演示文稿華中農(nóng)業(yè)微生物學(xué)第一章英文

（優(yōu)選）華中農(nóng)業(yè)微生物學(xué)第一章英文版ppt講解當(dāng)前第1頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Chapteroutline1.1Whatisamicrobe?1.2TheimportanceofMicrobiology1.3Microbesinourlives1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology當(dāng)前第2頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)ConceptsMicroorganismsareresponsibleformanyofthechangesobservedinorganicandinorganicmatter(e.g.,fermentationandthecarbon,nitrogenandsulfurcyclesthatoccurredinnature.Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyasascientificdisciplinehasdependedontheavailabilityofthemicroscopeandtheabilitytoisolateandgrowpureculturesofmicroorganisms.Microbiologyisalargediscipline,whichhasagreatimpactonotherareasofbiologyandgeneralhumanwelfare當(dāng)前第3頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Thewordmicrobe(microorganism)isusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthatcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamicroscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoaandsomealgaeareallincludedinthiscategory.1.1Whatisamicrobe?當(dāng)前第4頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Ourworldispopulatedbyinvisiblecreaturestoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Theselifeforms,themicrobesormicroorganisms,maybeseenonlybymagnifyingtheirimagewithamicroscope.當(dāng)前第5頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)

MicrobialworldOrganisms

(living)Infectiousagents

(non-living)Prokaryotes(unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae(unicellularormulticellular)Fungi(unicellularormulticellular)Protozoa(unicellular)Other(multicellularorganisms)當(dāng)前第6頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Mostofthebacteria,protozoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,andeventhemulticelledmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Virusesarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.Thesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes

當(dāng)前第7頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)MicrobeApproximaterangeofsizesCelltypeViruses0.01-0.25μmAcellularBacteria0.1-10μmProkaryoteFungi2μm->1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000μmEukaryoteAlgae1μm-severalmetersEukaryoteThesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes當(dāng)前第8頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Microbesimpingeonallaspectsoflife,justafewofthesearelistedbelow:TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2Theimportanceofmicrobiology當(dāng)前第9頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearchPressheretocontinue當(dāng)前第10頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)

Microbesareresponsibleforthegeochemicalcycles.Theyarefoundinassociationwithplantsinsymbioticrelationships.Somemicrobesaredevastatingplantpathogens,butothersmayactasbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstdiseases.當(dāng)前第11頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Thedisease-causingabilityofsomemicrobesiswellknown.However,microorganismshavealsoprovideduswiththemeansoftheircontrolintheformofantibioticsandothermedicallyimportantdrugs.當(dāng)前第12頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Microbeshavebeenusedtoproducefood,frombrewingandwinemaking,throughcheeseproductionandbreadmaking,tothemanufactureofsoysauce.Butmicrobesarealsoresponsibleforfoodspoilage.當(dāng)前第13頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Traditionallymicrobeshavebeenusedtosynthesizeimportantchemicals.Theadventofgeneticengineeringtechniqueshasledtothecloningofpolypeptidesintomicrobes.當(dāng)前第14頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Microbeshavebeenusedasmodelorganismsfortheinvestigationofbiochemicalandgeneticalprocesses.Millionsofcopiesofthesamesinglecellcanbeproducedveryquicklyandgiveplentyofhomogeneousexperimentalmaterial.Mostpeoplehavenoethicalobjectionstoexperimentswiththesemicroorganisms.當(dāng)前第15頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)1.3Microbesinourlives

MicroorganismsasDiseaseAgentsMicroorganismsandAgricultureMicroorganismsandtheFoodIndustryMicroorganisms,Energy,andtheEnvironmentMicroorganismsandtheFuture當(dāng)前第16頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)

BranchesofMicrobiologyBacteriologyProtozoologyParasitologyMicrobialMorphologyMycologyVirologyPhycologyorAlgologyMicrobialphysiologyMicrobialtaxonomyMicrobialgeneticsMolecularbiologyMicrobialecology當(dāng)前第17頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)ThefutureofmicrobiologyisbrightMicrobiologyisoneofthemostrewardingofprofessions,becauseitgivesitspractitionerstheopportunitytobeincontactwithalltheothernaturalscienceandthustocontributeinmanydifferentwaystothebettermentofhumanlife.當(dāng)前第18頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)1.4ThehistoryofmicrobiologyInthefieldofobservation,chancefavorsonlypreparedminds.------LouisPasteur當(dāng)前第19頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThespontaneousgenerationconflictTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterThedevelopmentofmicrobiologyinthiscentury當(dāng)前第20頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThefirstpersontoaccuratelyobserveanddescribemicroorganismsAntonyvanLeeuwenhock(1632-1723)當(dāng)前第21頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)ThefirstpersontoobserveanddescribemicroorganismswastheamateurmicroscopistAntonyvanleeuwenhoekofDelft,Holland.Leeuwenhockmadehissimple,single-lensmicroscopewhichcouldamplifytheobjectbeingviewed50–300times.Between1673-1723,hewroteaseriesofletterstotheRoyalSocietyofLondondescribingthemicrobesheobservedfromthesamplesofrainwater,andhumammouth.當(dāng)前第22頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Leeuwenhoek’sdrawingsofbacteriafromthehumanmouth.Adrawingofoneofthemicroscopesshowingthelensa;mountingpinb;andfocusingscrewscandd.lensObjectbeingviewedadjustingscrews當(dāng)前第23頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Pasteur’scontributions:LouisPasteurworkinginhislaboratoryLouisPasteur(1822–1895)

Pasteur(1857)demonstratedthatlacticacidfermentationisduetotheactivityofmicro-organismsPasteur(1861)conflictoverspontaneousgeneration–birthofmicrobiologyasasciencePasteur(1881)developedanthraxvaccinePasteurization當(dāng)前第24頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)

Spontaneousgeneration–thatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingordecomposingmatter.Thespontaneousgenerationconflict當(dāng)前第25頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Pasteur’sswanneckflasksusedinhisexperimentsonthespontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms當(dāng)前第26頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Conclusion:Microorganismsarenotspontaneouslygeneratedfrominanimatematter,butareproducedbyothermicroorganisms當(dāng)前第27頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)RobertKochinhislaboratoryTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseRobertKoch(1843–1910)當(dāng)前第28頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)Koch’sdemonstrationofspecialorganismscausespecialdiseases當(dāng)前第29頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)

Koch’spostulatesThemicroorganismsmustbepresentineverycaseofthediseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms.Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbeisolatedandgrowninapureculture.Thediseasemustresultwhentheisolatedmicroorganismsisinoculatedintoahealthyhost.Thesamemicroorganismsmustbeisolatedagainfromthediseasedhost當(dāng)前第30頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)TheGoldenageofmicrobiology

Kochandpurecultures

FermentationandPasteurization

Germtheoryofdisease

Vaccination當(dāng)前第31頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)ThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterTheRussianmicrobiologistWinograskydiscoveredthatsoilbacteriacouldoxidizeiron,sulfurandammoniatoobtainenergy,andalsoisolatednitrogen–fixingbacteria.Beijerinckmadefundamentalcontributionstomicrobialecology.HeisolatedAzotobacterandRhizobium.當(dāng)前第32頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)AlexanderFleming(1881-1955)SirAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredtheantibioticpenicillin.Hehadtheinsighttorecognizethesignificanceoftheinhibitionofbacterialgrowthinthevicinityofafungalcontaminant.當(dāng)前第33頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)DateMicrobiologicalHistory1676Leeuwenhoekdiscovers"animalcules"PasteurshowsthatlacticacidfermentationisduetoamicroorganismPasteurshowsthatmicroorganismsdonotarisebyspontaneousgeneration1867Listerpublisheshisworkonantisepticsurgery1869Miescherdiscoversnucleicacids1876-1877KochdemonstratesthatanthraxiscausedbyBacillusanthracisLaverandiscoversPlasmodium,thecauseofmalaria1881KochculturesbacteriaongelatinPasteurdevelopsanthraxvaccine1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology當(dāng)前第34頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)1884Koch'spostulatesfirstpublishedMetchnikoffdescribesphagocytosisGramstaindeveloped1887Petridish(plate)developedbyRichardPetriBeijerinckisolatesrootnodulebacteriaBeijerinckprovesthatavirusparticlecausesthetobaccomosaicdisease1921Flemingdiscoverslysozyme1923FirsteditionofBergey'sManual1928Griffithdiscoversbacterialtransformation1929FlemingdiscoverspenicillinRuskadevelopsfirsttransmissionelectronmicroscope1935Stanleycrystallizesthetobaccomosaicvirus當(dāng)前第35頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)AveryshowsthatDNAcarriesinformationduringtransformationWaksmandiscoversstreptomycinWatsonandCrickproposethedoublehelixstructureforDNA1961-1966Cohenetaluseplasmidvectorstoclonegenesinbacteria1980Developmentofthescanningtunnelingmicroscope1983-1984ThepolymerasechainreactiondevelopedbyMullis1990Firsthumangene-therapytestingbegunDiscoveryofThiomargaritanamibiensis,thelargestknownbacteriumEscherichiacoligenomesequencedDiscoverythatVibriocholeraehastwoseparatechromosomes當(dāng)前第36頁(yè)\共有40頁(yè)\編于星期四\8點(diǎn)1.HowdidPasteur'sfamousexperimentdefeatthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration?2.HowcanKoch'spost