簡(jiǎn)易英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

簡(jiǎn)易英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

第一章英文文法的最基本規(guī)則

規(guī)則（1）:兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不能聯(lián)在一起用的。

規(guī)則（2）：如一定要同時(shí)用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后者的前面必須加“to”或者將后者加入“ing”。

規(guī)則（3）：主語(yǔ)如果是第三人稱(chēng)，現(xiàn)在式及單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞必須加s.

規(guī)則（4）：絕大多數(shù)的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。

規(guī)則（5）：在不定詞“to”的后面，必須用原形動(dòng)詞

規(guī)則（6）：英文中有所謂的助動(dòng)詞。必須注意

英文中有很多動(dòng)詞都是助詞動(dòng)，在規(guī)則（4）中，我們說(shuō)在絕大多數(shù)的否定語(yǔ)句中，必須用助動(dòng)詞

do或did。Do是原形動(dòng)詞，did和does都是do的變形。除了do是助動(dòng)詞以外，can、may、might、

will、would、must也都是助動(dòng)詞。除了以上的助動(dòng)詞以外，還有一個(gè)非常特殊的助動(dòng)詞，那就是have,

在這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的后面，動(dòng)詞絕對(duì)不能用原形動(dòng)詞

規(guī)則（7）：英文問(wèn)句要有助動(dòng)詞

規(guī)則（8）：特殊動(dòng)詞隨主詞的變化

第二章現(xiàn)在式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式

2§1現(xiàn)在式：英文中，現(xiàn)在式好像是最容易的，其實(shí)現(xiàn)在式都是我們常常用錯(cuò)的時(shí)式。

現(xiàn)在式不是指任何一個(gè)行為，而是一種狀況。凡是真理，自然界的現(xiàn)象，數(shù)學(xué)里的定理，都要用現(xiàn)在

式。

2§2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式：假如我們正在做一件事，是不能用現(xiàn)在式的，而必須用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式

的形態(tài)是：verbtobe+presentparticiple（現(xiàn)在分詞）現(xiàn)在分詞就是：動(dòng)詞+ing

第三章過(guò)去式和過(guò)去進(jìn)行式

3§1過(guò)去式：過(guò)去式是指過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事。

3§2過(guò)去進(jìn)行式：過(guò)去進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式有點(diǎn)類(lèi)似，只是verbtobe要用過(guò)去式的?？墒怯幸稽c(diǎn)不

同，過(guò)去進(jìn)行式，很少單獨(dú)用的，而常和另一句子一齊用。過(guò)去進(jìn)行式通常牽涉到幾件事，這兩件事

同時(shí)發(fā)生，其中一件事用過(guò)去式，另一件事用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式

第四章完成式（PerfectTense）

4§1現(xiàn)在完成式（PresentPerfectTense）完成式的形式是verbtohave+pastparticiple,每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,

都有過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞，首先假設(shè)我們有一件事，發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，就要用現(xiàn)在完成

式，這種句子后面常有since或for。使用現(xiàn)在完成式的另一情況是強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的事，現(xiàn)在完成式用

來(lái)表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，現(xiàn)在完成式可以用來(lái)表示一件過(guò)去常發(fā)生的事，最重要的是''現(xiàn)在完成式"和''過(guò)

去式”不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中講一件過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，而且指定特定的時(shí)

間，就一定要用''過(guò)去式"，而不能用''現(xiàn)在完成式“?，F(xiàn)在完成式常和since、for、already,never,

ever等字一起使用，Never和ever也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，never有否定的

意思，ever則只有在問(wèn)句中才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。

4§2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（PresentPerfectProgressiveTense）如果有一個(gè)行動(dòng)，從過(guò)去發(fā)生后，就一直延

續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，形式：verbtohave+been+presentparticiple

verbtohave是為了完成式，been和presentparticiple都是為了進(jìn)行式。

4§3過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式（PastPerfectProgressiveTense）過(guò)去完成式的形式：had+pastparticiple

過(guò)去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時(shí)候，必須有另一個(gè)事件。也就是說(shuō)，假如我們有兩件事A和

B,兩件事都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但A發(fā)生在B以前，A應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式，B則用過(guò)去式。如果我們

要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性，我們可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同

的地方是verbtohave的地方一定要用had。

第五章將來(lái)式

5§1將來(lái)式的基本規(guī)則：如果我們?cè)诰渥又?，有需要提到未?lái)的事情，就可以使用未來(lái)式，如果不

用"will",我們可以用''verbtobe+goingto+verb",有一個(gè)規(guī)則必須注意，就是will是一個(gè)助動(dòng)

詞，現(xiàn)在式第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)的主詞，仍不用在will后面加s。不僅如此，will后面的動(dòng)詞必須用成原式，

如果用verbtobe+goingto+verb這里面的verb也必須用原式。

因?yàn)檫@里面的to式infinitive,infinitive里面永遠(yuǎn)要用原型動(dòng)詞。

以下例子都是錯(cuò)的

5§2未來(lái)式的變形：未來(lái)式可以和進(jìn)行式合起來(lái)用，未來(lái)式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成為未來(lái)

完成式，這種句子都是在于強(qiáng)調(diào)未來(lái)要完成的事。

第六章否定句子(NegativeSentences)

6§1否定句的基本規(guī)則：在任何語(yǔ)言，我們都有必要造出''否定"的句子，在中文，寫(xiě)出否定句子

并非難事，在英文，無(wú)論任何否定句子，都必須遵行一些規(guī)定，以下是否定句子的例子

?般句子的動(dòng)詞必須加入do或他的變形。在英文中，我們可以用haveto來(lái)代替must,含有haveto

的句子，如要改成否定句子，必須在haveto前面加do或它的變形

6§2No,Never和Any的用法：要達(dá)成否定的意思，有時(shí)我們也可以用no和never這些字，no必須跟

一個(gè)名詞，也可以用not來(lái)表示否定的意思，如果用not,除以上not之外，never也可以表達(dá)否定的

意思，以下都是never的例子，請(qǐng)注意never常用在完成式的句子里

第七章問(wèn)句(Questions)

7§1答案只是、'Yes"或、'No"的問(wèn)題有些問(wèn)題，答案只有、'Yes"或'"0",(1)凡動(dòng)詞是丫6出256

的，變成問(wèn)句時(shí)，動(dòng)詞移到主詞前面去。(2)動(dòng)詞不是verbtobe,也沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞，改成問(wèn)句時(shí)，必須

加助動(dòng)詞do或他的變形，這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞必須在主詞的前面。(3)句子中間如已有助動(dòng)詞，改成問(wèn)句時(shí)，

只要將助動(dòng)詞移到主動(dòng)詞前面即可。注意，這時(shí)not通常和動(dòng)詞連在一起了。英文的yes和no,都

和答案的事實(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)，而與如何問(wèn)無(wú)關(guān)。

7§2回答不只是、'yes"和"no"的問(wèn)句：?jiǎn)柧涞拇鸢府?dāng)然不一定只是yes或no,第八章被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

(PassiveVoice)

8§1及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞

任何一個(gè)英文句子必定有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，請(qǐng)先注意以下例句的動(dòng)詞

l.Hewasateacherbefore.

2.Hewenttoschoolyesterday.

3.Hehitadog.

4.1sawyouyesterday.

5.Hewalkstoschooleveryday.

6.Hesentthisbooktome.

7.Theyaregoodstudents.

8.Hewrotetwonovels.

9.Theyatealloftheapples.

10.Heswimseverymorning.

在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的動(dòng)詞都是及物動(dòng)詞(transitiveverbs)。這些動(dòng)詞后面都

跟著一個(gè)名詞，而這個(gè)名詞是動(dòng)詞的受詞(object),其它句子的動(dòng)詞，都是不及物動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗麄兌?/p>

沒(méi)有任何受詞。

我們將以上句子中，主詞、及物動(dòng)詞和受詞的關(guān)系分析如下：

句子主詞及物動(dòng)詞受詞

Hehitadog.Hehitdog

Isawyouyesterday.Isawyou

Hesenthisbooktome.Hesenthisbook

Hewrotetwonovels.Hewrotetwonovels

Theyatealloftheapples.Theyatealloftheapples

一旦動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，我們就可以將這個(gè)句子由原來(lái)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣(activevoice)改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣(passive

voice)0但我們也要警告讀者，不要輕易用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子是不自然的。

8§2沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

在這以前，我們的句子都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，這種句子的基本形式如下：

主詞+動(dòng)詞+受詞

所謂的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，乃是將原來(lái)的受詞變成主詞。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)''我看到一些狗〃，

在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)''一些狗被我看到〃。在英文中，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，必須做以下的動(dòng)

作：

(1)原有受詞變成名詞

(2)動(dòng)詞變成verbtobe+過(guò)去分詞(pastparticiple)

(3)原有主詞變成在動(dòng)詞后面，但前面加by。

舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子可以是

Isawacat.

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣就成了

Acatwasseenbyme.

最重要的是，verbtobe的時(shí)式必須和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式，所以verbtobe

也是過(guò)去式。除此以外，verbtobe也要配合新的主詞。請(qǐng)看以下的例子：

Isawtwocats.

改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣以后，句子是:

Twocatswereseenbyme.

以下是主動(dòng)改被動(dòng)的例子,最重要的是注意verbtobe的形式:

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣(activevoice)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣(passivevoice)

Mr.Joneshitthedog.ThedogwashitbyMr.Jones.

Mybrothersawyouyesterday.Youwereseenbymybrotheryesterday.

Hesentthebooktome.Thebookwassenttomebyhim.

Dickenswrotethosetwonovels.Thosetwonovelswerewrittenby

Dickens.

Theyatealloftheapples.Alloftheappleswereeatenbythem.

Janewrotethatsong.ThatsongwaswrittenbyJane.

Mymotherlovesme.Iamlovedbymymother.

【練習(xí)二十八】

將以下的句子由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng):

l.Hesawthatmovielastnight.

2.Hewrotethatlettertome.

3.HeteachesthoseEnglishclasses.

4.Godlovesyou.

5.Theyboughttwohouses.

6.1paintedthisroom.

7.Hegrowsthoseroses.

8.Hehelpshisstudents.

9.1soldthehouse.

10.Myuncleboughtthiscar.

【練習(xí)二十九】

將以下的句子由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣:

l.Thepolicemanwasseenbyme.

2.Thosetwobookswerewrittenbyme.

3.Thesesentenceswerecorrectedbymyteacher.

4.Hewashitbyacar.

5.Hisdoorwaslockedbyme.

6.Hishousewasbuiltbymyfather.

7.Hisboatwasgiventomebymyfather.

8.Thisbirdisrarelyseenbypeoplehere.

9.Heislikedbyeveryone.

10.Theyweregiventendollarsbytheirfriends.

11.Thispicturewastakenbyhim.

12.Toomuchwinewasdrunkbytheyoungmen.

13.1wastaughtbyMr.Wang.

14.Hewashelpedbyhisfather.

15.Theywereservedbythatwaiter.

16.Hisfoodwaspreparedbymymother.

17.Histoywasmadebymysister.

18.ThebookwasreturnedtomebyJim.

19.Thatsongwaswrittenbymybrother.

20.1wasinvitedbyhimtoaparty.

8§3有助動(dòng)詞肯定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

在上一節(jié)，我們所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞，可是有些肯定句子還是有助動(dòng)詞的,

以下是一些例子：

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)形式Iamwritingthisletter.Theletterisbeingwrittenby

me.

現(xiàn)在完程序Ihavewrittentheletter.Theletterhasbeenwrittenby

me.

過(guò)去進(jìn)形式IwaswritingtheletterwhenTheletterwasbeingwrittenby

youcame.mewhenyoucame.

過(guò)去完程序IhadwrittentheletterbeforeTheletterhadbeenwrittenby

youcame.mebeforeyoucame.

未來(lái)式Iwillwritetheletter.Theletterwillbewrittenby

me.

未來(lái)完成式Iwillhavewrittenthisletter.Thisletterwillhavebeen

writtenbyme.

未來(lái)式Iamgoingtoseeyou.Youaregoingtobeseenby

me.

以下是更多的例子：

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

Ihaveseenhim.Hehasbeenseenbyme.

Heisgoingtohelpyou.Youaregoingtobehelpedbyhim.

HewillteachEnglish.Englishwillbetaughtbyhim.

Hehashelpedmeallmylife.Ihavebeenhelpedbyhimallmylife.

Hehadcalledmebeforeyoucame.Ihadbeencalledbyhimbeforeyou

came.

HewascallinghismotherwhenweHismotherwasbeingcalledbyhim

wentthere.whenwewentthere.

助動(dòng)詞不一定和時(shí)式有關(guān)，can、should,hasto等等都是助動(dòng)詞，這些助動(dòng)詞在改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)后,

都應(yīng)維持原狀，只需加入verbtobe和過(guò)去分詞即可。以下是一些例子：

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

Icanplaythepiano.Thepianocanbeplayed

byme.

Imayusethisroom.Thisroommaybeused

byme.

HemustgivethebookThebookmustbegiven

tome.tomebyhim.

Youshouldhelphim.Heshouldbehelpedby

you.

YouhavetowritethisThisletterhastobe

letter.writtenbyyou.

HeoughttowritethisThisreportoughttobe

report.writtenbyhim.

【練習(xí)三十】

將以下的句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：

l.Hehaswrittenthreenovels.

2,Hewillwritethatletter.

3.Theywillsingthesesongstomorrow.

4.Hewillgivethespeech.

5.Theyarepaintingthehouse.

6.1havegivenhimthreebooks.

7.1candothisjob.

8.Hehadtoldmethatstorybeforewewentthere.

9.1eachersshouldhelpthestudents.

10.Heiswritingthereportnow.

11.Thestudentsmustreadthisbook.

12.1havetogivethislettertomymothertonight.

13.Allcitizensoughttoobeythelaw.

14.Hehaseatenallofthecakes.

15.Thereportersweretakingpictureswhenthestormstarted.

16.Hehadfinishedtheworkbeforefiveo'clocklastnight.

17.Peterwillwritethatletter.

18.Johnhasreceivedmyletter.

19.Millionsofpeoplesawthemovie“Gonewiththewind”.

20.Hehasprovedthattheorem.

【練習(xí)三十一】

將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：

l.lwobookshavebeenwrittenbyJoseph.

2.FootballisbeingplayedbyJohn.

3.Heshouldbegiventhatlecturebyhisfather.

4.Thatreportwillbewrittenbyhim.

5.TheletterhasbeenreceivedbytheKing.

6.Thismovieshouldbeseenbyeveryone.

7.Thisbookoughttobereadbyeverystudent.

8.Theyarebeinghelpedbyme.

9.Themovieisgoingtobeseenbyallofus.

10.Thiscakecanbeeatenbykids.

8§4否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

將一個(gè)否定句子或一個(gè)問(wèn)句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，其步驟如下：

(1)將此句子改成肯定句子

(2)將此肯定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

(3)將此被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子改成否定句子

現(xiàn)在舉一個(gè)否定的例子：

Ididnottakethispicture.

對(duì)應(yīng)的肯定句子是：

Itookthispicture.

改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：

Thispicturewastakenbyme.

再改成否定句子：

Thispicturewasnottakenbyme.

下面的例子都是用來(lái)解釋如何將一個(gè)否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣:

1.Theydidnotlikethemusic.

(a).Theylikedthemusic.

(b).Themusicwaslikedbythem.

(c).Themusicwasnotlikedbythem.

2.1havenotwrittenthatletter.

(a).Ihavewrittenthatletter.

(b).Thatletterhasbeenwrittenbyme.

(c).Thatletterhasnotbeenwrittenbyme.

3.Youcannoteatthatcake.

(a).Youcaneatthatcake.

(b).Thatcakecanbeeatenbyyou.

(c).Thatcakecannotbeeatenbyyou.

4.Hedoesnotplaymusic.

(a).Heplaysthatkindofmusic.

(b).Thatkindofmusicisplayedbyhim.

(c).Thatkindofmusicisnotplayedbyhim.

5.1amnotgoingtoseeyou.

(a).Iamgoingtoseeyou.

(b).Youaregoingtobeseenbyme.

(c).Youarenotgoingtobeseenbyme.

6.Theywillnotseethatmovie.

(a).Theywillseethatmovie.

(b).Thatmoviewillbeseenbythem.

(c).Thatmoviewillnotbeseenbythem.

7.Theydidnothelpme.

(a).Theyhelpedme.

(b).Iwashelpedbythem.

(c).Iwasnothelpedbythem.

8.1didnottellthatstory.

(a).Itoldthatstory.

(b).Thatstorywastoldbyme.

(c).Thatstorywasnottoldbyme.

在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫(xiě)出一個(gè)否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步

驟的：

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

Theydonotenjoysuchmusic.Suchmusicisnotenjoyedbythem.

Hedidnottellthatstory.Thatstorywasnottoldbyhim.

Theyhavenotwrittenthatstory.Thatstoryhasnotbeentoldbythem.

Peterisgoingtoseeme.IamnotgoingtobeseenbyPeter.

Hewillnothelpme.Iwillnotbehelpedbyhim.

Johnwillnoteatthatcake.ThatcakewillnotbeeatenbyJohn.

Icannotdrinkthatwine.Thatwinecannotbedrunkbyme.

【練習(xí)三十二】

將以下的否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：

l.Thefarmersheredonotgrowapples.

2.Hedidnotmeetmelastnight.

3.1havenotwrittenthatletter.

4.Johnisnotgoingtoseethatmovie.

5.1didnotwatchthatmovie.

6.HedoesnotspeakEnglish.

7.HewillnotspeakEnglish.

8.Youshouldnoteatthatcake.

9.Mymotherdoesnoteatthatkindoffish.

10.Johnhasnotwrittenthatreport.

【練習(xí)三十三】

將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：

l.Thebookwasnotwrittenbyhim.

2.1amnotgoingtobehelpedbyyou.

3.ThatbookhasnotbeenreceivedbyJohn.

4.Thatsongisnotlikedbycollegestudents.

5.JohnisnotlovedbyMary.

6.1willnotbemetbymystudenttomorrow.

7,Meatisnoteatenbyvegetarians.

8.Thedoorwasnotopenedbyme.

9,Thattendollarswerenotpaidbyme.

10.Thecarwasnotboughtbyme.

8§5問(wèn)句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

將問(wèn)句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，步驟類(lèi)似上一節(jié)的步驟，我們先將問(wèn)句變成肯定句子，然后將這個(gè)定句子變成

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，最后在將這個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子變回，成為問(wèn)句。

例如：

Doyoungkidsenjoyclassicalmusic?

先改成肯定句子

Youngkidsenjoyclassicalmusic.

再改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

Musicisenjoyedbyyoungkids.

最后改成問(wèn)益

Ismusicenjoyedbyyoungkids?

為了使讀者熟悉這些步驟，我們?cè)谙旅媾e了很多的例子:

1.Didyoueatthatcake?

(a).Youatethatcake.

(b).Thatcakewaseatenbyyou.

(c).Wasthatcakeeatenbyyou?

2.DofarmersinTaiwangrowapples?

(a)FarmersinTaiwangrowapples.

(b)ApplesaregrownbyfarmersinTaiwan.

(c)AreapplesgrownbyfarmersinTaiwan?

3.Haveyoufinishedthereport?

(a)Youhavefinishedthereport.

(b)Thereporthasbeenfinishedbyyou.

(c)Hasthereportbeenfinishedbyyou?

4.Whendidyouwritethatletter?

(a)Youwrotethatletter.

(b)Thatletterwaswrittenbyyou.

(c)Whenwastheletterwrittenbyyou?

5.Haveyouseenthatmovie?

(a)Youhaveseenthatmovie.

(b)Thatmoviehasbeenseenbyyou.

(c)Hasthemoviebeenseenbyyou?

6.WhendidStevensonwritethatnovel?

(a)Stevensonwrotethatnovel.

(b)ThatnovelwaswrittenbyStevenson.

(c)WhenwasthatnovelwrittenbyStevenson?

8.Ishepaintinghisroom?

(a)Heispaintinghisroom.

(b)Hisroomisbeingpaintedbyhim.

(c)Ishisroombeingpaintedbyhim?

在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫(xiě)出一個(gè)問(wèn)句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步驟的:

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣

Doeshehelphisstudents?Arehisstudentshelpedbyhim?

Didhetellthatstory?Wasthatstorytoldbyhim?

Hasshewrittenthatstory?Hasthatstorybeenwrittenbyher?

WhomisPetergoingtovisit?WhoisgoingtobevisitedbyPeter?

Whendidyoureadthatbook?Whenwasthatbookwrittenbyyou?

Doesheenjoythatsong?Isthatsongenjoyedhim?

Whydohisfriendsavoidhim?Whyisheavoidedbyhisfriends?

Whomdidyousee?Whowasseenbyyou?

Hashereadthatreport?Hasthatreportbeenreadbyhim?

Ishewritingthatletter?Isthatletterbeingwrittenbyhim?

【練習(xí)三十四】

將以下句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：

l.Ishewritingabook?

2.Didhewritethatbook?

3.Didyousignthatletter?

4.Wheredidyouseethatmovie?

5,Whendidyouseethatmovie?

6.Hashefinishedthatjob?

7.Didmothergiveyouthegift?

8.Didyourmothervisityoulastnight?

9.Dotheygrowroses?

10.DotheyspeakEnglish?

11.Didyouplaythatgameoftennis?

12.WillyouteachEnglish?

【練習(xí)三十五】

將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：

l.Wasthecakeeatenbyyou?

2.1shelikedbyallofus?

3.1sthatkindofmusiclovedbyeveryoneinJapan?

4.1sfisheatenbyoldpeople?

5.Areroseslovedbymostwomen?

6.Washecalledbyyou?

7.1ssoccerplayedbyJohn?

8.WhenwasthismusicwrittenbyMozart?

9.Whenwasheseenbyyou?

10.Weretheyseenbyyoulastnight?

【練習(xí)三十六】

將適宜的動(dòng)詞填入

1.1(send)twolettersyesterday.(do)you(receive)them?Every

letter(write)byme.Please(write)backtomesoon.

2.1(invite)toadancingpartylastweek.Themusic(be)sonoisy.I(leave)the

partyasearlyasI(can).

3.Didyou(write)thatreport?Yes,it(write)byme.

4.He(notlike)musicwhenhewasachild.Afterhe(get)intocollege,he

(teach)byagoodmusicprofessor.Now,he(enjoy)musicverymuchand

(listen)toclassicalmusiceverymorning.

5.1(buy)aredcaryesterday.It(make)inJapan.Itwill(deliver)tome

tomorrow.

6.1(notgo)toschoolyesterdaybecausemybicycle(steal).

I(buy)anewbikeyesterday.

7.Where(do)yougolastnight?I(can)not(find)you.You(see)by

noone.

8.A:(do)he(smoke)?

B:No,he(donot).Smokinghasnever(try)byhim.

9.Wasthebook(write)byhim?

10.1(buy)threebookslately.One(write)byGrahamGreene.

I(finish)readingit.There(be)manyinterestingstoriesinit.

［練習(xí)三十七］

改錯(cuò)：

1.*ThisisabookwhichwrotebyDickens.

2.*Arethemusicenjoyedbythoseelderlypeople?

3.*Whenareyouvisitedbyyourfatheryesterday?

4.*ThisbookwrittenbyJohn.

5.*Heisinvitedtocometomyhomebymyfatheryesterday.

6.*Thishouseisbuiltin1913.

7.*Thisletterwaswrotebyhim.

8.*Thisletterhasneverfinished.

9.*Wasyougivenabook?

1O.*Ihavenevercalledbymyfather.Ialwayscallhimfirst.

第九章動(dòng)詞如何轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)和不定詞(Infinitive)

9§1問(wèn)題的來(lái)源

對(duì)我們說(shuō)中文的人而言，一個(gè)字究竟是動(dòng)詞，還是名詞，其實(shí)是很少人知道的，對(duì)一?般人而言，''唱

歌〃是動(dòng)詞，但是如果我們說(shuō)，''唱歌是有益的〃，我們又發(fā)現(xiàn)''唱歌〃其實(shí)也是名詞。''我愛(ài)唱歌

〃，這句話(huà)中，''唱歌〃也是名詞。

英文就不同了，英文里很少有一個(gè)字，又是動(dòng)詞，又是名詞的，sing是動(dòng)詞，絕不能當(dāng)名詞用。怪不

得有很多中國(guó)人會(huì)說(shuō)

*Singisgoodforyou.或者是*1likesing.

既然sing是動(dòng)詞，也沒(méi)有一個(gè)''sing"的名詞，怎么辦呢？英文解套的辦法很有趣，他們用動(dòng)名詞

(gerund)和不定詞(infinitive)來(lái)將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞改成一個(gè)名詞。

9§2動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)

所謂動(dòng)名詞，乃是將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，字尾加上ing,一夜之間，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就可以當(dāng)作名詞用了。請(qǐng)看以下

的例子：

Ilikesinging.

Playingbasketballisgoodforyou.

Doyouenjoylisteningtoclassicalmusic?

Istravelingaroundtheworldmeaningfultoyou?

StudyingEnglishisnotdifficult.

我們不妨將動(dòng)名詞的用法分一下類(lèi)：

動(dòng)名詞可用作主詞，如

Playingtennisisenjoyedbymanypeople.

Takingdrugsisavoidedbymostpeople.

Beingkindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.

Respectingyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.

動(dòng)名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞的受詞，如

IenjoystudyingEnglish.

Hedoesnotmindwalkinglongdistances.

Ihaveneverenjoyedbeingaloneinmylife.

Helovesswimming.

動(dòng)名詞可以用作介系詞(preposition)的受詞，英文里有很多介系詞，at,in,about,of,on等等都是介

系詞，介系詞后面必定跟一個(gè)名詞，也是它的受詞，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)

onthetable

inmyhome

aboutHitler

ofmylife

onthisisland

各位一定注意到，每一個(gè)介系詞后面都有一個(gè)名詞，作為它的受詞。

動(dòng)名詞是可以作為介系詞的受詞的，如：

Thisbookisabouttraveling.

Heisresponsibleforcleaningthekitchen.

Mybrotheriscapableofwritingprograms.

Youjustkeepongoingstraight.

在下面，我們要給各位更多有關(guān)gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一個(gè)句子中，那個(gè)動(dòng)名詞是作什么

用的。

Insteadofswimming,hewalkseverymorning.

Helikeswalkinginthewoods.

Areyouinterestedinplayingtennis?

Lovingistobekindtoothers.

Readingisimportanttostudents.

Inadditiontotraveling,healsolikesreadingnovels.

Youwillbehappybyhelpingothers.

Heisworriedaboutbeinglate.

Ifinishedwritingthereportyesterday.

Theythankedmeforlendingthemmoney.

Hehasneverfinishedwritingthenovel.

SheisinchangeofteachingEnglishinourschool.

Myfatherobjectedtomygoingtothesummercamp.

Pleasestopjokingaboutmybrother.

Ilookforwardtoseeingyou.

Hehasneverenjoyedtraveling.

Shewasexcitedaboutgoingabroad.

Iconsidergamblingabadthingtodo.

Ihaveneverdreamedofflyinganairplane.

Hesuggestedtalkingtoourteacher.

Ibelieveindoingsomekindofexerciseeveryday.

Playingthepianoisnofunatall.

Nancyisaccustomedtosleepinglate.

Areyoutiredofdrivingforsolong?

Youshouldforgiveothersfordoingwrongthings.

Heinsistsongettingupearlyeverymorning.

Thankyouforparticipatinginmyconcert.

Heisusedtostudyingalone.

TheyarenotusedtospeakingEnglish.

Heisaccustomedtobeingpolitetoothers.

Iobjecttoseeingdirtymovies.

Youshouldtakeadvantageofstudyinginsuchagoodplace.

【練習(xí)三十八】

改正以下的錯(cuò)誤

1.Playtennisisfun.

2.1hateswim.

3.Stoptalkaboutme.

4.1nadditiontoreadinterestingbooks,youshouldalsowatchTVfromtimetotime.

5.1amnotinterestedinswim.

6.HetalksaboutgotoAmerica.

7.1believeindoexerciseeveryday.

8.Thecostoftransferastudenttoanotherschoolisveryhigh.

9.Pleaseforgivemeformakethismistake.

lO.Swimkeepsmefromgettingcold.

【練習(xí)三十九】

填充，每一個(gè)句子填入一個(gè)介系詞和一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，先舉一個(gè)例子。

1.1aminterested(listen)tomusic.

2.Pleaseforgiveme(be)solate.

3.Inaddition(study),youshouldalsohavesomeexerciseseveryday.

4.Wetalked(build)ahousenextyear.

5.Thankyou(help)me.

6.Heisexcited(travel)toJapan.

7.1amlookingforward(meet)you.

8.Heinsists(talk)tomepersonally.

9.1believe(exercise)everyday.

10.Didyouparticipatethat(swim)match.

11.Hewasnotused(listen)toclassicmusic.

12.Mymotherobjected(visit)myaunttomorrow.

13.1amnotaccustomed(go)tobedsolate.

14.1aminterested(swim).

15.Areyouresponsible(write)thisreport?

16.Heisexcited(see)metomorrow.

17.Heislookingforward(see)thatmovie.

18.1amnotused(hear)thatkindofnoise.

19.Youshouldtakeadvantage(have)suchagoodfamily.

2O.Heisincharge(send)studentstootherschools.

【練習(xí)四十】

將以下中文句子譯成英文句子：

1.我不喜歡跳舞。

2.你對(duì)游泳有興趣嗎？

3.打藍(lán)球是有趣的。

4.我們昨天談到(talkabout)教英文的事。

5.我不習(xí)慣(benotusedto)抽煙。

6.我反對(duì)(objectto)在公開(kāi)場(chǎng)合哭泣(cryinpublic)o

7.除了游泳以外，他還應(yīng)該打棒球(用inadditionto)。

8.他可以(becapableof)每天跑一公里。

9.他負(fù)責(zé)(beinchargeof)找尋一個(gè)好的地方。

10.我已習(xí)慣了(beaccustomedto)早起。

9§3不定詞(Infinitives)

不定詞=to+動(dòng)詞的原式。例如togo,tolove,t。eat等等，都是不定詞，不定詞和動(dòng)名詞的用法相似，以下全是用不

定詞用作名詞的例子：

Toloveistoforgive.

Toforgiveyourenemieswillmakeyouhappy.

Iliketoeatchicken.

Iaskedmybrothertocomehere.

Hecontinuedtoread.

也許讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)了不定詞和動(dòng)名詞不同的地方：不定詞不能用在介系詞的后面，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：

*1aminterestedintoplaypiano.

*Heisworriedabouttogoabroad.

*1aminchargeoftopreparefortheparty.

如何將不定詞用成名詞呢？

不定詞可以用作主詞：如

Toplaytennisisgreatfun.

Toplaysafeinthestockmarketisnecessary.

Tobekindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.

Torespectyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.

不家詞可以用成很多動(dòng)詞的受詞：

Iliketoswim.

Helovestolistentojokes.

Mybrotherseemstobedifferent.

Iagreetolendhimmoney.

Doyouliketosing?

不定詞可以跟在代名詞的后面，形式如下：

動(dòng)詞(verb)+代名詞(pronoun)+不定詞(infinitive)

例如：

Itoldhimtoworkhard.

Iaskedmybrothertocomebackhome.

Heexpectshisfriendstohelphim.

Myteachertoldmetowaitforhim.

Iinvitedmysistertogotoseeamovie.

不定詞常用在上述句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，例如：

Hewastoldtoworkhard.

Mybrotherwasaskedtocomebackhome.

Hisfriendisexpectedtohelpme.

Iwastoldbymyteachertowait.

Mysisterwasinvitedtogotoseeamovie.

以下是更多的不定詞例子：

Togiveismoremeaningfulthantoreceive.

Ilovetoswimincoldweather.

Heagreedtolistentomystory.

Hedecidedtogoanyway.

Itoldhimtobuymybook.

Iinvitedhimtocometomyhouse.

Iaskedhimtocookformetonight.

Studentsareaskedtoworkhard.

Heneedstoworkhard.

Iwantyoutosendthislettertomyfather.

Herequireseverystudenttoreadonenoveleveryweek.

Everystudentisrequiredtoreadonenoveleveryweek.

讀者一定會(huì)問(wèn)，是不是動(dòng)名詞可以和不定詞互調(diào)，答案是否定的，有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞和不定詞，但也有些

動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞，有些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟不定詞。

有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞或不定詞：love,like,hate,start,begin,以下的動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞：

EnjoyIenjoyeatinggoodfood.

AppreciateIappreciateyourbeingkindtoothers.

AvoidYoushouldavoidmakingmistakes.

keeponKeeponworkinghard.

keepKeepsinging.

considerHeconsideredleavinghome.

finishHefinishedwritingthisbook.

suggestMayIsuggestdrinkingacupofcoffee?

discussWediscussedtravelingtoNewZealand.

以下的動(dòng)詞正好相反，只能跟不定詞

agreeIagreetosignthisletter.

planHeplanstogoaway.

wantTheywanttorentacar.

decideHedecidedtoworkhard.

seemHeseemstobeveryhappy.

appearHeappearstobeverysad.

一個(gè)字非常特殊，必須討論一下，那就是stop：

stopsmoking指不再抽煙了

stoptosmoke指停下來(lái),開(kāi)始抽煙

9§4動(dòng)名詞和不定詞的被動(dòng)和否定形式

將動(dòng)詞改成名詞的時(shí)候，也可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣和否定語(yǔ)氣，以下是一些例子：

Everyonelikestobeloved.

Thiscupneedstobewashed.

Beingtrustedisimportant.

Itoldhimnottoleavethishouse.

Heaskedmenottocry.

Iwastoldnottofallasleepinclass.

TobegivenagoodgiftonChristmasEvemakesmehappy.

Beinginvitedtothatpartyisagreathonortome.

【練習(xí)四十一】

將下面的空格填入動(dòng)名詞或不定詞

1.1enjoy(listen)torockandrollmusic.

2.1askedhim(go)away.

3.Hewasasked(leave).

4.1suggest(have)somefun.

5.Heseems(be)akindperson.

6.Youappear(be)quitetired.

7.1toldhim(have)acupofwine.

8.1invitedhim(come)over.

9.Everyoneofyouisrequired(work)hard.

10.Doyoulike(swim)?

11.1orderedhim(read)mybook.

12.1wasexpected(write)alettertoyou.

13.Heaskedme(read)thislettertohim.

14.Pleasekeep(talk)tome.

15.Stop(drive)sofast.Itisdangeroustodrivetoofast.

16.1hate(smoke).

17.(pass)thetestisimportant.

18.(work)hardisthekeytosuccess.

19.Mywifeaskedmeto(bring)someflowershome.

20.Heavoided(tell)lies.

【練習(xí)四十二】

將以下中文句子譯成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。

1.我請(qǐng)(invite)他到我家來(lái)。

2.我教(teach)他游泳。

3.被人愛(ài)令人快樂(lè)。

4.我討厭(hate)抽煙。

5.我們應(yīng)該避免(avoid)飲煙。

6.不要再(stop)抽煙了。

7.每個(gè)人都期待(expect)他寫(xiě)一本好書(shū)。

8.我要求(require)他每天念英文。

9§5不定詞的簡(jiǎn)式

不定詞中一定要有to,但在有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let,我們絕不可以說(shuō)

*1lethimtoleave.

而一定要說(shuō)

Ilethimleave.

我們也不能說(shuō)

*1madehimtoworkhard.（我使他努力工作）

而一定要說(shuō)

Imadehimworkhard.

以下的動(dòng)詞后面，不定詞的后面都要省掉t。。

動(dòng)詞例句

letMymotherletmewatchTVtonight.

makeHemakeshisstudentsrespectteachers.

haveHehadhissonscleantheirrooms.

seeIsawhimrunaway.

hearIheardthebirdssing.

watchIwatchedthekidsplay.

notice