2023年初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)之被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)歸納

2023年學(xué)校英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)之被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)歸納主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)有時(shí)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，即主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：Everybodyrespectshim.人人都敬重他。有時(shí)也可以是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，即主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，如：Heisrespectedbyeverybody.他受到大家的敬重。第一句的謂語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其次句的謂語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。就句子來(lái)說(shuō)，前一句是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，后一句為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。這里也可看出被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)句子中的主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)句子中的賓語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)句子有些有by引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)，如：Thesupermarketisrunbyayounglady.這家超市是一位年輕的女士經(jīng)營(yíng)的。TheplaywaswrittenbyCaoYu.這個(gè)戲是曹禺寫(xiě)的。但有些卻沒(méi)有，如：ShewasborninHunanProvince.她誕生于湖南省。Theyweregivenawarmwele.他們受到熱鬧的歡送。從這些句子中也可以看出，被動(dòng)詞態(tài)由“be+過(guò)去分詞〞構(gòu)成，時(shí)態(tài)由be表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。哪些動(dòng)詞可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1〕一般說(shuō)來(lái)及物動(dòng)詞可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由于及物動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)，把賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，句子即可改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Someonebrokethewindow.Thewindowwasbroken.Judiapaintedapicture.ThepicturewaspaintedbyJudia.Wekeepthebutterinthefridge.Thebutteriskeptinthefridge.Theykilledtwobridslastnight.Twobridswerekilledlastnight.2〕不及物動(dòng)詞假設(shè)與介詞結(jié)合可構(gòu)成成語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)就可以有賓語(yǔ)，因而也就可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Wearelookingintothecase.Thecaseisbeinglookedinto.Heoperatedonheryesterday.Shewasoperatedonyesterday.Theydiscriminatedagainsthim.Hewasdiscriminatedagainst.Theyhavebrokenintothehouse.Hishousehasbeenbrokeninto.3〕由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等構(gòu)成的謂語(yǔ)也可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Wecan’tdoitinaday.Itcan’tbedoneinaday.Youmustdoitrightnow.Itmustbedonerightnow.Weshouldrevisetheplan.Theplanshouldberevised.Shehastofinishtheworktonight.Theworkhastobefinishedtonight.4〕非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，由于不是謂語(yǔ)，不能改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但可改為被動(dòng)形式〔PassiveForms〕：主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式Sheaskedtoseethemanager.Sheaskedtobegivenajob.Ihavenothingtodo.Thereisnothingtobedone.Shehatedlivingalone.Shehatedbeingtreatedlikethat.Iheardsomeonesingingnextdoor.IheardthesongsunginItalian.哪些結(jié)果結(jié)構(gòu)可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)除了“主+謂+賓〞這種結(jié)構(gòu)可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)外，還有下面結(jié)構(gòu)可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：1〕主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+不定式：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Wetoldtheboytogotobed.Theboywastoldtogotobed.Theyaskedhertosingasong.Shewasaskedtosingasong.Theymadehimworklonghours.Hewasmadetoworklonghours.Wesawhimenterthehouse.Hewasseentoenterthehouse.2〕主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+名詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Theymadehimtheirleader.Hewasmadetheirleader.WecalledherBigSister.ShewascalledBigSister.Wemustkeepthisasecret.Thismustbekeptasecret.Theyelectedhimchairman.Hewaselectedchairman.3〕主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+形容詞等作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Shepaintedthewallsyellow.Thewallswerepaintedyellow.Hedyedhishairred.Hishairwasdyedred.Theysetherfree.Shewassetfree.Wefoundtheminhighspirits.Theywerefoundinhighspirits.4〕主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)〔+其他局部〕：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Theygavemesomethingtoeat.Iwasgivensomethingtoeat.ShetaughtmeanEnglishsong.IwastaughtanEnglishsong.Hetoldussomestories.Weweretoldsomestories.Theyawardedheraspecialprize.Shewasawardedaspecialprize.5〕主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+從句：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Theysaidthatshewasasaint.Itwassaidthatshewasasaint.Theybelievethathehasmagicpower.It’sbelievedthathehasmagicpower.Theyreportedthathehadresigned.Itwasreportedthathehadresigned.Theyannouncedthatthecontestwastobepostponed.Itwasannouncedthatthecontestwastobepostponed.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的根本用法①不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或者沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。如：Paperismadefromwood.Thehouseisquiteold,itwasbuiltin1950.Hewaswoundedinthefight.②需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。如：Calculatorcan’tbeusedinthemathsexam.Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustn’tbetakenaway.Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.③為使語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)聽(tīng)，防止提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，或由于修辭的需要使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使句子得以更好支配。如：Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbepletedbytheendofnextmonth.Electricityisusedtorunmachines.使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主要狀況把握被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式很重要，但使用卻要慎重。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，沒(méi)有特別理由不宜用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。在多數(shù)狀況下用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是比擬自然的。翻開(kāi)一頁(yè)書(shū)，你會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)百分之八九十的句子都用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，只在肯定狀況下需用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：1〕不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)，這時(shí)只好用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：ThemonasterywasbuiltintheMiddleAges.這座寺院建于中世紀(jì)。Threepeoplewereinjured.三個(gè)人受了傷。Thebuildingwasburneddown.這座建筑完全焚毀了。Theboywasnearlydrowned.那孩子差點(diǎn)淹死。Whenwilltheresultbeannounced?結(jié)果什么時(shí)候宣布？TheBritishgeneralelectionwasheldinOctober.英國(guó)十月份進(jìn)行大選。Wearecalledontotakeanactivepartinthemovement.號(hào)召我們樂(lè)觀參與這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。Hewasjailedforsixyears.他被監(jiān)禁了六年。2〕不必提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，因此也可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：Thebookwaspublishedin2000.這書(shū)是2000年出版的。Apeacetreatywasfinallysigned.最終簽定了一項(xiàng)和約。Thematchhadtobecancelledbecauseofbadweather.天氣不好，競(jìng)賽不得不取消。Theplantwasshutdownfortwomonths.工廠關(guān)閉了兩個(gè)月。Renthastobepaidinadvance.房租得預(yù)交。YourhandwillbeXrayed.你的手要作X光透視檢查。Persistentfoulplaywillbeseverelypenalized.不斷犯規(guī)要受到重罰。Thisproblemwillbedealtwithinthenextchapter.這個(gè)問(wèn)題將在下一章中爭(zhēng)論。3〕動(dòng)作的承受者〔或結(jié)果〕是談話(huà)的中心：MadameBoverywaswrittenbyFlaubert.?包法利夫人?是福樓拜寫(xiě)的。Arethesegoodsmadebymachinery?這些貨物是機(jī)器生產(chǎn)的嗎？Whenshewasillherchildrenwerelookedafterbyneighbors.她生病時(shí)孩子們由鄰居照管。Philipwasdepressedbywhathehadgonethrough.菲利普因他經(jīng)受的事而懊喪。這類(lèi)句子常有一個(gè)by引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，有時(shí)也可沒(méi)有：Whenhearrivedhomehewasarrested(byadetective).他到家時(shí)被捕了。Anewpubliclibraryisbeingbuilt(byourlocalcouncil).一座新的公共圖書(shū)館正在修建。Thehousenextdoorhasbeenbought(bysomeone).隔壁房子有人買(mǎi)了。4〕動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者很模糊〔如指people，one等〕，故用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)也很自然：It’ssuggestedthatweputthemeetingoff.有人建議會(huì)議延期進(jìn)行。Thissortofadvertisementisseeneverywhere.這種廣告〔人們〕處處都可以看到。Heissuspectedoftakingbribery.有人疑心他受賄。TheyaresupposedtobelivinginNewYork.人們認(rèn)為他們住在紐約。Theletterhasbeenopened！這信有人拆開(kāi)了！Hewasbelievedtohavemadeanimportantdiscovery.據(jù)信他有了重大發(fā)覺(jué)。Itwasrumoredthathewasaspy.謠傳他是個(gè)間諜。It’sallegedthatthehostageisalreadydead.有人說(shuō)人質(zhì)已經(jīng)死了。5〕為了措辭上的圓通，常防止說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者：YouarerequestedtogiveusatalkonJapaneseculture.敬請(qǐng)您給我們作一個(gè)有關(guān)文化的講座。YouarecordiallyinvitedtoadancetobegivenattheTeachers’Clubat7p.m.onMayDay.謹(jǐn)訂于五一節(jié)晚七時(shí)于老師俱樂(lè)部進(jìn)行舞會(huì)敬請(qǐng)光臨。Itisgenerallyconsideredrudeto