浙江省高考沖刺針對專項練習-閱讀理解開展方式類題

浙江省高考沖刺針對專項練習--閱讀理解開展方式類題...AmyloidisaproteinwhichaccumulatesinpartsofthebrainsofthosewithAlzheimers,whichisanestablishedsignoftheillness.Lecanemab,containingaspecialantibody,isfoundtobeabletoattachitselftoamyloidandthenattractsimmune-systemcellstocleartheproteinaway(andmeasurablydidsointhosereceivingthedrug).ThatsuggestsamyloiddoesindeeddirectlycreateproblemsassociatedwithdementiaandthatLecanemabcanslowdownthedevelopmentofthedisease【小題1】Theauthorexplainstheeffectivenessofthenewdrugby_______.A.illustratinghowthedruginteractswithamyloidinbody

B.describinghowimmune-systemworksindetailC.makingcomparisonsbetweentwogroupsofparticipantsD.quotingthecommentsofotherscientists...González-Varoandcolleaguesreporthowplantsmightbeabletokeeppacewithrapidclimatechangethroughthehelpofmigratingbirds.Theyanalyzedanimpressivedatasetof949differentseed-dispersalinteractionsbetweenbirdandplantcommunities,togetherwithdataonentirefruitingtimesandmigratorypatternsofbirdsacrossEurope.

...【小題2】HowdidGonzález-Varoandhiscolleaguescarryouttheresearch?A.Bystudyingrelateddata. B.Byconductingfieldresearch.C.Byinterviewingplantexperts. D.Bydoingcomprehensivesurveys.OneChinesestartuphasapparentlydevelopedtechnologythatallowsittoidentifyindividualsbytheirwalk,eveniftheirfaceiscoveredortheyhavetheirbacktothecameraKnownas“gaitrecognition”,thetechnologyinventedbyartificialintelligencestartupWatrixanalysesthousandsofmetrics(指標)aboutaperson'swalk,fromtheirbodyshapeandtheangleofarmmovementtotheirpostureandwhethertheyhaveatoe-inortoe-outgait.Alltheseindividualfeaturesgointodatabasethatthesoftwarethengoesthroughwhenattemptingtoidentifypeople.AccordingtoanofficialstatementfromWatrix,theaccuracyrateofgaittechnologyatthelaboratorylevelexceeds96percent.

...【小題3】HowcouldWatrixguaranteetheaccuracyof“gaitrecognition”?A.Bycheckingtheangleofpeople'sarmmovement.B.Bycombiningfacialrecognitionwithpeople'swalk.C.Bysettingupadatabaseofnumerousindividuals'metrics.D.Byanalyzingthousandsoffeaturesofpeople'slegsandtoes.Givenhowvaluableintelligenceandautomationare,wewillcontinuetoimproveourtechnologyifweareatallableto.Atacertainpoint,wewillbuildmachinesthataresmarterthanweare.Oncewehavemachinesthataresmarterthanweare,theywillbegintoimprovethemselves.Theconcernisreallythatwewillbuildmachinesthataremuchmorecompetentthanweare.Andtheslightestdivergence(分歧)betweentheirgoalsandourowncoulddestroyus.Justthinkabouthowwerelatetoants.Wedon'thatethem.Wedon'tgooutofourwaytoharmthem.Infact,sometimeswetakepainsnottoharmthem.Westepoverthemonthesidewalk.Butwhenevertheirpresenceseriouslyconflictswithoneofourgoals,wewillkillthemwithouthesitation.Theconcernisthatwewillonedaybuildmachinesthat,whetherthey'reconsciousornot,couldtreatuswithsimilardisregard.Thebarefactisthatwewillcontinuetoimproveourintelligentmachines.Wehaveproblemsthatwedesperatelyneedtosolve.Sowewilldothis,ifwecan.Thetrainisalreadyoutofthestation,andthere'snobraketopull.Ifwebuildmachinesthataremoreintelligentthanweare,theywillverylikelydevelopinwaysthatwecan'timagine,andtranscendusinwaysthatwecan'timagine.SoimaginewehituponadesignofsuperintelligentAlthathasnosafetyconcerns.Thismachinewouldbetheperfectlabor-savingdevice.Itcandesignthemachinethatcanbuildthemachinewhichcandoanyphysicalwork,poweredbysunlight,moreorlessforthecostofrawmaterials.Sowe'retalkingabouttheendofhumanlabour.We'realsotalkingabouttheendofmostintellectualwork.Sowhatwouldapeslikeourselvesdointhesecircumstances?Butthemomentweadmitthatinformationprocessingisthesourceofintelligence,wehavetoadmitthatweareintheprocessofbuildingsomesortofgod.Nowwouldbeagoodtimetomakesureit'sagodwecanlivewith.【小題4】Howisthepassagemainlydeveloped?A.Bymakingcomparisons. B.Bygivingassumptions. C.Byshowingvalidevidence. D.Byanalyzingstatistics.LizardsthatonceresidedinforestsbutnowhangaroundurbanareasofPuertoRicohavegeneticallymorphed(變化)tosurvivelifeinthecity,researchershavefound.ThePuertoRicancrestedanole,abrownlizardwithabrightorangethroatfan,hassproutedspecialscales(鱗片)tobetterclingtosmoothsurfacessuchaswallsandwindows,scientistssay.“Wearewatchingevolutionasit'sunfolding,”saidKristinWinchell,abiologyprofessor.Asurbanizationintensifiesaroundtheworld,it'simportanttounderstandhoworganismsadaptandhumanscandesigncitiesinwaysthatsupportallspecies,Winchellsaid.Thestudyanalyzed96Anolislizards,comparingthegeneticmakeupofforest-dwellerstothoselivinginPuertoRico'scapital.Scientistsfoundthat33geneswithinthelizardgenomewererepeatedlyassociatedwithurbanization....【小題5】Howdidtheresearchersconductthestudy?A.Byanalyzingpreviousresearchdata. B.Bycomparingdifferentlizardspecies. C.Bycitingthefamousscientists'words. D.BystudyingAnolislizardsinurbanandnaturalareas.Mychildhoodwasapaintedpictureofsunnyskyandrollinggreenfieldsstretchingtothehorizon.Ittastedofsharpberriesandsmeltofsourgrapes.Myfamilylivedinacabin(小木屋)inthecountrysidebutIlivedinmymother'sarms.Theyweresodelicatebutstrong,herredhairfallingaroundmelikeacurtainseparatingmefromtheworld.Childhoodwassimple.Thebordersofmyvillagewerethefurthestmytroubleswentandmonstersonlylivedinthepagesofbooks.Everydaywasawakingdreamofrunningracesandmuddyknees.Myvillagewasarchaic,dyingcabinshousingdyingfarmerswithdyingtraditions.Thereweren'tmanychildrenbutmeandtheotherboys;boysofbutchersandsellersformedourowngroup.Theycalleduswild.Isupposewewere.Treesandmountainsformedourplaygroundsandfightsbrokeoutaseasilyassuddenlaughter.Liberatedfromtherestrictionsofsociety,wewouldboundintothewoods,deeperanddeeperuntilwefoundalakewhich,withawildyell,wewouldjumpintoallatonce.Mymostvividmemoriesfromboyhoodcenteraroundthatlake.Watershonebrightlyandthesoundsofourscreamsbrokeintotheoutcryfrombirds.Theshockofcoldwateragainstsweatingskinwouldwakeeverynerveinmybodyandmybarefeetwouldhitthesinkingmuddybottom.Aswesubmerged(淹沒),timewouldsuspend,movementsslowingasbubblesrosearoundus.Iwasdrowning.Iwasliving.Iwasliving.Iwasdrowning.Fortimelessnessorasecond(bothfeltthesame),wewouldsuspend,curlup,andthenbeforcedbackoutintobreathingair.Weshouldhaveknownthatitwouldn'tlastforever.Yet,evenunderthebestcircumstances,there'ssomethingsotragicaboutgrowingup:tohaveyourperspectiveonthepeopleandlifearoundyouchange;toalwaysstruggletoreachamirroronlytofindyourselftallenoughtoseeyourreflectiononeday.Andfind,adifferentpersonstaringbackoutatyou.【小題6】Howdoestheauthorintroducehismemoriesofthelake? A.Bysharingfeelings. B.Byexpressingideas. C.Bymakingcomparisons. D.Bydescribingcharacters.DoctorsattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,intheUS,havedevelopedapieceofsoftwarethatcanreadminds.Theproject,supportedbyFacebook,hopestohelppeoplewho,becauseofmedicalconditions,areunabletocommunicatewithothers.Untilnow,technologiesthathavehelpedspeech-impaired(語言障礙)peoplecommunicatehavebeentooslowtoallowanaturalconversation.Peoplefindthesethingsupsettingtouse.Thisnewwayusesbrainsignalstochangeaperson'sthoughtsintotext.Whenwewanttospeak,thebrainsendssignalstomakethelips,jawandtonguemoveintherightwaytomakeanunderstandablesound.Bydiscoveringthesebrainsignals,thenewsoftwareisabletopredictwhatapersonwanttosayquicklyenoughtoholdaconversation.

...【小題7】Howdoesthesoftwarehelppeople? A.Bychangingpeople'smindintotext. B.Bysendingsignalstotheirlips. C.Byorganizingconversationsforthem. D.Bytrainingthemhowtospeak.

Astudyhasfoundthatpeoplewhoareliteratehadathirdtheriskofdevelopingdementia(癡呆癥)comparedwiththosewhohadneverlearnttoreadandwrite.Thescientists-behindthestudysuggestedthatlearningtoreadmayrevealnewintellectualworldsandpromotealifeofthemindthatmighthelptokeepbrainssharpintooldage.“Ifoneacquirestheabilitytoreadandwrite,thatopensupopportunitiestoengageincognitivelystimulatingactivities,”MiguelArceRenteria,fromColumbiaUniversityMedicalCentre,said.“Evenwithloweducation,youcanreadnewspapersandbooks.Thatprovidesopportunitiesforconstantstimulationthatcanlastfortherestofyourlife.Maybethatmightconferprotectionandreducetheeffectsofdementia.”TheresearchpublishedinthejournalNeurology,lookedatalmost1,000olderpeopleinNewYork,chosenbecausetheyhadreceivedlittleeducationaschildren.Theaverageagewas77andmorethan90percentwereimmigrants.AllofthemhadhadOuryearsorlessofeducation,withaboutaquarterdescribingthemselvesasilliterate.Amongthosewhodidnotread,35percenthaddementiaatthestartofthestudy,increasingto48percentfouryearslater.Amongtheliteraterespondents,18percenthaddementiaattheoutset,risingto27percent.Afteradjustingforsocialclass,ageandotherriskfactors,thescientistscalculatedthatilliteratepeoplewerethreetimesmorelikelytohavedementia.Theywerealsotwiceaslikelytocontractitoverthefouryearsoftheinvestigation.Itisimpossibletosayforcertainthatthelinkmeansthatliteracydelaysdementia.ItmaybethatpeoplewhomanagedtogetabettereducationbeforearrivingintheUSwerealsodifferentinotherways.However,DrArceRenteriasaid:“Whatthisprovidesisstrongevidenceforaprettystronglink.”

【小題8】Howdidtheresearchersdrawtheconclusion? A.Bycarryingouttests. B.Bymakingacomparison. C.Byworkingonanassumption. D.Byanalyzingdifferentanswers.Advancedtechnologybringswithitalotofbenefitstous.Youcannowpreventthespeechofasingletargetpersonfrombeingrecordedbyusingadevicecalledvoicejammer.Voicejammersworkmuchlikenoise--cancellingheadphones,whicheffectivelyremoveunwantedbackgroundsoundwavesoutofexistencebyplayingbackacopyoftheunwantedsoundwithiswavepatterninverted(反向的).Suchvoicejammersgenerallystopelectroniceavesdropping(竊聽)onconversationsbybroadcastinginversesoundwavesthataffectallmicrophoneswithinearshot.Thiscanpreventnearbypeople'sphonesfrompickinguptheirvoicesiftheytrytomakeacall,andcanstoptheminteractingwithsmartassistants,warningthatsomethingstrangeisgoingon.NowQibenYanatMichiganStateUniversityandhiscolleagueshavecreatedavoicejammerthatcantargetaspecificvoicewithoutcausinginterruptiontoanyoneelse.Theydidthisbytraininganartificialintelligencecalledaneuralnetworktoisolate(隔斷)aspeaker'svoice,allowingthejammertocreateaninversesoundmatchedtotheirspeech.Ratherthansendinganaudiblesound,theirtool,calledNeuralEnhancedCancellation(NEC),makesuseofabugfoundinallbutthemostexpensivemicrophones.Thisbugintroducessoundsatsetdistancesaboveandbelowthemicrophone'srecordingfrequencies.NECisabletoplayitsinversespeechintheultrasonic(超聲波)range,sothathumanscan'thearit.Doingthisatthepointofrecordingprovidesthenecessaryfrequenciestosecretlyblockanaudiblevoice.TheteamfoundthatNECblockedvoicesonarangeofsmartphonesfromApple,XiaomiandSamsungatadistanceofupto3.6metres.Andthistechnologycouldbeuseful.【小題9】Howdovoicejammerspreventaspeechfrombeingrecorded?A.Byplayinginversesoundwaves. B.Byinteractingwithsmartassistants. C.Bykeepingwavepatternunchanged. D.Bybroadcastingdifferentsoundwaves.

Mostteenagerskilltimeplayingvideogames,orsurfingTikTok.NotWilliamGadoury,a14-year-oldfromMatha,Quebec.WilliamGadouryhasbeencrazyabouttheMayansformostofhischildhood,eversincehisgrandparentsboughthimbooksaboutthecivilization.Whatstartedasahobbyatage12snowballedintoseriousresearch,andhetheorizedthatthelocationsofMayancitiesmightcorrespondtostarsinMayanconstellations(星座).Usingancientbooks,Gadouryanalyzed22MayanconstellationmapsandcoveredthepositionsontoGoogleEarthimagesoftheYucatanPeninsula,whichtothisdayishometolargelocalpopulationsandsomebest-preservedarchitecturefromMayanculture.HewouldtracktheconstellationsfromGoogleEarthusingspecialsheets,coveringthemontothepositionofMayancitiesonapapermap.Theteenwasabletoshowthat117Mayancitiesmatchedupwiththepositionofthestars,withthebrighteststarsrepresentingbiggercities.

...【小題10】HowdidGadourycarryouthisresearchaccordingtoParagraph2? A.Bytrackingthebest-preservedbuildingonmaps. B.Byanalyzing117Mayancitiesinancientbooks. C.Bycheckingstarmapsagainstsatelliteimages. D.ByupdatingtheGoogleEarthontheInternet.Radiocarbondatinghasrevealedtwofake(偽造的)paintingsinFrance--probablythefirsttimethetechniquehasbeenusedinapoliceinvestigation.Thepaintingsweresupposedlyworksfromaroundtheearlytwentiethcentury.ButateamledbyscientistLucileBeckattheUniversityofParis-Saclaydatedthemtosometimewithinthepast70years.Theuseofradiocarbondatingisgainingpopularity,thankstoadvancesthatrequiresmallersamplesthaneverbefore.Removingtiniersamplesfromartworkisbecomingmorepalatabletomuseumsandownersofpaintings.Ifthereisachancethatapaintingisgenuine--andthereforevaluable--theydon'twantthecollectionoflargersamplestodamageit.Alllivingthingstakeincarbon,includingradioactivecarbon-14,fromtheatmosphereandfromfood.Whenaplantcommonlyusedtomakeoilpaintingclothdies,thecarbon-14thatitcontainedcontinuestofalloff.Radiocarbondatingmeasureswhat'slefttoestimatethetimethat'spassed,saysMariaelenaFedi,aphysicistattheNationalInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinFlorence,Italy.Atomic-bomb(原子彈)testing,whichbeganinthe1940sandtookoffinthe1950s,quicklyincreasedtheamountofcarbon-14intheatmosphere.Carbon-l4peakedaround1964andwentdownafterapartialbanonnucleartests.Researcherscaneasilyidentifymaterialscontainingmodernbomb-producedradiocarbonbecausetheircarbon-14concentrationsarehigherthanpre-1950slevels.Beck'steamtesteditssamplestoseewhethertheyborethefeatureofthatbomb-producedradioactivecarbon-14.Thecanvasfiberfromthepaintingsclearlycontainedcarbonfromeitherthemid-1950soraftertheyear2000,theresearchersreported.Beckacknowledgedthat,ideally,theteamwoulddofurtherchemicalanalysistosupportitsfindings,buttheresearcherswerelimitedbythetighttime.【小題11】Howdoesradiocarbondatingwork?A.Byanalyzingsamplesfromartwork. B.Byremovingthesmallersamples. C.Bymeasuringthecarbon-14left. D.Bytestingthecarboninthesample.Inanewstudy,IowaPsychologistEdWassermangavethepigeonscomplexcategorizationteststhathigh-levelthinkingwouldnotaidinsolving.Instead,thepigeons,bytrialanderror,eventuallywereabletomemorizeenoughsituationsinthetest.Thisbasicprocessofmakingassociations--consideredalower--levelthinkingtechnique-isthesamebetweenthetest-takingpigeonsandthelatestAladvances.Theresearcherssoughttofigureouttwotypesoflearning:one,declarativelearning,isbasedonexercisingreasonaccordingtoasetofrulesorstrategies--aso-calledhigherleveloflearningownedmostlybypeople.Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns.suchas“sky-blue”and“water-wet”Wasserman'steamdesignedadifficulttesttofindoutwhetherthepigeonsusedeclarativeorassociativelearning.Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulus(刺激)andhadtodecide,bypecking(啄)abuttonontherightorontheleft,towhichcategorythatstimulusbelongedWhatmadethetestsodemandingwasthatnorulesorlogicwouldhelpfinishthetask.Theyhavetomemorizetheindividualstimuliorregionsfromwherethestimulioccur.Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.“ThepigeonsarelikeAlmasters,”WassermanSays.“Bothofthememployassociativelearning,andvetthatbase-levelthinkingiswhatallowedthepigeonstoultimatelyscoresuccessfully.”Ifpeopleworetotakethesametest,they'dscorepoorlyandwouldprobablygiveupbecausetheyrelysoheavilyonrulesorstrategies.Thoseruleswouldgetinthewayoflearning.Thepigeondoesn'thavethathigh-levelthinkingprocess.Butitdoesn'tgetinthewayoftheirlearning.Infact,insomewaysitfacilitatesit.“PeoplearestunnedbyAIdoingamazingthingsusingalearningalgorithm(算法)muchlikethepigeon.”Wassermansays,yetwhenpeopletalkaboutassociativelearninginhumansandanimals,itisdiscountedasinflexibleanduncomplicated.”【小題12】Howdidthepigeonimprovetheirperformanceinthetest? A.Bypeckingthestimuli. B.Byfindingrulesorlogic.

C.Bycompactingwitheachother. D.Bymakingnumerousattempts.Weallknowthateatinglaterinthedayisn'tgoodforourwaistlines,butwhy?Anewstudyweighedinonthatquestionbycomparingpeoplewhoatethesamefoods--butatdifferenttimesintheday.“Doesthetimethatweeatmatterwheneverythingelseiskeptconsistent?”saidfirstauthorNinaVujovic,aresearcheratBoston'sBrighamandWomen'sHospital.Theanswerwasyes--eatinglaterinthedaywilldoubleyouroddsofbeinghungrier,accordingtothestudypublishedinthejournalCellMetabolism(新陳代謝).Thestudydoesshoweatinglaterresultsin“anincreaseinhunger,impactshormonesandalsochangesgeneexpression,especiallyintermsoffatmetabolismwithatendencytowardslessfatbreakdownandmorefatdeposition,”saidDr.BhanuPrakashKolla,aprofessorofpsychiatryandpsychologyattheMayoClinicCollegeofMedicine.Thestudywassmall--only16overweightorobesepeople--butcarefullyplannedtoeliminateotherpotentialcausesofweightgain.Allparticipantswereingoodhealth,withnohistoryofdiabetesorshiftworkandhad