漢英語言差異

DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish資料搜集：，，PPT制

作：李濤，張龍艷主

講：11.DifferentLanguageFamilies2.LexicalDifference

betweenChineseand

English3.SentenceStructureDifferencebetween

Chinese

andEnglish4.DiscourseDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish5.IdiomDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish6.Suggestionstoavoidnegativeinfluence

ofChineseonEnglishOutline2DifferentLanguageFamiliesEnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(漢藏語系).3LexicalDifference

betweenChineseandEnglishThemajorwaysofword-buildinginEnglisharecomposition(合成),conversion(詞性轉(zhuǎn)化),andderivation

(affixation衍生).AndinChinesewehavethesamemajorways.4English:Composition:motherland,blackboard,handwriting,easy-goingChinese:

Composition:并列式：語言，改革，樹立，遙遠(yuǎn)，左右偏正式：學(xué)分，本科，紅糖，笑聲，新衣主謂式：耳聞，目睹，臉紅動賓式：思甜，攻關(guān)，滅火，開車，踢球補充式：提前，救活，改善，說明，調(diào)好重疊式：平平安安，高高興興，懶洋洋

5English:Conversion:paperthewindow,emptythebasket,elbowone’swayChinese:

Conversion:一棵大樹,十年樹人

出售油漆,油漆門窗雞鴨魚肉,魚肉百姓

安全第一,不太安全English:Derivation:ableunable

takemistake

hope

hopeless

hopelessnessChinese:

Derivation:

6Suffix:手—助手，舵手，選手，幫手，一把手年—幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年子—金子，票子，耗子，妻子，愛面子頭—外頭，對頭，拳頭，風(fēng)頭，枕頭，苗頭Prefix：

超—超人，超額，超支，超音速

反—反動，反攻，反駁，反問，反腐敗

非—非人，非常，非原則，非正式

無—無視，無限，無線電，無名氏，無疑

漢語中的“非”、“無”相當(dāng)于英語中的前綴un-,in-,il-和后綴-less7SentenceStructureDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish1.HypotacticvsParatactic(形合與意合)Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausesarrangedwithconnectives.E.g.

Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.E.g.Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehouseswerewashedaway.82.ComplexvsSimplex（復(fù)雜句式與簡單句式）InEnglish,peopleusemuchmorecomplexsentencesthansimpleonesinnormalwritings.TheEnglishcomplexsentencesareoftenlikechainswithclauseslinkingclauses.Ontheotherhand,theChinesesentencesorclausestendtobeshortandsimpleinstructure.Theyareflowingandsimplexwithoneclausefollowingtheotherratherinaline.一個英國人，不會說中國話，有一次在中國旅行。AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina.93.

Top-heavy/Lion-headvsEnd-weight/Peacock-tail（頭重與尾重句型）InanEnglishsentence,theshorterelementsusuallygobeforelongeronesinarrangementorder,andthewholesentencelookslikeapyramid.ThatalsoexplainswhytherearesomanyinvertedsentencesinEnglish.

ThearrangementofaChinesesentenceseemsquitetheopposite,soitlookslikeaninvertedpyramidortriangle.104.StaticvsDynamic(靜態(tài)與動態(tài))EnglishtendstouselessverbsthanChinese.InasimpleEnglishsentenceorinanEnglishclause,onlyoneverbisusedasthepredicateofthesentenceorclause.InaChinesesentence,anumberofverbscanbeusedasitspredicateatthesametime,sowemaysaythattheChineseisrather“dynamic”whiletheEnglishis“static”.115.ImpersonalvsPersonal(InanimatevsAnimate)

（物稱與人稱）InanEnglishsentence,thechoiceofitssubjectoftenfallsontheinanimateorthethingthatisnotliving.Ontheotherhand,weChinesetendtopickupanimatethingsorpersonstofunctionasthesubjectofasentence.

eg.Thereareeightpeopleinhisfamily.

Hehaseightpeopleinhisfamily.126.PassivevsActive（被動與主動）這個問題正在研究。Theproblemisnowbeingstudied.

必須找到新的能源。Newsourcesofenergymustbefound.

飯做好了。Themealhasbeencooked.137.SubstitutivevsRepetitive(替代與重復(fù))

RepetitionofwordsinEnglishisgenerallymoreorlessabnormalandobjectionableexceptthatitisrhetoricalorsignificant.Toavoidrepetition,Englishoftenemployssubstitution,ellipsis,

variation,andsomeotherdevices.他喜歡跳舞，我也喜歡跳舞。

HelikesdancingandsodoI.(替代)我們要相信群眾，依賴群眾。

Wemusthavefaithinandrelyonthemasses.(省略)約翰給自己買了一部新的福特牌汽車，他幾乎就住在這部汽車?yán)?。John’sboughthimselfanewFord.Hepracticallylivesinthecar.（變換）14

Chinese:inductive

English:deductivedetailtopictopicdetail

DiscourseDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish15Hello!Mr.Wang,Iamfeelingterriblenow.Ihaveaheadache.Iamcoughingandsneezingallthetime.IthinkIhaveabadcold.Ihavetoseeadoctor…Iwanttoaskforaleave.Twostudentscalltheirteachers

Hello!Mr.Wang,I’msorrytosayIwanttoaskforaleave.Ihaveabadcold.Ihavetoseeadoctor…16

Idiomsincludemetaphoricalphrases,slang,colloquialism,proverbandsoon.Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandcultureofasociety,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.

IdiomDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish171.

Differentlivingcircumstance

Itcannotbedenied

thatnaturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,ecologicalconditionissomethingthatplayscontributoryroleintheformationofalanguage..

1)Geographicalenvironment

Britainisanislandcountry.Peoplewholivealongseacoastandwhoselivelihoodisdependentontheseawillhaveidiomsaboutwater,sailing,islandandfish.18spendmoneylikewater

揮金如土abigfishinalittlepond

山中無老虎，猴子稱霸王neveroffertoteachfishtoswim

不要班門弄斧towerone'ssail

甘拜下風(fēng)burnone'sboat

破釜沉舟

atsea

茫然19TheHanPeopleliveonland,theybelongtoanagrariansocietythatplacesagriculturalproductionatthetopofthenationalagenda,regardingindustryandcommerceasthenon-essentials.Duringthelonghistoryoffarming,theChineselanguagehasaccumulatedlargenumbersoffarmers'idioms,like

二人同心，黃土變金

上無片瓦，下無寸土

種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆

瓜熟蒂落

瑞雪兆豐年

五谷豐登202)Climate

Britainislocatedinwesternhemisphere,withNorthtemperateZoneandmarineclimate,so"westwind"isthesymbolofspring.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmandgentleasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.Britainaboundsinraincanbeprovedinsomeidiomsconcerningrain:"tomakehaywhilethesunshines"(趁熱打鐵),"rainyday"（窮困時期）,"toraincatsanddogs"（傾盆大雨）

"inafog"（云里霧里），"Springuplikemushrooms"(雨后春筍)21

InChineselanguage"eastwind"is"thewindofspring";springiswarmandcolorful,anditisregardedasthebeginningofalllives.TherearemanyidiomsinChina,whichrefertospring：春暖花開,春意盎然,一年之計在于春.Springhastheimageofgoodthings,soChinese“春”isusedinsomeidiomstoexpressthis:滿面春風(fēng),春風(fēng)化雨.Summerisalwaysconnectedwithextremelyhotortheintenseheat,so赤日炎炎似火燒、驕陽似火aretermsoftenusedtodescribesummer222.Differenthistoricalallusion

Differentcountriespossessdifferenthistoryculture,whichmainlycomprisesallusion,myths,poems,ancientbooksandrecords,etc.Amongthem,allusionisthemostimportant;itreflectsthenationalcharacteristic.Idiomsfromhistoryculturearethegemsofhumanculturalheritage.Itisworthwhileforustolearnthemwell.231)Historicalevents

Inmost,ifnotall,languages,peopleembellishtheirspeechorwritingwithreferencestocharactersoreventsfromtheirhistory,thatistosay,idiomaticexpressionsarecloselyrelatedtoacountry'shistory.

臥薪嘗膽

沉魚落雁之容，閉月羞花之貌三個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮

知己知彼,百戰(zhàn)不殆tomeetone'sWaterloo

一敗涂地

toeat

crow

tobeforcedtochange

thatonehassaid;admitthatoneiswrong242)Fablesandmythologies

GreekandRomancivilizationshaveagreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage,sotheGreekandtheRomanmythologieshavegreatlyenrichedtheEnglishidioms.

MostEnglishallusionscomefromtheBibleandtheGreekRomanMyth.APandora'sbox(theoriginofallevils)Achilles'heel(theoneweakspotinaman'scircumstancesorcharacter)crocodile'stears

貓哭老鼠假慈悲DavidandJonathan管鮑之交拔苗助長囫圇吞棗畫龍點睛邯鄲學(xué)步253.Differentreligionsandbeliefs

Chinaisamulti-religiouscountry,BuddhismhasagreaterinfluenceinChineseculture.放下屠刀，立地成佛救人一命勝造七級浮屠做一天和尚，撞一天鐘借花獻佛平時不燒香，臨時抱佛腳TotheordinaryChinese,Heavenisthesupremeruleroftheworld.AllhappeningsontheeartharebelievedtobecontrolledandarrangedbyHeaven.謀事在人,成事在天

生死由命，富貴在天民以食為天

天生我才必有用

一人得道，雞犬升天26MostofthewesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldwascreatedbyGod,andthateverythingintheworldisarrangedanddisposedofaccordingtoGod'swill.The

teachingsandbeliefsconcerningChristianityarerecordedin

theBible,whichhascontributedagreatdealtoEnglishidioms,formanyEng