高考閱讀理解之主旨大意題公開課wjf

英語高考專題閱讀理解之主旨大意題解題技巧I.教學(xué)目標(biāo)了解教學(xué)背景：高考閱讀題分析；主旨題型分類：1）文章主旨；2）文章標(biāo)題；3）段落主旨；3.通過做練習(xí)，了解各種解題技巧；4.在做閱讀練習(xí)題中能靈活運(yùn)用各技巧。

這幾年高考中所有的試題都是在語篇中考查，聽力，閱讀，寫作，完型填空，語法填空，無一例外全都突出語篇的重要性，所以在備考中必須高度重視語篇能力．得閱讀者得英語！II.新高考分析III.語篇能力－－Howtograspthemain

ideaofapassage

1．主旨大意題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式題型特點(diǎn)主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。這類題目考查的范圍是基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類主旨題標(biāo)題類文章主旨段落主旨標(biāo)題類試題常見的題干形式(1)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.(2)Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe(3)Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis.(4)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?(體現(xiàn)概括性,避免遠(yuǎn)離主題)2.文章主旨類試題常見的題干形式(1)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(2)Thepassagetalksabout...(3)Thepassagetellsusthat...(4)Thispassagemainlydealswith...(5)What’sthemainidea/topicofthepassage?(體現(xiàn)全面性,避免以偏概全)3.段落主旨類試題常見的題干形式(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat.(2)Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?(3)WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone?(4)What’sthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph?(體現(xiàn)針對性,避免張冠李戴)2．分類解讀下面結(jié)合試題，談?wù)剺?biāo)題類和大意類主旨大意題的解題技巧。(1)標(biāo)題類標(biāo)題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式。文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。練習(xí)1Intheanimalkingdom，weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme，pourcreamintomycoffee，orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience，Iseethebestinpeople，butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily...Lastmonth，whenIwasdrivinghomeonabusyhighway，Ibegantofeelunwellanddrovemoreslowlythanusual.PeoplebehindmebegantogetimpatientIputonthecarflashlightsanddroveonatareallylowspeed.Nomoreangryshoutsandnomorehorns!WhenIputonmyflashlights，...Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedon'tfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedon'tpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.(2011廣東卷)30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．AWheelchairExperienceB．WeaknessandKindnessC．WeaknessandStrengthD．ADrivingExperience【解析】B由第一段中的ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople可知正確答案為B

歸納總結(jié)：文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定：第一，要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系；第二，再看它對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何；第三，要注意題目是過大還是過??；第四，要避免下列三種錯誤：一是概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小)；二是過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍)；三是以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象概括的大意。2)主旨大意類

做此類題目時，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

解題技巧技巧一：尋找主題句，確定文章主題技巧二:抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想技巧三:找高頻詞技巧一：尋找主題句，確定文章主題新聞報(bào)道導(dǎo)語提攜全文議論文總--分--總（論點(diǎn)－論據(jù)－結(jié)論）說明文主題句（首－－中－－尾）記敘文記敘文六要素識別文體通常情況下主題句在文中的位置：說明文議論文記敘文在開頭在結(jié)尾在中間中心貫穿全文√(較常見)√(較少見)√√√√√√√(較常見)

如何尋找主題句Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）主題句在段首

一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。

Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.

（2）主題句也會出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù),層層推理論證,最后自然得出結(jié)論,即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。

（3）在短文中間

當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時,通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展.Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.練習(xí)2Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?議論文總--分--總55．Whatisthemainidea?A.cigarettesmokingcancausecancerB.smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease(illness)C.smokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblemsD.smokingisharmful.

D4）無主題句，即主題句隱含在全文中，沒有明確的主題句，必須根據(jù)文中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行全面考慮、綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。練習(xí)3TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.

A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.

B.Tombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfrom

HarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.

C.Tomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedat

Berlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetail技巧二:從段落中歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意，理清線索.

尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。

練習(xí)4Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplyingenergybynuclearpower.First,theradioactivematerialmusttravelfromitsplaceofproductiontothepowerstation.Althoughthepowerstationsthemselvesarestronglybuilt,thecontainersusedforthetransportofthematerialsarenot.Normally,onlytwomethodsoftransportareinuse,namelyroadorrail.Unfortunately,bothofthesemayhaveaneffectonthegeneralpublic,sincetheyaresuretopassnear,oreventhrough,heavilypopulatedareas.Second,thereistheproblemofwaste.Allnuclearpowerstationsproducewastesthatinmostcaseswillremainradioactiveforthousandsofyears.Itisimpossibletomakethesewastesnonradioactive,andsotheymustbestoredinoneoftheinconvenientwaysthatscientistshaveinvented.Forexample,theymaybeburiedundertheground,ordroppedintodesertedmines,orsunkinthesea.However,thesemethodsdonotsolvetheproblem,sinceanearthquakecouldeasilybreakthecontainers.Third,theremayoccurthedangerofaleak(泄漏)oranexplosionatthepowerstation.Aswiththeothertwodangers,thisisnotverylikely,soitdoesnotprovideaseriousobjectiontothenuclearprogram.However,itcanhappen.Separately,thesethreetypesofdangersarenotagreatcauseforworry.Takentogether,though,theprobabilityofdisasterisextremelyhigh.(

)?Whatisthepassageabout?A．Usesofnuclearpower.B．Dangersfromnuclearpower.C．Publicangeratnuclearpower.D．Accidentscausedbynuclearpower.B第一段“Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplyingenergybynuclearpower.”為文章的主題句。接著從三個方面論述主題：First...，Second...，Third...，段首第一句分別為各段的主題句，層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，最后一段進(jìn)一步歸納全文大意：Dangersfromnuclearpower。故答案為B。√

注意：在這個過程中，考生不能只依據(jù)只言片語或光看文章的某些段落，而應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排；理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”；考慮文章的組織材料及支持性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的；分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么內(nèi)容來表達(dá)的；最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來。技巧三:從段落中尋找高頻率詞

任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞

練習(xí)5Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.

Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.75.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels遵循四字原則:準(zhǔn)全新用精煉的語言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的內(nèi)涵和外延,把作者的觀點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來.要排除掉那些片面的選項(xiàng),選取包含文章的主要內(nèi)容及作者觀點(diǎn)的選項(xiàng),范圍不宜過大或過小.所選擇的標(biāo)題要新穎,對讀者有吸引力,能激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣.精回顧總結(jié)Homework1.Dosomereadingexercises2.完成對應(yīng)的練習(xí)ThankYouGoodluck&Success’sahead!Yourcriticismwillbeappreciated!IV.Pracicemakesperfect!高考真題驗(yàn)證練習(xí)6“Haveaniceday！”maybeapleasantgestureorameaninglessexpression.WhenmyfriendMaxiesays‘haveaniceday'withasmile，Iknowshesincerelycaresaboutwhathappenstome...Althoughtheuseoftheexpressionisaninsincere，meaninglesssocialcustomattimes，thereisnothingwrongwiththesentenceexceptthatit‘salittleuninteresting.Thesalesgirl，thewaitress，theteacher，andallthecountlessotherswhospeakitwithoutthinkingmaynotreallycareaboutmyday.Butinastrangeandcomfortableway.It’snicetoknowtheycareenoughtopretendtheycarewhentheirreallydon‘tcareallthatmuch.Whiletheexpressionmaynotoftenbesincere，it’salwaysspoken.Thepointisthatpeoplesay