語法環(huán)雅8虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣概念：謂語v用不同的形式表示說話人的不同意圖，這種形式稱為語氣。語氣分三種：陳述語氣：用來陳述一個事實，或提出一種看法，有肯定、否定、疑問、感嘆等形式。He

is

late

for

class. What

fun!He

is

not

interested

in

classical

music.祈使語氣：用來表示請求、邀請、命令、警告或勸告等（動詞常用原形）Don’t

be

late！虛擬語氣：表示說話人所說的不是事實，而是一種假設、愿望、懷疑或推測。定義

虛擬語氣是指所說的話只是一種與事實相反的主觀愿望、假想或建議等。虛擬語氣可用于條件狀語從句、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句以及其他結構中。虛擬語氣在形式上大致分為三類：虛擬語氣用法一、在if

非真實條件句中的用法二、在名詞性從句中的用法三、wish/if

only用法四、其他用法一、虛擬語氣在if非真實條件句中虛擬條件從句(If)主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設主語+did/were主語+should/would/could/might

+do與過去事實相反的假設主語+had

done主語+should/would/could

/

might

+have

done與將來事實相反的假設主語+1.didshould

dowere

to

do主語+should/would/could/might

+doe.g.

If

I

knew

the

fact

now,

I

would

tellyou.假如我現(xiàn)在知道真相，我就告訴你了。If

the

art

dealer

had

had

themoney,

hewould

have

bought

the

painting.假如那位畫家有那么一筆錢，他就買那副畫。If

you

were

to

see

Jane,

what

would

you

tellher?假如你要去看珍妮，你會告訴她什么？1.如果我是你，我會接受他的建議。If

I

were

you,

I

would

accept

his

advice.2.如果明天下雨，我會待在家里。If

it

rained/should

rain/were

to

rain

tomorrow,

I

would

stay

athome.3.如果你以前好好學習，你會通過考試的。If

you

had

studied

hard

before,

you

would

have

passed

theexam.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe

inturn,you

so

tired.drove;

didn’t

getdrove;

wouldn’t

getwere

driving;

wouldn’t

gethad

driven;

wouldn’t

havegot注意：1.錯綜時間虛擬語氣當從句主句所表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間作出相應的調

整。If

you

had

followed

(follow)my

advice

just

now,you

would

be

(be)better

now.If

you

had

studied

(study)hard

before,

youwould

be(be)a

college

student

now.B.Ifyou

withGeorgeearlier,you

soangrynow.A.

talked;

would

notbehad

talked;

would

not

beC.

wouldtalk;

wouldnotbeD.

had

talked;

would

not

have

beenIf

we

had

taken

such

effective

measuresmuchearlier,theriver

soseriouslynow.is

not

pollutedwould

not

bepollutedhad

not

beenpollutedwould

not

have

been

polluted2.省略if的虛擬條件句的用法在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were,had,should等詞，可將if

省略，把were,had,should

移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。否定詞not不能放在前面?！痶

I

seenhim

then),

I

wouldn'tHad

I

not

seen

himthen(Hadnhave

been

very

happy.If

I

were

you,

I

would

accept

his

advice.Were

I

you,……If

it

rained/should

rain/were

to

rain

tomorrow,

I

would

stay

athome.Should

it

rained

tomorrow/

Were

it

to

rain

tomorrow,If

you

had

studied

hard

before,

you

would

have

passed

the

exam.Had

you

studied

hard

before,……?Were

I

you,

I

would

try

it

again.(=If

I

were

you,

I

would

try

it

again.)

Had

I

known

it

earlier,

I

wouldn’t

have

lent

himthe

money.(=IfI

had

known

it

earlier,

I

wouldn’t

havelent

him

the

money.)3.含蓄虛擬條件句含蓄虛擬條件句（有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞短語或其他的方式表示。常用的詞或短語有：without,but

for,butthat,otherwise,

or

but等。①有時虛擬語氣可用介詞短語引導。e.g.

But

for

electricity

(If

there

were

no

electricity),

there

wouldbe

no

modern

industry.In

the

absence

of

the

keeper,

the

house

would

have

beenburned

down.Under

such

circumstances

I

would

probably

have

done

thesame.在這樣的情況下，我也可能做出同樣的事情。Without

your

help

(If

we

had

not

had

your

help),

we

could

nothave

succeeded.②有時虛擬語氣可以由otherwise和but來引導。（注意

otherwise暗含的虛擬條件句中，前一部分是陳述語氣，后一部分是虛擬語氣。but暗含的虛擬條件句中，前一部分是虛擬語氣，后一部分是陳述語氣。另外or也可以用來引導虛擬語氣，前一部分是陳述語氣，后一部分是虛擬語氣。）e.g.

I

ran

all

the

way

to

school,otherwise

I

would

have

been

late.我一路跑到學校，不然就遲到了。He

felt

very

tired

yesterday,or

he

would

have

helped

you.他昨天很累，不然他會幫助你們的。③but

that也可用來引導虛擬語氣。(but

that『要不是』引導的虛擬語氣結構，從句部分是陳述語氣，主句部分是虛擬語氣)e.g.

But

that

he

was

short

of

money

at

the

time,

hewouldhavecometohelpus.要不是他當時缺錢，他也許就來幫助我們了。④暗含虛擬條件的簡單句的虛擬語氣。（在某些暗含虛擬條件的簡單句中，虛擬語氣通過上下文表現(xiàn)出來。謂語動詞用should/would

be型和should/wouldhave

been型虛擬形式）e.g.

Any

man

in

his

position

would

have

done

likethat.任何人處在他的位置都會那么做的。⑤虛擬語氣也常用于“If

it

were

(had

been)not

for…”句型中，意思是“要不是……”。e.g.

If

it

were

not

for

peace,

we

could

not

be

livingahappylifetoday.要不是有了和平，我們今天就不可能過上幸福的生活。n DwoWithoutelectricity,humanbeinglife

quite

different

today.A.

is B.willbe C

would

have

bee uldbeHe

hesitated

for

a

moment

before

kicking

the

ball,

otherwise

he

agoal.A.had

scored B

scored C

wouldscore D

wouldhave

scoredWhy

didn’t

you

buy

it?I

butIdidn’thavethemoney.A.

would B.

wouldhave C.

had

had

D.

had

boughtButforhishelp,I

.A.

should

not

have

succeeded B

have

not

succeededC did

not

succeed

D had

not

succeeded二、名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中，是否用虛擬語氣主要取決于有關的一些詞。這些詞用來表示命令、建議、要求、愿望等。其形式為：“（should）+動詞原形”。用于主語從句主語從句的謂語動詞要用should

加動詞原形或只用動詞原形（should

可省略）。should在此為助動詞，本身并無實義。這種主語從句由連詞that引導。句型:It

is

suggested

/ordered

/proposal

/

required/

demanded/requested/insisted/important/

necessary/natural/

strange/a

pity/

a

shame/

no

wonder +

that

+

(should)

doe.g.

It

is

suggested

that

we

(should)

hold

ameetingnext

week.It

is

necessary

that

he

(should)

come

to

ourmeeting

tomorrow用于賓語從句在表示命令，建議，要求等一類動詞后面的從句中，從句謂語用should加動詞原形或只用動詞原形（should可省略)。句型:主語＋

suggest

/order

/proposal

/

require/

demand/command/

insist

+

that

+

(should)

doe.g.I

suggest

that

we(should)hold

a

meeting

next

week.He

insisted

that

he

(should

)

be

sent

there.注意：如suggest,insist不表示"建議"或"堅持要某人做某事時"，即它們用于其本意"暗示、表明"時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。用于表語從句在表語從句，由that（可省去）所引導，其謂語是should加動詞原形或只用動詞原形（should

可省略）。句子主語常是suggestion,proposal,idea,motion,plan,order,

advice

等.e.g.

My

idea

is

that

we

(should)

get

more

people

to

attendthe

conference.My

suggestion

is

that

we

should

tell

him.三、wish/if

only的用法用于wish/ifonly后面的從句，表示與事實相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動詞形式為：真實狀況與現(xiàn)在事實相反與過去事實相反表將來不大可能的愿望wish/if

only后過去時（be的過去式為were）過去完成時（had+過去分詞）would/could+動詞原形e.g.

I

wish

I

were

as

tallas

you.我希望和你一樣高。He

wished

he

hadn't

said

that.他希望他沒講那樣的話。I

wish

it

would

raintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。If

only

I

were

a

bird!I

wish

(that)he

would

/could

/might

visit(visit)

us

tomorrow.I

wish

(that)

he

visited

(visit)us

today.I wish

he

had

visited

us/

could

have

visited

us

(visit)

usyesterday.If

only

you

had

listened

（listen)

to

our

advice!If

only

I

were

(be)a

bird!四、其它句型中的虛擬語氣1.would

rather,would

sooner,would

just

assoon等句型中的虛擬語氣。would

rather,would

sooner,would

just

as

soon，might

as

well

和wouldprefer等后面所跟的從句中，也可用虛擬語氣，表示愿望，意思為“寧愿”“但愿”。其形式為：?！皐ouldrather(wouldsooner….)+主語+謂語動詞過去式”表示現(xiàn)在或將來的情況?！皐ould

rather

(would

sooner….)+主語+had+過去分詞”表示過去的情況。I’d

rather

we

didn’t

go

to

see

a

film

this

evening.我倒希望我們今晚不去看電影。I’d

just

as

soon

you

had

returned

the

book

yesterday.我寧愿你昨天歸還那本書。2.

In

case,

lest,

for

fear

that

等引起的虛擬語氣連接詞“incase,

lest,for

fear

that”可用來引起虛擬語氣。其形式通常為：“…..lest

(in

case,for

fear

that)+主語+should+動詞原形”。

lest,for

fear

that

句中的should可以省去，in

case句中的should通常不省去，但是in

case句中可以不用虛擬語氣，而用陳述語氣。

lest,for

fearthat后面可以接其他形式。He

took

his

raincoat

with

him

in

case

it

should

rain.他帶著雨衣以防下雨He

bought

several

bottles

of

beer

in

case

his

friend

came.他買了幾瓶啤酒，以備他的朋友來。She

hid

her

jewelry

for

fear

that

it

would

be

stolen.她把寶石藏起來，以防被偷3.

as

if

和asthough

引起的虛擬語氣as

if

和asthough連接的狀語從句中，如果從句中的謂語動詞為實義動詞，要用虛擬語氣結構。既可以表示對現(xiàn)在、將來時間的虛擬，又可表示對過去時間的虛擬。其形式如下：主句+as

if

(though)+主語were/was(或動詞過去式)->表示與主句動作同時發(fā)生could(would)+動詞原形->表示動作可能在將來發(fā)生had+過去分詞->表示從句謂語動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前She

always

talks

to

me

as

if

she

were

my

sister.她總是以我姐姐的語氣跟我說話。They

talked

as

if

they

had

been

friends

for

years.他們說話很親熱，就像多年的老朋友似的。4.句型“Itis(high,about)time(that)…..”中，后面也可跟虛擬語氣，從句常用過去式，有時也用“should+動詞原形”(should

不可省略）。意為“該…..的時候”。It

is

(high/about)

time

that

the

children

went

to

bed.It

is

(high/about)

time

that

the

children

should

go

to

bed.When

a

pencil

is

partly

in

a

glass

of

water,it

looks

as

if

it

.A

breaks B.

has

broken C.

were

broken

D.

had

been

brokenI’m

getting

tired;

it’s

time

we

home.A.

go B.

are

going C.

went D.

should

be

goingThe

officer

gave

the

order

that

nothing

until

the

peoplearrived.A.

didn’t

touch B.

touched C.

be

touched D.

touchIt

is

strangethat

the

lazyboy

passtheexam.A.

has B.

should C.

would D.

might1.

The

teacher

demanded

that

the

exam

before

eleven.A.

must

finish B.

would

be

finished C.

be

fi