專題一 初中英語句子成分及基本句型

Grammar

sentences2021/5/91句子成分PartsoftheSentence2021/5/92概念：組成句子的各個部分，即主語、謂語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語，主語和謂語是句子的主體部分。2021/5/93句子成份★句子一般由兩個部分組成：主語部分（subjectgroup）謂語部分（predicategroup）★句子成份：主·謂·賓·表補定·狀·2021/5/94Membersofsentence:S---subjectP---predicativeO---objectAttri.---attributeAdv.---adverbOc---objectcomplement

predicate主·賓·表補定·狀·謂2021/5/95主語（subject）

主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當于名詞的單詞或短語來充當，也有從句充當?shù)默F(xiàn)象。大多數(shù)主語都在句首。

2021/5/96主語（subject）:

句子的主體，全句述說的對象，一般位于句首Thesunrisesintheeast.

（名詞）

Helikesdancing.

（代詞）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.

(數(shù)詞)

Seeingisbelieving.

（動名詞）

2021/5/97講述“誰”Weworkinabigfactory.講述“什么”Theclassroomisverybig.數(shù)詞作主語Threeareenough.三個人就夠了不定式作主語TooperateontheblindisoneoftheORBISDoctor’sjob.從句作主語Whatweneedisfood.我們最需要的是食物.在“Therebe…”句型中，主語的位置在中間。如：Therearesomebottlesofmilkinthebox.2021/5/98在個別句型中，主語在整個句子后面，這時前面用it作形式主語。如：

Itisveryinterestingtoplaythegamecalled“treatortrick”.

Ittooktwoworkersaboutthreemonths

tobuildthehouse.2021/5/99Toseeistobelieve.

（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.

（主語從句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.

形式主語真正主語It=thattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree2021/5/910Therichshouldhelpthepoor.名詞化的形容詞2021/5/9111.Doexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.2.Eattoomuchmeatisbadforyourhealth.V.不能做主語！2021/5/912指出下列句中主語的中心詞

①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.

介詞不能作主語

②Thereisanoldmancominghere.

Thereisanappleonthetable.Anappleisthereonthetable.2021/5/913③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.

④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.2021/5/914找出下面句子的主語1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.3.Cleaningthehouseneedsalotoftime.主語小測2021/5/915單選：1.Marywithhertwodaughters_____goingtoShanghaiforExplo2010nextmonth.A.areB.wasC.isD.were2.____moreexercisedoesgoodtoyourhealth.A.DoB.DoesC.DidD.Doing3.____isimpossibletofinishthisjobbeforeWednesday.A.ThatB.ThisC.ItD.They2021/5/916謂語（predicate）：說明主語是什么，做什么或怎么樣。常置于主語后。

由動詞充當，主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致。謂語動詞存在多種時態(tài)，它是句子的核心。2021/5/917Heisverygenerous.ShelooksverysmartandcoolWehavefinishedthejob.HecanspeakGerman.2021/5/918謂語（predicate）:是對主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動詞或者動詞詞組擔任，放在主語的后面。Iloveyou!Theywenttosleepverylatelastnight.Hepractisesrunningeverymorning.2021/5/919Theplanetookoffat10o’clock.Howoftendoyougoshopping?Whydidn’tyoucomebacklastnight?簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成2021/5/920Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcough.Wearesudents.Thatideasoundsgreat!復合謂語：1.情態(tài)動詞\助動詞+v

2.系動詞+adj.2021/5/921Openthedoor,please!Goandgetsomewaterforme.Don’tlaughatothers!Don’tcomebacklatetonight.祈使句：1.省略主語you2.謂語動詞用原形2021/5/922找出下列句子的謂語①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?2021/5/923⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?11.Putawayyourbooksrightnow!2021/5/924按要求找出下列句子的主謂：1.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.（主謂）2.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（謂）3.Don’tgetnervous，andhelpyourselftowhatyoulike．（主謂）4.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.（主謂）5.Therearemanypeopleinthehall.（主）6.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?（主謂）主謂小測祈使句,省略主語you2021/5/9251.Itisdifficultforme______somuchworkwithinonenight.Canyouhelpme?A.finish B.finishingC.tofinish D.finished2.Johnwithtwoofhisfriends____toplaybasketballeverySundayafternoon.A.goB.wentC.goesD.gone單選：It’sadj.forsbtodosth.做某事對某人來說是……的形式主語真正的主語tofinish2021/5/9263.__upearly,oryouwillmisstheearlybus.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets4.________upearlyisgoodforyourhealth.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets5.Wow!Thecaketastes_______!CanIhaveonemore?A.wellB.deliciouslyC.badD.good祈使句，謂語動詞用原形動名詞做主語感官動詞+adj.2021/5/927表語（predicative）：說明主語是說明或怎么樣，由名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語、句子等充當。它的位置在系動詞后面。2021/5/928

形容詞作表語Youlookyoungerthanbefore.

名詞作表語

Myfatherisateacher.副詞作表語Everyoneishere.介詞短語作表語Theyareatthetheatre.不定式作表語MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.動名詞作表語Herjobistrainingthenurses.從句作表語Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.2021/5/929賓語（object）:表示動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、V-ing、從句充當，和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在謂語動詞后面。有時，會有雙賓語。2021/5/930如：名詞作賓語Heneverforgivesothersfortheirmistakes.代詞做賓語Heoftenhelpsme.不定式作賓語Helikestosleepintheopenair.動名詞作賓語TheAmericansenjoyedlivinginChina.從句做賓語Ibelievethattheycanfinishtheworkintime.2021/5/931直接賓語和間接賓語及物動詞作謂語時，后面要跟賓語，賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的對象。但有些動詞除了直接賓語外，還需要有一個間接賓語，間接賓語表語動作是對誰做的，所以只能用名詞或代詞來充當。如：We

brought

them

somefood.主謂間賓直賓間接賓語可以放在直接賓語后面，但必須加to或for。

2021/5/932賓語的補足語（objectcomplement）在英語的句子中有些句子里只有賓語并不能表達完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面加上賓語的補足語才能表達完整的意思。我們把“賓語＋賓語補足語”合起來稱為復合賓語。復合賓語所表達的意思相當于一個巨資的意思。名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補足語.

2021/5/933名詞作賓補Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.形容詞作賓補Don’tmakeyourhandsdirty.副詞作賓補WefoundLiMingoutwhenwearrived.介詞短語作賓補Makeyourselfathome.省略to的不定式作賓補Isawagirlgointothebuilding.帶to的不定式作賓補Theboyorderedthedogtoliedown.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補Thebosskeptthemworkingallday.過去分詞作賓補Yesterdayhegothislegbroken.2021/5/934在英語中,常見的“賓語＋賓語補足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)有：“賓語+名詞”。常用于改結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。

WecallhimJack.TheymadeLiLeitheirmonitor.▲“賓語+形容詞”。常見的動詞有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：Doyouthinkhisideawrong?Wemustkeepourclassroomclean.Wecan’tleavehimalone.CanyougeteverythingreadyforthepartybeforeFriday?2021/5/935“賓語+副詞”。副詞作賓補常表示賓語的狀態(tài)，與賓語有邏輯上的主表關(guān)系。常見的副詞有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：

Lethimin/out.Mr.Lidroveushome.Whengotthere,wefoundhimout.▲“賓語+介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語（即賓語）所處的狀態(tài)，兩者有主表的關(guān)系。如：

Wefoundeverythingingoodorder.Weregardhimasourgoodfriend.Heopenedthedoorandfoundsomeofhisfriendsintherain.2021/5/936“賓語+不定式”。充當賓補的不定式有三種：

A要求帶to的不定式Thecoolwaterofthelakeinvitedustoswim.B要求不帶to的不定式let,make,see,hear,watch等

Thebossmadetheworkerswork12hoursaday.IoftenhearhimreadEnglishinhisroom.C單詞help后可加to或不加to

Shesometimeshelpshermother(to)dohousework.▲“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”?，F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，此時在該句型中的賓語即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語，有著主謂關(guān)系。

Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.▲“賓語+過去分詞”。賓語和賓補之間是被動關(guān)系，過去分詞表示被動和完成。

Ihadmybikestolen.Theteacherexplainedagainandagaintomakehimselfunderstood.2021/5/937

形式賓語＋形容詞WefounditimpossibletogettherebeforeSaturday.▲賓語+what從句Callmewhatyoulike.Mr.Lihasmadethefactorywhatitistoday.Themountainvillageisdifferentfromwhatitwastenyearsago.2021/5/938動賓表示行為的對象，放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。IlikeChina.

Hehatesyou.Howmanydoyouneed?WeneedtwoWeshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.

IenjoyworkingwithyouIhopetoseeyouagain.

Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?2021/5/939Heisafraidofher--hisheadteacher.

Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.介詞后面的賓語：介賓注意：人稱代詞要用賓格Idecidedtogowith_______.A.heB.hisC.herD.theyE.she2021/5/940Hegavemeabookyesterday.

Givethepoormansomemoney.間接賓語(sb)+直接賓語(sth)：

雙賓2021/5/941IthinkithardtofinishthisdifficultjobbeforeSunday.形式賓語真正賓語2021/5/942①Mybrotherhasn’tdonehishomework.

②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.

③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourjob.

④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?

找出下列句子的賓語2021/5/9435.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?6.Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.7.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.8.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.9.Theythinkitimpossibletogettothestationinsuchashorttime.2021/5/944定語（attributive）：用來修飾名詞或代詞。由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不定式、從句充當。單詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語或句子作定語放在被修飾才之后。2021/5/945定語（attributive）定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當定語。因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的，而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。

2021/5/946形容詞作定語

Theblackbikeismine.

代詞作定語

What’syourname?名詞作定語Theymadesomepaperflowers.介詞短語作定語

TheboysintheroomareinClassThree,GradeOne.不定式作短語

Ihavelotstoeatanddrink.從句作定語

ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.2021/5/947

在英語中，并不是所有的定語都放在被修飾詞的前面，有的是放在被修飾詞的后面，故稱“后置定語”?！揎棽欢ù~something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody的定語必須后置。如：

We’llgotohavesomethingEnglish.Ifyoudon’tknowtheanswer,asksomeoneelse.Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme?▲介詞短語作定語時要后置。如：

Doyouknowtheboybehindthetree?

Thestudentsintheroomareallmyfriends.Ithinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.2021/5/948▲動詞的不定式作定語時要后置Whataboutsomethingtodrink?IhavenotimetotraveltoChinaisinAutumnorinSpring.