英語國家概況-Chapter-8課件

Chapter8

AMERICANANDBRITISH

RELIGIONANINTRODUCTIONTOTHEENGLISH-SPEAKINGCOUNTRIESThreeGreatWorldReligionsBuddhismIslamChristianityAmericanReligionTheimportanceofreligioninAmerican’slifeReligiouslibertyinUSMainreligiouspreferencesofAmericansFeaturesofAmericanreligionBritishReligionCONTENTS8.1ThreeGreatWorldReligionsTherearethreegreatworldreligions:

Buddhism----

Islam----Christianity----8.1.1BuddhismataglanceBuddhismisatraditionthatfocusesonpersonalspiritualdevelopmentandtheattainmentofadeepinsightintothetruenatureoflife.Buddhismteachesthatalllifeisinterconnected,socompassionisnaturalandimportant.Buddhistsstriveforadeepinsightintothetruenatureoflifeanddonotworshipgodsordeities.BuddhismismainlydistributedoverSouthernandEasternAsia.ItssymbolistheLotus.8.1.1Buddhismataglance8.1.1BuddhismataglanceBuddhismis2,500yearsold.Therearecurrently376millionfollowersworldwide.BuddhismaroseasaresultofSiddharthaGautama(喬達摩悉達多，釋迦牟尼)’squestforEnlightenmentinaroundthe6thcenturyBC.Buddhismbelievethatnothingisfixedorpermanent---changeisalwayspossible.8.1.1BuddhismataglanceThetwomainBuddhistsectsareTheravada

Buddhism（小乘佛教）

andMahayanaBuddhism（大乘佛教）,buttherearemanymore.Buddhismisaverycolorfulfaithwithmanyfestivalsthroughouttheyear.Buddhistscanworshipbothathomeoratatemple.ThepathtoEnlightenmentisthroughthepracticeanddevelopmentofmorality,meditationandwisdom.8.1.2IslamataglanceIslambeganinArabiaandwasrevealedtohumanitybytheProphetMuhammad(先知穆罕默德).ThosewhofollowIslamarecalledMuslims.MuslimsbelievethatthereisonlyoneGod.TheArabicwordforGodisAllah(真主阿拉).ThewordIslammeans“submissiontothewillofGod”.Islamisthesecondlargestreligionintheworldwithover1billionfollowers.8.1.2Islamataglance8.1.2IslamataglanceAccordingtoMuslims,GodsentanumberofprophetstomankindtoteachthemhowtoliveaccordingtoHislaw.TheybelievethatthefinalProphetwasMuhammad.MuslimsbelievethatIslamhasalwaysexisted,butforpracticalpurposes,datetheirreligionfromthetimeofthemigrationofMuhammad.MuslimsbasetheirlawsontheirholybooktheQur’an(古蘭經(jīng)),andtheSunnah(圣行).MuslimsbelievetheSunnahisthepracticalexampleofProphetMuhammadandthattherearefivebasicPillarsofIslam(伊斯蘭教的五功，即宗教義務(wù)).Thesepillarsarethedeclarationoffaith,prayingfivetimesaday,givingmoneytocharity,fasting(齋戒)andapilgrimagetoMecca(atleastonce).8.1.3Christianityataglance8.1.3ChristianityataglanceChristianityistheworld’sbiggestreligion,withabout2.1billionfollowersworldwide.ItisbasedontheteachingsofJesusChristwholivedintheHolyLand2,000yearsago.ChristiansbelievethatJesuswastheMessiah(救世主)

promisedintheOldTestament.ChristiansbelievethatJesusChrististheSonofGod.ChristiansbelievethatGodsenthisSontoearthtosavehumanityfromtheconsequencesofitssins.OneofthemostimportantconceptsinChristianityisthatofJesusgivinghislifeontheCross(theCrucifixion耶穌受難)andrisingfromthedeadonthethirdday(theResurrection).8.1.3ChristianityataglanceChristiansbelievethatthereisonlyoneGod,butthattherearethreeelementstothisoneGod:---GodtheFather---GodtheSon---TheHolySpiritChristiansworshipinchurches.Theirspiritualleadersarecalledpriestsorministers.TheChristianholybookistheBible,andconsistsoftheOldandNewTestaments.ChristianholydayssuchasEasterandChristmasareimportantmilestonesintheWesternsecularcalendar.8.1.3Christianityataglance8.1.3ChristianityataglanceTheHolyBible8.2AmericanReligionThepeopleintheUSAaregreatloversofreligion.36%---Protestants;24%---RomanCatholicChurchgoers;3%---Jews;2%---Orthodox(東正教)Churchgoers30principalgroupsintheProtestantChurchOver3/5ofallAmericanreligiouspeopleareProtestants8.2AmericanReligionTheWashingtonNationalCathedral8.2AmericanReligionTheBasilicaoftheNationalShrineoftheImmaculateConceptioninWashington,D.C.,isthelargestCatholicchurchintheUnitedStates.8.2AmericanReligion----CrystalCathedral,aProtestantmegachurchinCaliforniaTheSaltLakeTempleofTheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaints,inSaltLakeCity,UtahisawellknownsymboloftheChurchandMormonism----8.2AmericanReligionTheIslamicCenterofAmericainMichiganisthelargestmosqueintheUnitedStates.8.2.1Theimportanceofreligionin

American’slifeVariousAmericanpresidentshaveoftenstatedtheimportanceofreligion.On20February1955,PresidentDwightD.Eisenhowerstatedthat“RecognitionoftheSupremeBeingisthefirst,themostbasic,expressionofAmericanism.”PresidentGeraldFordagreedwithandrepeatedthisstatementin1974.GallupInternationalindicatesthat41%ofAmericancitizensreporttheyregularlyattendreligiousservices,comparedto15%ofFrenchcitizens,10%ofUKcitizensand7.5%ofAustraliancitizens.8.2.1Theimportanceofreligionin

American’slifeHistoricperspective:FromthebeginningofAmericanhistory,religionsandreligiousbelievershaveplayedacentralroleinshapingpublicpolicyandpoliticaldebate.FormostoftheEuropeansettlerswhocametoNorthAmericainthe17thcenturyfromEngland,FranceandSpain---allnationswithestablishedchurches---asocietywithoutanestablishedfaithwasunimaginable.CatholicswereheavilyDemocratsbeforethe1970s,whilemainlineProtestantscomprisedthecoreoftheRepublicanParty.8.2.1Theimportanceofreligionin

American’slifeAccordingtothestatistics,thereare39AmericanpresidentsaretheChristians,sofar,theUShasjust43presidents.Therestfourpresidentsalsohavecloserelationswiththechurch.---Presidenthasthespecialplaceinthechurch.SinceJamesMadison,eachAmericanpresidenthasbeenabletogototheSt.Johnchurchtogotochurch.---Mostofthepresidentsarereverentfollowers.

PresidentLincolnintheCivilWarperiodoftenenterstheSt.Johnchurchquietlytopray.JohnKennedyistheonlypresidentwhobelievesinCatholicismintheAmericanhistory.---TheAmericandonothopethereligiousinfluencepolitics.8.2.1Theimportanceofreligionin

American’slifeJohnF.Kennedy---the35thPresidentoftheUS;the1stCatholicPresident.---InauguralAddress(就職演說),January20,1961.---“asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.”---Socialproblemsinhisterm:Racialdiscrimination;AmericaninvasionofCuba;VietnamWar.8.2.2ReligiouslibertyinUSTheLegalIssues“Congressshallmakenolawestablishingreligion,orprohibitthefreeexercisethereof.”---TheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUS.TheFirstAmendmentguaranteesboththefreepracticeofreligionandthenon-sponsorshipofreligionbythegovernment.TheFirstAmendmentseparatedchurchfromstatebutnotreligionfrompubliclife.8.2.2ReligiouslibertyinUSThemovementtowardreligiouslibertyintheUS.---ThemomentousdecisionbytheframersoftheConstitutionandtheBillofRightstoprohibitreligiousestablishmentonthefederallevelandtoguaranteefreeexerciseofreligionwasrelatedtoanumberofreligious,politicalandeconomicfactorsin18thcenturyAmerica.Fromtolerationtofreeexercise.Theperiodbetween1776andthepassageoftheFirstAmendmentin1791sawcriticalchangesinfundamentalideasaboutreligiousfreedom.Fromestablishmenttoseparation.ThedecisivebattlefordisestablishmentcameinthelargeandinfluentialcolonyofVirginia,wheretheAnglicanChurch（英國圣公會）wastheestablishedfaith.8.2.2ReligiouslibertyinUSThereligiousrevivalsofthe18thcentury,oftencalledtheGreatAwakening大覺醒運動

(1728-1790),producednewformsofreligiousexpressionandbeliefthatinfluencedthedevelopmentofreligiouslibertythroughouttheColonies.Therevivalists’messageofsalvationthroughChristaloneevokedadeeplypersonalandemotionalresponseinthousandsofAmericans.8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansChristianity:59.9%to76%Unaffiliated,includingatheist(無神論者)oragnostic(不可知論者):15%to37.3%Judaism(猶太教):1.2%to2.2%Islam(伊斯蘭教):0.6%to2.6%Buddhism:0.5%to0.9%Hinduism(印度教):0.4%Others:1.4%8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansThelargestreligionintheUSisChristianity,practicedbythemajorityofthepopulation(76%in2008)Protestants(51.3%)Catholics(25%)Mormons摩門教徒(1.7%)ChristianitywasintroducedduringtheperiodofEuropeancolonization.8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansThefivelargestdenominations(教派)TheCatholicChurch,68,115,001membersTheSouthernBaptistConvention(浸禮會),16,228,438membersTheUnitedMethodistChurch(衛(wèi)理公會)，7,835,987membersTheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaints(耶穌基督后期圣徒教會),5,974,041membersTheChurchofGodinChrist,5,499,875members.8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansProtestantGroups:TheBaptists(浸禮會教徒)Methodists(衛(wèi)理公會教徒)Presbyterians(長老會教友)Episcopalians(新教圣公會教徒)8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansNoreligion---Thiscategoryincludedatheists(無神論者),agnostics(不可知論者),humanists(人文主義者),andotherswithnotheisticreligiousbeliefsorpractices.Judaism---AfterChristianityandno-religion,Judaismisthethird-largestreligiousaffiliationintheUS,thoughthisidentificationintheUS,thoughthisidentificationisnotnecessarilyindicativeofreligiousbeliefsorpractices.AsignificantnumberofpeopleidentifythemselvesasAmericanJewsonethnicandculturalgrounds,ratherthanreligiousones.8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansIslamAmericanIslameffectivelybeganwiththearrivalofAfricanslaves.Itisestimatedthatabout10%ofAfricanslavestransportedtotheUnitedStateswereMuslim.ThefirstorganizedMuslimcommunitywastheAhmadiyyaMuslimCommunity,in1921.8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansBuddhismBuddhismenteredtheUSduringthe19thcenturywiththearrivalofthefirstimmigrantsfromEasternAsia.ThefirstBuddhisttemplewasestablishedinSanFranciscoin1853byChineseAmericans.Duringthelate19thcenturyBuddhistmissionariesfromJapancametotheUS.Simultaneouslytotheseprocesses,USintellectualsstartedtotakeinterestinBuddhism.8.2.3Mainreligiouspreferencesof

AmericansHinduismThefirsttimeHinduismenteredtheUSisnotclearlyidentifiable.However,largegroupsofHindusimmigratedfromIndiaandotherAsiacountriessincetheImmigrationandNationalityActof1965(1965年美國移民和國籍法案).Duringthe1960sand1970sHinduismexercisedfascinationcontributingtothedevelopmentofNewAgethought.8.2.4FeaturesofAmericanreligionDifferentreligionslivetogetherunderthesamelaw.ThereligiousbeliefsofAmericanscontinuetobestrongwithsocialprogress.Everychurchiscompletelyindependentorganization,andconcernedwithitsonefinanceanditsownbuilding.8.2.4FeaturesofAmericanreligionThreechieffeaturesofreligionareidentifiedintheUS:---thevarietyofbeliefs---theemphasisonsocialproblems---theseparationofchurchandstateThedevelopmentofeducationinAmericawasmuchinfluencedbyreligionintheearlystagesbeforeandafterindependence,butthegovernment,eventhelocalgovernment,hadnothingtodowiththis.DiscussionDiscusstheproblemsofreligionintheUSA.8.3BritishReligionEveryoneinBritainhastherighttoreligiousfreedomwithinterferencefromthecommunityortheState.Hemaychangehisreligionatwill,maymanifesthisfaithinteaching,worshipandobservance.ExceptthattheLordChancellormaybeaRomanCatholic,publicofficesareopenwithoutdistinctiontomembersofallchurchesornone.8.3BritishReligionTherearearound151,816BuddhistsinBritainaccordingtothe2001census.The2001censusrecorded1,591,000MuslimsintheUK,around2.7%ofthepopulation.42millionBritonsseethemselvesasnominallyChristian,andthereare6millionwhoareactivelypracticing.8.3BritishReligion坎特伯雷大主教(TheArchbishopofCanterbury)和約克大主教(TheArchbishopofYork).TheArchbishopofCanterbury是英國國教的教主，其次為約克大主教及英國上議院(theHouseofLords)中占據(jù)席位的24位主教(bishop)，及其他18位主教。因此包括兩位大主教在內(nèi)，英國共有44位主教。每個主教管區(qū)又可分為教區(qū)(parish)，每個教區(qū)由教區(qū)牧師(vicar)管轄。其中有些大的教區(qū)，牧師經(jīng)常配有一個助手，叫做副牧師(curate)來幫助其管理實務(wù)。英國的城市(city)和郡(county)有一個重大區(qū)別就是，英國每一個城市都有一個大教堂(Cathedral)，而其他的郡(county)就只有小教堂(church)了。8.3BritishReligion8.3BritishReligion8.3BritishReligion8.3BritishReligion8.3BritishReligion8.3BritishReligion8.3BritishReligionEnglandThelargestreligiousgroup:ChristianitywiththeChurchofEngland.ItistheEstablishedChurch,thechurchisrepresentedintheUKParliamentandtheBritishmonarchisamemberofthechurchaswellasitsSupremeGovernor.TheChurchofEnglandalsohastherighttodraftlegislativemeasures(relatedtoreligiousadministration)throughtheGeneralSynod(教會會議)thatcanthenbepassedintolawbyParliament.8.3BritishReligionScotlandThelargestreligiousgroupis:Christianity.Thenationalchurch:Presbyterian(長老教會)ChurchofScotland(knowninformallyasTheKirk)ThesecondlargestChristianchurch:RomanCatholicChurchTheScottishEpiscopal(主教的)Church,whichispartoftheAnglicanCommunion,datesfromthefinalestablishmentofPresbyterianisminScotlandin1690,whenitsplitfromtheChurchofScotlandandisnota‘daughterchurch’oftheChurchofEngland.FurthersplitsintheChurchofScotland,especiallyinthe19thcentury,ledtothecreationofvariousotherPresbyterianchurchesinScotland,includingtheFreeChurchofScotland.8.3BritishReligionWalesInthe1920s,theChurchinWalesbecame‘disestablished’andindependentfromtheChurchofEnglandbutremainsintheAnglicanCommunion.BaptistUnionofWales,MethodistChurchofGreatBritain,andthePresbyterianChurchofWalesarepresentinWalesaswell.8.3BritishReligionNorthernIrelandThemainreligiousgroupsinNorthernIrelandareorganizedonanall-Irelandbasis.ThoughProtestantsandAnglicansareintheoverallmajority,theRomanCatholi