2023名校版高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解精讀含答案diffuse

2023名校版高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解精讀含答案diffuseIntheendlesssky,the

unaided

humaneyeshouldbeableto

perceive

severalthousandstarsonaclear,darknight.

Unfortunately,

growinglightpollutionhasdisabledpeoplefromthenightlyview.Newcitizen-science-basedresearchthrowsalarminglightontheproblemof“skyglow”—the

diffuseillumination(漫射照明)ofthenightskythatisaformoflightpollution.Thedatacamefromcrowd-sourcedobservationscollectedfromaroundtheworldaspartofGlobeatNight,aprogramdevelopedbyastronomerConnieWalker.Lightpollutionhasharmfuleffectsonthepracticeofastronomybutalsoonhumanhealthandwildlife,sinceitdisturbsthecyclefromsunlighttostarlightthatbiologicalsystemshaveevolvedalongside.

Furthermore,thelossofvisiblestarsisagreatlossofhumanculturalheritage.Untilrelativelyrecently,humansthroughouthistoryhadanimpressiveviewofthestarrynightsky,andtheeffectofthisnightly

spectacle(壯觀)isevidentinancientcultures.GlobeatNighthasbeengatheringdataonstarvisibilitysince2006.AnyonecansubmitobservationsthroughtheGlobeatNightwebapplication.

Participantsrecord

which

onebestmatcheswhattheycanseeintheskywithoutanytelescopesorotherinstruments.Researchersfindthatthelossofvisiblestarsindicatesanincreaseinskybrightnessof9.6%peryearwhileroughly2%ismeasuredbysatellites.Existingsatellitesarenotwellsuitedtomeasuringskyglowasitappearstohumans,becausetheycannotdetectwavelengthsshorterthan500nanometers(納米).WhiteLEDs,withshorterwavelengthsunder500nanometers,nowareincreasinglycommonlyusedinoutdoorlighting.Buthumaneyesaremoresensitivetotheseshorter

wavelengths

atnighttime.Space-basedinstrumentsdonotmeasurelightfromwindows,either.Butthesesourcesare

significantcontributors

toskyglow

asseen

fromtheground.“Theincreaseinskyglowoverthepastdecadeunderlinestheimportanceofredoublingoureffortsanddevelopingnewstrategiestoprotectdarkskies,”saidWalker.“TheGlobeatNightdatasetisnecessaryinourongoingevaluationofchangesinskyglow,andweencouragewhoevercantogetinvolvedtohelpprotectthestarrynightsky.”12.WhatisapurposeofGlobeatNight?A.Todevelopnewlightsources.B.Tocollectdataonstarvisibility.C.Tohelpastronomersexplorespace.D.Topopularizescienceamongcitizens.13.Whatdoesthelossofvisiblestarsleadto?A.Poorerhumanhealth.B.Fewerwildlifespecies.C.Moredelicatebiologicalsystems.D.Lessnightlycultureelementsofthesky.14.Whatdoestheauthorstressinparagraph5?A.Satellitesplayavitalrole.B.WhiteLEDsarewidelyused.C.Crowd-sourceddataareinvaluable.D.Shorterwavelengthsarehardtodetect.15.WhatcanbeinferredfromWalker’swords?ATheirconsistenteffortspayoff.B.Thedatasetneedstobeupdated.C.Moreparticipantsareexpectedtojoinin.D.Theskyglowhasbeenover—emphasized.BDCCThebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchfoundthatmiddle-agedwomen

who

werephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia(癡呆癥)inlaterlife—andiftheydid，itcameonadecadelaterthanless

sporty

women.LeadresearcherDrHelenaH?rder，oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden，said：“Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople’s

cardiovascular(心血管的)fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.”Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheyweretiredouttomeasuretheirpeak(最大值的)

cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevelwithacapacityof120wattsorhigher，while92womenwereinthe

mediumfitnesscategory.Atotalof59wereoflowfitnesslevel，witha

peak

workloadof80wattsorless，or

havingtheirtestsstopped

becauseofhealthproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfor

dementia

sixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia，comparedto

25percentofthewomenwith

mediumfitness

and32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness.“However，thisstudydoesnotshow

causeandeffect

between

cardiovascular

fitnessand

dementia，itonlyshowsan

association，”saidH?rder.“Moreresearchisneededtosee

ifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementia

andalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant.”Shealso

admitted

thatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied，allofwhom

werefromSweden，sotheresultsmightnotbe

applicable

toothergroups.27．Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A．Positiveeffectsofdoingexercise.B．Exercisessuitableforthemiddle-aged.C．Experimentalstudiesondementia.D．Advantagesofsportywomenovermen.28．Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomentodobicycleexercise?A．Topredicttheirmaximumheartrate.B．Toassesstheircardiovascularcapacity.C．Tochangetheirhabitofworkingout.D．Todetecttheirpotentialhealthproblems.29．WhatdoweknowaboutDrH?rder’sstudy?A．Itaimedtofindacurefordementia.B．Datacollectionwasalengthyprocess.C．Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D．Theresult