
popularwithallmembers.
Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,would
findhiswaythroughit.
(3)表示伴隨、方式,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:
Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.
Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.
(4)表示結(jié)果,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlast
summerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.
(5)表示補充說明(同位),置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thearticleopensandcloseswith
descriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Ford
trieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.
3,分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語,稱為分詞獨立
主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分。如:Allflightshavingbeencanceled
becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.
Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.
英語專四語法總結(jié)一非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞的其他考點
L接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以,
但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法
meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing
意味(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)
proposedoing建議(做某事)
forgettodo忘記(要做的事)forget
doing忘記(已做的事)remembertodo記
得(要做某事)rememberdoing記得(做過)
goontodo繼而(做另一件事)goon
doing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)stoptodo停下
來去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做
的事
regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾
regretdoing(對已做過的事而悔
2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法
句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbut
do,cannotchoosebutdo,cando
nothingbutdo,haveno
choice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意
思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做"、”不
由自主地做,“不能不做”、“只能做”。
如:
Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedby
theworldintowhichheistakenbythe
sciencefiction.
WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisas
apainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthe
publicwillappreciatehisgift.
3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法
句型:bebusy/activedoingsth,have
difficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.,It's
nogood/usedoingsth./havea
good/great/wonderfiiltimedoingsth.
spend/wastetimedoingsth./Thereisno
point/sense/harm/usedoingsth.
cannothelpdoingsth.
Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan't
helpthinkingaboutit.Thereisnouse
cryingoverspiltmilk.
Alicewashavingtroublecontrolling
thechildrenbecausethereweresomanyof
them.
4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法
(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)
要求。如:
Thestudentsexpectedtheretobe
morereviewingclassesbeforethefinal
exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語)
(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用for
theretobe,做其他狀語用therebeingo
如:
Fortheretobesuccessful
communication,theremustbe
attentivenessandinvolvementinthe
discussionitselfbyallpresent.
(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)
Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobea
frosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scarout
quitesafely,(fortheretobe…在句中做程
度狀語)
Therebeingnofurtherquestions,
we511stopheretoday,(therebeing…做原
因狀語)
(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如:
Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomers
today.
(4)做除for外的介詞賓語,用there
beingo如:
Hewouldalwaysignorethefactof
therebeingsuchacontradictioninhis
innerthought.
英語專四語法總結(jié)一非謂語動詞的其他
考點
非謂語動詞的其他考點
1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可
以,但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法
meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing
意味(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)
proposedoing建議(做某事)
forgettodo忘記(要做的事)forget
doing忘記(已做的事)remembertodo記
得(要做某事)rememberdoing記得(做過)
goontodo繼而(做另一件事)goon
doing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)stoptodo停下
來去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做
的事
regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾
regretdoing(對已做過的事而悔
2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法
句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbut
docannotchoosebutdocandonothing
butdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo
上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、
“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、
“只能做"。如:
Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedby
theworldintowhichheistakenbythe
sciencefiction.
WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisas
apainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthe
publicwillappreciatehisgift.
3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法
句型:bebusy/activedoingsth.have
difficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It's
nogood/use/picnicdoingsth.havea
good/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.
spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisno
point/sense/harm/usedoingsth.
cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisno
doingsth.
Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan't
helpthinkingaboutit.Thereisnouse
cryingoverspiltmilk.
Alicewashavingtroublecontrolling
thechildrenbecausethereweresomanyof
them.
4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法
(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)
要求。如:
Thestudentsexpectedtheretobe
morereviewingclassesbeforethefinal
exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語)
(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用for
theretobe,做其他狀語用therebeingo
如:
Fortheretobesuccessful
communication,theremustbe
attentivenessandinvolvementinthe
discussionitselfbyallpresent.
(fortheretobe...在句中做目的狀語)
Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobea
frosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scarout
quitesafely,(fortheretobe…在句中做程
度狀語)
Therebeingnofurtherquestions,
we'llstopheretoday,(therebeing…做原
因狀語)
(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如:
Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomers
today.
(4)做除for外的介詞賓語,用there
beingo如:
Hewouldalwaysignorethefactof
therebeingsuchacontradictioninhis
innerthought.
英語專四語法總結(jié)一虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣
1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)
(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配:
主句從句
與現(xiàn)在事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過
去式+do/were(不分人稱)/did
與過去事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過
去式+havedone
與將來事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過
去式+do/shoulddo/weretodo
如:Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,
thechildcouldnothavedied.
Thereisarealpossibilitythatthese
animalscouldbefrightened,shouldthere
beasuddenloudnoise.
(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概
念:
主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同,這
叫做錯綜時間條件句,動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)
實際情況來調(diào)整。如:
Haditnotbeenforthetimely
investmentfromthegeneralpublic,our
companywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.
(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反,從句與過去
事實相反)
HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesin
thelastelection,hewouldbeourchairman
now.
(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反,從句與過去
事實相反)
(3)識別事實和假設(shè)混合句:
Yourmathinstructorwouldhave
beenhappytogiveyouamake-up
examinationhadyougoneandexplained
thatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子
前半部分為假設(shè)情況,而“父母病了”是
事實)
Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthe
hospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI
wasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.
(前半部分為假設(shè),后半部分是事實)
2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式
名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從
句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂
語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛
擬??忌鷳?yīng)熟悉:
(1)下列動詞做謂語時,that賓語從
句中的動詞用虛擬形式:desire,advise,
recommend,command,direct,order,ask,
demand,request,require,insist,maintain,
move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如:I
movethathebedischargedfbrhisserious
mistake.
Inthepastmengenerallypreferred
thattheirwivesworkinthehome.
(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語
時,that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式:
advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,
urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,
essential,imperative,important,necessary,
obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,
advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,
desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,
requested,required,suggestedo如:
Theboarddeemiturgentthatthese
filesshouldbeprintedrightaway.
Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbe
checkedtwice.
(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從
句時,從句中動詞用虛擬形式:insistence,
preference,recommendation,suggestion,
proposal,motion,desire,requirement,
request,order,necessity,importance,
regulation,rule,resolution,understandingo
如:
JohnWagner'smostenduring
contributiontothestudyofAfro-American
poetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzed
inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameof
reference.
Theykeeptellingusitisofutmost
importancethatourrepresentativebesent
totheconferenceonschedule.
3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式
含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過
if從句表達(dá),而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。
考生應(yīng)熟悉:
(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse;副詞
otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假
設(shè)。如:
Asafetyanalysiswouldhave
identifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.
Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.
Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafs
happened;otherwisehewouldn'thave
madesuchastupidremark.
(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件,常用的
有:without,butf
溫馨提示
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