中國國四大發(fā)明的介紹課件

中國的四大發(fā)明

TheFourGreatInventions

ofchina指南針的發(fā)明是我國勞動人民，在長期的實踐中對物體磁性認識的結果.IntheSongDynasty,ShenKuodescribedthefloatingcompass,suspendedinwater,atechniquewhichminimizedtheeffectofmotionontheinstrument.Thisenabledthecompasstobeusedforseanavigationforthefirsttime.Theinventionofthecompasspromotedmaritimeundertakings,anditsusesoonspreadtotheArabworld,andthencetoEurope

1.指南針是用硝石、硫黃和木炭這三種物質(zhì)混和制成的，而當時人們都把這三種東西作為治病的藥物，所以取名“火藥”，意思是“著火的藥”。TheinventionofgunpowderwasnodoubtoneofthemostsignificantachievementsoftheMiddleAgesinChina.Thecorrectprescriptionformakinggunpowderwithnitre,sulphurandcarbonwasprobablydiscoveredintheninthcentury.Infact,inhisbook,GeHonginthethirdcenturyrecordstheproceduresformakingakindofmixturethatcouldbeignited.AftertheTangDynasty(618-907),thingstookamuchfastercourseasgunpowderwasalreadyusedinsimplehand-grenadeswhichwerethrownbyacatapult.In1126,LiGang,alocalofficial,recordedhowheorderedthedefendersofthecityofKaifengto"firecannons"attheinvadingNuzhentribalpeople,inflictingheavycasualtiesontheinvaders.2.火藥東漢和帝元興元年(公元105年)，蔡倫在總結前人制造絲織晶的經(jīng)驗的基礎上，發(fā)明了用樹皮、破漁網(wǎng)、破布、麻頭等作原料，制造成了適合書寫的植物纖維紙，才使紙成為普遍使用的書寫材料。被稱為“蔡侯紙”。Chinawasthefirstcountryintheworldtomakeproperpaper.PapermadeduringtheWesternHanDynasty(202BC-16AD)hasbeenfoundinGansuProvince,Xi'anandotherplacesinShaanxiProvinceaswellasXinjiang.AfurtherdevelopmentofpaperiscreditedtoCaiLunoftheEasternHan(25-220).Heusedplantfibersuchastreebark,bitsofrope,ragsandworn-outfishingnetsasrawmaterials.In105,CaipresentedthefirstbatchofpapermadeunderhissupervisiontotheHanemperor,whowassodelightedthathenamedthematerial"MarquisCai'spaper".EasternHanDynastypaperfoundinWuwei,Gansu,in1974carriedwordswhichwerestillclearlydecipherable.Thin,soft,andwithasmoothfinishandtighttexture,thispaperisthemostrefinedandoldestpaperdiscoveredtodate3.造紙術開始于隋朝的雕版印刷，經(jīng)宋仁宗時的畢升發(fā)展、完善，產(chǎn)生了活字印刷，并由蒙古人傳至了歐洲，所以后人稱畢升為印刷術的始祖。中國的印刷術是人類近代文明的先導，為知識的廣泛傳播、交流創(chuàng)造了條件。OnthebasisofprintingusingcarvedblocksintheTangDynasty,BiShengoftheNorthernSongDynastyinventedmovabletypeprintinginthe1040s,whichusheredinamajorrevolutioninthehistoryofprinting.

Bi'sprintingconsistedoffourprocesses:makingthetypes,composingthetext,printingandretrievingthemovabletypes.AccordingtoDreamStreamEssays,BiShengcarvedindividualcharactersonsquaresofstickyclay,thenbakedthemmakeclaytypepieces.Whencomposingatext,heputalargeironframeonapieceofironboardandarrangedthewordswithintheframe.Whileoneplatewasbeingprinted,anotherplatecouldbecomposed.Afterprinting,themovabletypesweretakenawayandstoredforfutureuse.Movabletypeprintinghasaveryimportantpositioninthehistoryofprinting,foralllaterprintingmethodssuchaswoodentype,coppertypeandleadtypeprintinginvariablydevelopedo