general-futures-of-english-lexicon-in-postmodernism-culture-英語專業(yè)語言學(xué)畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計

PAGEPAGE13本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）（2013屆）題目：GeneralFeaturesofEnglishLexiconinPostmodernismCulture學(xué)院：外國語學(xué)院專業(yè)：英語學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)號：指導(dǎo)教師：職稱（學(xué)位）：合作導(dǎo)師：職稱（學(xué)位）：完成時間：2013年月日成績：AcknowledgmentsInwritingthispaper,Ihavebenefitedfromthepresenceofmyteachersandmyclassmates.TheygenerouslyhelpedmecollectmaterialsIneededandmademanyinvaluablesuggestions.Iherebyextendmygratefulthankstothemfortheirkindhelp,withoutwhichthepaperwouldnothavebeenwhatitis.Particularly,IamdeeplyindebtedtoProfessorHuang,mysupervisor,whoguidedmethroughoutmywritingofthisthesis.Hecarefullyreadthewholedraftandofferedpainstakingandpreciouscriticism.Hisstandardsofacademicexcellencehavemademyrevisionanexcitingandgratifyingexperience.IalsowishtosincerelythankmyclassmatesandfriendsMinaandSophia,whosebrilliantideasandperceptiveobservationshaveprovedimmenselyconstructive.MyparentstookgoodcareofmylifeandgavemealotofencouragementwhenIwasworkingatthisthesis.Theyalwayssharemywealandwoe.Ifeelmuchgratefulandheartilyowemyachievementtothem.Furthermore,noneofthiswouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutthehelpofthoseindividualsandthelibraryofHuangshanUniversityanditsstaff.AbstractThepostmoderncultureisaffectingthetheorythinkingandpracticalreformationofourlanguagepatterninitsownway.However,themixtureofblurnarrationandviewshindersitspermeabilityintothestudyofmodernlanguagesystem.Onlythroughgraspingitsclearlogicandideologicalquintessence,canpostmodernculturebenefittheinnovationofmodernlanguagesystem.Inthispaper,IwillanalyzethegeneralfeaturesofmodernEnglishlexiconintheatmosphereofpostmodernismfromthefollowingfouraspects:morebrief,newmeaningforoldwords,foreignwords,coinagesoastoofferenlightenmentsforEnglishlearnerstoknowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureandtheessenceoftheEnglishlanguage.KeyWords:postmodernism；language；influence；societydevelopment

摘要后現(xiàn)代主義文化正在以自己獨特的方式影響人們的思維方式和語言的形成。然而敘述和觀點的模糊性阻礙了對語言系統(tǒng)研究的滲透性。只有真正抓住后現(xiàn)代文化的本質(zhì)邏輯，后現(xiàn)代文化才能真正有利于語言系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新。本文將從后現(xiàn)代文化的角度出發(fā)，從四個方面總結(jié)現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的基本特征：英語詞匯的簡潔性，舊詞新意，外來詞及新造詞。本文的目的是希望可以啟發(fā)英語學(xué)習(xí)者，幫助聽他們了解語言與文化的關(guān)系，從而更好得把我英語語言的精髓。關(guān)鍵詞：后現(xiàn)代文化主義；語言；影響；社會發(fā)展

CONTENTSAcknowledgements iAbstract ii摘要 iii1.Introduction 11.1Abriefintroductiontothepostmodernculture 11.2Researchmotives 22.Relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture 32.1Theinfluenceofcultureonlanguage 32.2Influenceexertedbylanguageonculture 42.3Shapingeachother 53.GeneralfeaturesoftheEnglishlexiconinpostmodernculture 53.1Morebrief 53.2Newmeaningsforoldwords 63.3Foreignwords 63.4Coinage 74.Causesforthefeatures 74.1Rapiddevelopmentinscienceandtechnology 74.1.1Scientificdevelopment 74.1.2Advancementintechnique 84.2Changeineconomyandpolitics 94.2.1Economicchange 94.2.2Politicalinfluence 95.Conclusion 11Bibliography 12GeneralFuturesofEnglishLexiconinPostmodernismCulture1.Introduction1.1AbriefintroductiontothepostmoderncultureCurrently,duetotheswarmingofglobalizationtrendandtheexpansionofmulti-culture,thepostmoderncultureiswidelyknownbymoreandmorepeopleinawiderfield.Nevertheless,intheprocessofapplication,postmoderncultureiseithermisunderstoodortoogeneralized.Notallpeoplecangrasptheauthenticmeaningofpostmodernculture.Someofthemjustfollowthetrend,notreallyunderstandingwhatpostmoderncultureimpliesandhowitaffectsus,ourthoughtpattern,ourinterpersonalrelationship,andourmoralvalues,etc.Someexplanationforpostmoderncultureisambiguousandconfusing.Thissituationcanbeattributedtotwofactsasfollowing.Ontheonehand,thepostmoderncultureitselfdoesnothaveafixedtheme.Itscasualexpression,paradoxicalviewpointandextensiveargumentsallresultinpeople’smisunderstandinginpostmodernculture（陶水平，1995）.Ontheotherhand,asitisacomparativelynewconcept,people’sunderstandinglevel,viewpointangleandsubjectivityandcasualnessinapplicationallcontributetotheinappropriateunderstandingofpostmodernculture(凱爾納.貝斯特,1999).Consequently,neverwillwerevealitsinfluenceinotherfield,likelanguage,untilweauthenticallyunderstandtheessenceofpostmodernculture.Postmoderncultureisatermdescribinglarge-scalechangesinintellectualthought,culturalproduction,andglobalsocietiesarisinginthemiddle20thcentury.Postmodernistthoughthashadlargeimplicationinphilosophy,art,criticaltheory,literature,architecture,history,andculture.Thetermhasbeenstretchedovernumerousheateddebates,andmanywouldarguethatanysinglecohesivedefinitionisimpossible.Nevertheless,themajordefinitionsoftheterm,undoubtedly,arerelatedandabasicsummaryispossible.Postmodernistscholarstendtoemphasizetheculturalcontingencyorrelativityofdifferentformsofintellectualproduction,claimingthatthereisnowayforhumanbeingstocommunicateinalanguagecompletelyemptiedofmyth,metaphor,orculturalbias.Thuspostmodernistsportrayallcommunicationandanalysisasinherentlypoliticizedandcriticizethosewhoattempt“pure”,“objective”,or“disinterested”intellectualendeavors.Postmodernistartworksinvariousdisciplinestendtorecognizetheinherentlypoliticizednatureofcommunication,callingattentiontotheideologicalunderpinningoftheirownrepresentationthroughalotofrepresentationalplaysandirony.Postmodernistscholarshipandartworks,althoughoftenmeantforasmallaudience,arefrequentlyunderstoodasmerelyonereflectionofthelargecollectivecultureofpostmodernity.Scholarsarguethatthepostmodernera,orpostmodernity,ischaracterizedbyaculturallypluralisticandprofoundlyinterconnectedglobalsocietylackinganysingledominantcenterofpoliticalpower,communication,orintellectualproduction.Otherscholarsunderstandpostmodernismasaproductoflatecapitalism,arguingthattheeconomicandtechnologicalconditionsofouragehavegivenrisetoamediadominatedsocietyinwhichthereareonlyinterferentialrepresentationswithnorealoriginalreferent.Forthesescholarspostmodernismemphasizesthelackofanystableorobjectivereferentforcommunicationandisoftenaprofoundlynegativehistoricaldevelopment.1.2ResearchmotivesThispaperdiscussesthecommonfeaturesandexploresthecausesofwordformationformodernEnglishvocabulary.Asitisknown，theEnglishlanguagehasbecomeaworldlanguage,which,asthecarrierofculturesandcustomsofhumansociety,changeswithsociety.Vocabularyoflanguageisthemostsensitiveparttoreflecthumanactivitiesandthinkingpatterns.Englishenlargesitsvocabularybysuchmeansaswordborrowing,wordcombination,wordimitation,theshiftofmeaningandabbreviation.ManyauthorsoverseasorinAsiahavemaderesearchestoanalyzethegeneralfeaturesoftheEnglishlexicon.However,seldomdidtheyconsideraboutthepostmodernculture.Themotiveofthepaperistoarousepeople’sattentiontopostmodernculture.Andthispaperaimstoremindpeoplethatpostmodernismisaffectingpeople’sdailylife,includingEnglishlexicon,thefrequentlyusedlanguage.Postmodernism,thoughinvisible,castswiderandwiderinfluenceonmanyaspectsofourdailylifeinsuchaspectsasthoughts,language,moralsense,etc.Thispaperattemptstofindouthowpostmoderncultureaffectsthecurrentsocietysothatwecanbetteradapttothe21stcenturyandbetterourlife.2.Relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture2.1TheinfluenceofcultureonlanguageLanguageispartofculture.Forexample，ChineseispartofChineseculture.Thereisnoculturethathasnolanguageasitspart.Languageandculturearenotseparable.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureisnotjustthatbetweenapartandawhole.Itismuchmorecomplexthanthat.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturebecausecultureisexpressedbylanguageandalsopassedonfromonegenerationtoanotherbywrittenlanguage.Earlyinancientapeera,humanbeingsdidnotknowmodernlanguage.Stilltheyusedgesturelanguageorsignsmadebystoneorstickstoexpresstheirthought,theirexperience.Foranindividual,customs,habits,andbehavioralpatternscanbedescribedandanalyzedinlanguage.Forsociety,valuesystem,socialinstitution,worldviews,belief,canalsobedescribedandsummarizedinlanguage.Butlanguageasthemediumofcommunicationisindispensableintheirproductionanduse.Withoutthecooperationbetweendesignersandengineers,moderncommunicationmediumsuchastelevision,computerandnewspaper,couldneverhavebeenproduced.NeithercouldIwritemypaperinthiscomputer.Withoutlanguage,evencooperationisahardthing.Sowecansay,languageisthemirrorofculture,whichstronglyinfluencesandshapeslanguage.Eskimotribes,whoarefamousforlivinginhousesmadebyice,commonlyhavemoredifferentexpressionstodistinguishamongdiversetypesofsnow:fallingsnow,snowontheground,fluffysnow,wetsnow,etc.Whytheycancreatemorewordsthanpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldtodescribesnow.Theansweristheyliveinaworldsurroundedbysnow.Eventheirhouseismadeofsolidsnow.Undoubtedly,itisnecessarilyimportantforthemtobeabletodistinguishamongandrefertodifferenttypesofsnow.Bycontrast,peoplelivingintropicalzone,suchasAfrica,seldomorneverhavethechancetoseesnowintheirlife.Sotheydonothavesomanyexpressionwaysforthesingleword-snow.Thereisnoneedforthem.Nevertheless,theyhavecamel,whichisanimportantpartoftheirdailylife,dealingwithmostofthetransportationworkforpeopleindesertarea.ItissaidthattherearemorethanfourhundredwordsforcamelinArabiccountrieswhilethereisonlyonewordforitinChineseorEnglish.Eskimosusedifferentwordstodistinguishdifferenttypesofsnow.Similarly,Arabicspeakingpeoplecreatedmanydifferentwordsofcameltoshowdifferenceincamelage.Thecaseisinanotherexample.InEnglish,wecallfather’sbrotherorothermanwhoisyoungerthanyourfather“Uncle”.BycontrastweChinesehavefourdifferentcounterpartsfortheword“Uncle”:“叔叔”,“伯伯”,“姨父”,“舅舅”.ThisisbecausefamilialrelationshipistraditionallyimportanttoChinesepeople.SoweChinesehavemorekinshiptermsforthesamerelativethanEnglishspeakingpeopleinChina.Perhapsweshouldnotgosofarastostatethatlanguageisentirelydeterminedbyculture.Eachexistinghasitsownreason.Soitiswiththeitem.Eachlanguageisasysteminitsownright.Somelanguagefeatures,tosomeextent,mayreflectthedevelopmentoflanguageasasystem.2.2InfluenceexertedbylanguageoncultureLanguagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture.Anexamplecanexemplifythemeaningofthisstatement.Weknowthateachlanguagecanbeusedtoexpresswhateveritsspeakerswanttoexpress.Forexample,bothChineseandEnglishhavetheirowntermstoexpresskinshiprelation.ButinChina,kinshiprelationcanbeexpressedmoreeasilyandaccuratelycomparedwithEnglishexpression.Inkinshiprelations,thewoman,whoisyourfatherormother’ssister,oryouruncle’swife,iscalled“Aunt”.TheEnglishterm“Aunt”hasthreecounterpartsinChinese:“阿姨”，“嬸嬸”，“舅媽”.“阿姨”isthewifeofyouruncle,whoistheyoungerbrotherofyourfather.InChina,youcanalsocallyourmother’ssister“阿姨”.Thewifeofyourfather’selderbrotheriscalled“嬸嬸”.“舅媽”isthewifeofyourmother’sbrother’swife.Really,theexpressionfor“Aunt”ismorecomplexinChinesethanthatinEnglish.ThisexpressionreflectsthefactthatthekinshiprelationismoreimportantinChinathanthatinotherEnglishspeakingcountries.Andalso,suchexpressionhelpstoreinforcetheconceptofkinshipbetweenrelatives.ForusChinese,eachtimewecallsomeone“嬸嬸”or“舅媽”,wecanfeelthedifferentkinshiprelations.Sothesekinshipitemshelptoreinforcetherelationbetweenfamilymembers.2.3ShapingeachotherGenerally,wecanstatethatlanguagedevelopsatthesamestepwithculture.Withoutculturetherewouldbenolanguage.Thesamegoestolanguage.Languageisthepremisefortheformationanddevelopmentofculture.Thedevelopmentofculture,inreturn,helpstoenrichthedevelopmentoflanguage.Thankstolanguage,humanbeingshavetheirownculture.Itislanguagethatsetspeopleapartfromanimals.Fromtheviewpointofbiology,primitivemanresemblesanimaltoalargeextent,butonlyhumanbeingscanspeaklanguage.Thatisbecauseonlymenhaveculture,suchasreligion,belief,morality,customs,whichstimulatestheappearanceoflanguage.Inaword,cultureandlanguageshapeandpromoteeachother.3.GeneralfeaturesoftheEnglishlexiconinpostmodernculture3.1MorebriefTodaytheEnglishlanguagehasbeenmoreconcisethanbeforepartlybecauseweliveinafast-pacedsociety.Wewanttograspsthemeaningoflanguageassoonaspossible.Sothemoreconcisethelanguageis,thequickeritwillbeforustounderstandthemeaning.Besides，wewishtosavetimeinwriting.So,weusetheshortform,forthemosttime,toreplacethelongwordsorexpressions.Forexample,weuse“AD”toreferto“advertisement”;“USA”for“theUnitedStates”;“TB”for“tuberculosis”;“GM”for“gymnastic”;“asap”for“assoonaspossible”(汪榕培,2000).Innewspaper,thelanguageshouldbeasconciseaspossibleastheplaceforeachwordislimitedandthecostforpublicationisexpensive.Besides,ifthewordsaretoolongandcomplicated,itwillbetime-consumingforreaderstoreadthenewspaperinshorttime,forexample,wheninbus.WiththepopularityofEnglish,ithasbeenappliedtomoreandmorefields.MoreandmorepeoplehavetounderstandEnglish,inthiscase,themorebriefthelexiconis,theeasieritisforthemtobetterhandlethislanguage.Currently,peoplethinkthatthemainpurposeoflearninglanguageistocommunicate.Soaslongasweunderstandeachother,whynotmakethelanguageeasier.Soitistheworldtrendtomakethelanguagemoreconcise(陳建生,2000).3.2NewmeaningsforoldwordsSince20stcentury,especiallythelate50years,moreandmorenewwordsandoldwordsareendowedwithnewmeanings,justastheEnglisholdproverbsays,clothesmaketheman,wordsmaketheculture”.Newmeaningscomeintobeingfromthefollowingways.First,thefluctuationinsocietyandrevolutioninpoliticsbothintroducenewmeanings.AfterWorldWarTwo,significantpoliticalthings,suchaswarhavesuccessivelytakenplace.Forexample,theoriginalmeaningof“dove”isakindofbirdwhichsymbolizes“peace”.Butnowitcanrefertopeoplewholoveworldpeace.“hawk”,theoriginalmeaningofwhichisaferociousbird,nowreferstopeoplewhoprefertodealwithpoliticalconflictionwithviolence.Second,newmeaningcomesfromeconomicdevelopment.Duetotheworldeconomicintegration,theinternationaltradehasbeenmorefrequent,whichbringsnewmeanings.Forinstance,“special”which,inthefirstplace,meanssomethingunusualnowreferstoon-salegoodsinsupermarket.InAmericansupermarket,theword“special”printedwithredcolorremindspeoplethatthegoodsareonaloweredprice.Third,thenewmeaningderivesfromthescientificadvancement.Forexample,“bird”nownotonlyreferstoakindofbirdbutalso“girl”inorallanguage.“setsail”originallymeansakindofsportsintheseabutnowitcanalsoexpandtothemeaningof“startdoingsomething”.Otherfactorslikenewsubject,newideaalldrivethegenerationofnewmeaningsforoldwords.3.3ForeignwordsMoreandmoreforeignwordsarecompiledintoEnglishdictionarypartlybecauseofimmigrantswhobringtheirlanguageandculturetogethertothecountrywheretheymovedin.Meanwhile,Westerncountriesingeneralareopenmindedandarewillingtoacceptnewthings,includingnewlanguageAmericanEnglishisatypicalcase(吳光亭，2006)Thereisacommonsuffix:-eriainmodernAmericanEnglish.ThissuffixactuallyoriginatedfromtheSpanishword“cafeteria”.WhenwalkingintheplaceassembledbySpanishimmigrantsinAmerica,youcanseenumerousbuffetstores,suchas“carniceria”,“tintoreria”,“abarroteria”,etc.ThesuffixfromSpanishwordnowhasbeenwidelyusedinEnglish.Inaddition,warsbetweencountriesalsobringforeignwordsintoEnglish.AgaintakeAmericaforexample.WhenAmericaintervenedwithMid-eastAffairs,assistedtomediatetheconflictionbetweenIsraelandPalestine,manyArabicwordshavebeenimportedintoEnglish,suchasAl-Jazeera,al-qaeda,jihad,hezbollah,etc.NowforeignwordsarepartofEnglishlexicon.Andwiththeintegrationofthewholeworld,moreforeignwordsfromAsia,Africa,willbeaddedtotheEnglishlexicontomakeitricher3.4CoinageTheworldismovingforward;thescienceisdeveloping;thecivilizationisalsoprogressing.Peoplewholiveinthiscircumstanceunquestionablyneedtoupdatetheirlanguagetoreflectthenewchangeoradvancementofthesociety.Inlanguagefactors,lexiconismostsensitivetonewthings.Onceanewobjectappears,thecounterpartlanguagewillbecorrespondentlycoined.Inrecentyears,anincreasingnumberofpeoplemakeuseofInternettocommitacrime.Somenewwordslike“cyberporn”,“cybercrime”,“cybercop”arecoined(陶水平，1995,(01))Newsciencestimulatesthecoinageofnewwords.21stcenturyhasseenanewtechnologynamed“Clone”.Thetechnologyisnew,andthewordexpressionofitisofcoursenewtoo.Today,wehave“computer”,”Internet”,etc.Alltheseinventionsarenewandthewordsforthemneedtobecoinedbylinguistsorotherpeopleinotherfield.4.Causesforthefeatures4.1Rapiddevelopmentinscienceandtechnology4.1.1ScientificdevelopmentInthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury,greatchangetookplaceinscience.Justtakenewsubjectsforexample.The20thcenturyhasseenmanynewsubjects,suchasbehaviorscience(行為科學(xué)),cybernetics(控制論),bionics(仿生學(xué)),sociolinguistics(社會語言學(xué))，etc.Withthedevelopmentofnewscience,weneedtocreatenewitemstoexpressnewinventions,newdiscoveries,andnewtheories.Consequently,manynewitemshavebeencoined.Thewaytocreatenewwordsisdiverse.Somewordsarecreatedbycombiningpartoftwodifferentwordstogether.Forinstance,“sociolinguistics”iscombinedby“society”and“l(fā)inguistics”.Somewordsareproducedbymakingsmallchangeinexistingwords,suchas,“movement”,whichisformedbyaddingsuffix“ment”after“move”.Forsomeotherwords,theirspellingisnotchanged,buttheyhavebeenendowedwithnewmeanings.Take“coin”forexample.Itsoriginalcommonmeaningis“硬幣”，butnowithasanewmeaning“創(chuàng)造”，newchangebothinmeaningandspeech.The20thcenturyhasseenunprecedentedprogressinmanyfieldsespeciallyinspace,whichisunreachableandmysteriousinthepast.Inmyfather’stimeneverdidheimaginethathumanbeingscouldflytospace,tomoon,whichcouldonlybeachievedby“hanger”,animaginarylegendaryfigureinChinesefolklore.Neverthelessithasbeenafactthat,indeed,peopleareabletoflytothemoontoexplorewhetherornotthereisa“GuanghanGong”(廣寒宮)inthemoon.Ofcoursethisisjustajoke.Astronautswenttothemoontoexplorewhatreallythemoonisandtodoexperimentsthere.Alltheseexplorationsstimulatethecreationofnewwords,suchasspace-age(太空時代)，space-station(太空站)，satellite(衛(wèi)星),etc.Thesewordshavealreadybeenusedbyordinarypeople,notjustscientists,indailylife.Additionally,moreterminologyaboutmoonhasbeenmadewiththedevelopmentofmoonexplorationproject.Meantime,otherscientistsareexcavatingmysteriesintheearth,wherewehumanbeingsareliving.Thankstotheirhardwork,numerousnewfindingsbothinsubstanceandtheoryhavebeenknown,togetherwithnewitemstoexpressthesenewphenomena.Youmaybeeverheard“quasars(類星體)”,“plusars(脈沖星)”,“neutronstars(中子星)”andthemysterious“blackhole(黑洞)”.Newtheories,suchas“bigbangtheory(宇宙大爆炸理論)”and“steadystatetheory(恒穩(wěn)態(tài)狀態(tài)理論)”providetwodifferentexplanationsforcosmogenicorigin.4.1.2AdvancementintechniqueExceptforscientificdevelopment,advancementintechnologyhasalsoexertedstimulantonnewwordscreation.Soonerorlater,thedevelopmentinscientifictheorywillbereflectedorvisualizedinpractice.Thankstotheunremittingeffortsofmanyinventors,wepresentlyhavethehonortoseenewtechnicalmachines,suchaslasercomp(電腦激光照排),fax(傳真),camcorder(手提攝像機),flatscreentelevision(液晶顯示超薄電視機),transistorradio(半導(dǎo)體收音機),cassetterecorder(盒式錄音機),washingmachine(洗衣機),egg-timer(煮雞蛋計時器),immersionheater(浸沒式加熱器),hovercraft(氣墊船),etc.Allthesemachinescannotbeseen,evencannotbeimaginedhowtheylike,severaldecadesago.Duetotheemergenceofelectronicbook,thepapermaterialsprintedonpaperweremockedas“deadtreeedition(死樹版)”.Newinventioncomesintobeing,sonewwordsareneededtonameit.4.2Changeineconomyandpolitics4.2.1EconomicchangeSinceWorldWarTwo,thewholeworldhasseenhugechangeinsociety,economicsituation,andpolitics,especiallyinpolitics.Since1972whenRichardNixonwasrunningforpresident,severalcommitteemembersfromtheRepublicanPartywhowerestrivingforpresident’sre-electionsneakedintoWatergateofWashington,theheadquarterofDemocraticNationalCommitteeandendedupbeingarrested.Thisscandalresultedintheresignofpresident,whowasunluckytobethefirstpresidenttoquitinAmericanhistory.SincethenWatergatehasbeenafamouswordwhichmeans“apoliticalscandalreminiscentoftheWatergateincident”.Latertheitemwasgivennewmeaning:todealwithinacovertorcriminalmanner.Even“gate”itselfhasthemeaningof“similartothescandalofWatergate”.Thecounterpartof“gate”isevenwidelyknowninChina.Thenewmeaningofgatehasbeenputintonewcompileddictionary,suchasBriefing-gate,Contragate,copygate,Debategate,etc.Eachwordcombinedwith“gate”hasitsuniquestoryasabackground.Timepassedby,butpeoplestillrememberthestorybehindthem.4.2.2PoliticalinfluenceThechangeinsocietygivesexpressiontonewwords.Forexample,inAmerica,youngpeopleindifferentgenerationsweremarkedbydifferentlabels.Inthe1960s,theyweremarkedas“hippies”whorejecttheexistingvaluesystemandcustoms.Insteadtheylookedforwardtoandstrivedfornaturalanddirectrelationshipininterpersonalcommunication.Justdowhatyouwantanddonotberestrainedbyoldvalues.Mostofthehippiesworebizarreclothesandstrangeaccessories.Inthe1970s,wehear“yuppies”whoarethemembersofYouthInternationalparty.Theseyuppieswerepoliticallyradical,againstmainstreamculture.Similartohippies,theyalsotookdrug.Additionally,“yippies”performed“politicalplay”tomockandcriticizepoliticalauthorityandthevaluesofMiddleClassin1970s.The1980ssaw“yuppies”whichisshortforyoungurbanprofessional.Oppositeto“hippies”and“yippies”,“yuppies”agreewiththeMiddleClass,highlyappraisingtheirlifestyle,whichadvocatesluxuryconsumptionpatterns.These“yuppies”evencomplywithcapitalistsysteminsteadofproposingtheirownsocietysystem.AfterWorldWarOne,theseyoungpeoplewhofeltdepressedaboutthesocietyandtheirnewlifeafterwarwerelabeledas“l(fā)ostgeneration”.ThefamousAmericanwriterHemingwayevenwroteabooknamed“l(fā)ostgeneration”toreflectthelifesituationandvaluesofthisgeneration.AfterWorldWarTwo,anothernewgeneration“thebeatgeneration”turnedup.Theseyoungpeoplewhoexperiencedorwitnessedthecrueltyofwarfeltunsatisfiedaboutthesociety,includingtheexistingtraditionalvalues.The1940ssaw“theWorldWarTwogeneration”.In1950s,youngpeopleweremockedas“thesilentgeneration”.During1947and1961,Americansocietysawababyboom.Peoplewhowereborninthatperiodwerecalled“babyboomers”who,later,turnedintothe“Vietnamgeneration”andthe“megeneration”.In1990s,anothernewgeneration“thegenerationX”grewup.“Cynical,lazy.ThesearesomeoftheadjectivesthatareoftenusedtodescribeAmericansintheirtwenties,anagegroupdubbedgenerationX”(USNews&Wor